增敏鲁米诺电化学发光用于活性氧流动注射检测中的研究
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摘要
电化学发光分析法因具有灵敏度高、检出限低和线性范围宽等优点已成为重要的分析方法之一，其中鲁米诺的电化学发光分析法是该研究领域的一个重要方面。长期以来鲁米诺电化学发光的应用和其化学发光一样被局限在碱性溶液中，主要是由于鲁米诺在中性和酸性溶液中不易解离，电化学发光强度太弱不适合检测。如何使鲁米诺能够在中性甚至酸性溶液中产生强而稳定的电化学发光非常重要，因为许多生物分子只能存在于中性或酸性介质中。截止目前，仅有几篇文献报道了中性或者酸性介质中的鲁米诺电化学发光，且这仅有的一些研究还有个共同点，即在中性或酸性介质中为了获得鲁米诺的电化学发光信号，必需借助助反应剂比如溴化钠和过氧化氢才能实现。尽管不考虑助反应剂的成本，它也有导致重现性下降或者引入干扰物质等缺陷。为在不添加任何助反应剂的条件下，增强鲁米诺在中性甚至酸性溶液中的电化学发光，进一步拓宽鲁米诺电化学发光实际应用的酸度范围，本论文在全面总结和论述ECL分析的基本原理、常见ECL体系、鲁米诺电化学发光的反应机理以及各种增敏手段等基础上，进行了以下四方面的研究工作：
一、设计构建了一种流动注射—电化学发光分析装置，包括蠕动泵、六通进样阀、混合池、流动电化学发光池。蠕动泵和配有5μl进样环的六通阀组成了流动注射体系。本流动注射-电化学发光装置主要基于六通进样阀、混合池、流动电化学发光池三者之间的布局优化以及自行设计制作的流动电化学发光池。新型流动电化学发光池与传统流动电化学发光池相比具有结构简单、几乎零死体积、易于组装等特点。ITO玻璃作为工作电极同时具有光窗作用，工作电极完全覆盖发光池。整个FI-ECL装置具有消耗溶液量少、进样量小、灵敏度高等优点。
二、利用流动注射技术研究了微乳液对鲁米诺-过氧化氢电化学发光的增敏效应。结果显示由十六烷基三甲基溴化胺（CTAB），正丁醇，正庚烷和水构成的微乳液体系大大增强了鲁米诺-过氧化氢电化学发光。在pH5.0-8.0范围内，与水溶液相比，微乳液介质增敏电化学发光2到20倍。讨论了表面活性剂和微乳液介质对电化学发光增敏的机理，主要是基于鲁米诺阴离子和表面活性剂的亲水基之间的静电作用，此静电作用促进了鲁米诺在微乳液液滴表面的吸附和解离，在电解过程中有利于鲁米诺被活性氧氧化。本研究把鲁米诺电化学发光的应用pH范围拓宽至弱酸性，这对鲁米诺应用于环境以及生物体系的样品分析非常重要。并把鲁米诺电化学发光与流动注射技术结合起来用于葡萄皮萃取物抗氧化活性的分析。
三、利用纳米二氧化钛、氯金酸和硝酸银为原料合成了一种二氧化钛表面负载金银合金纳米簇的AuAg-TiO_2纳米复合物，将其修饰在氧化铟锡（ITO）导电玻璃上作为电化学发光的工作电极。在流动注射分析（FIA）体系里以微乳液为流动载体，将修饰电极用于鲁米诺电化学发光的研究，结果表明在不加任何助反应剂的条件下，修饰电极对鲁米诺在中性甚至酸性磷酸盐缓冲溶液中的电化学发光有非常明显的增敏效果。本研究把鲁米诺电化学发光的应用酸度范围由碱性拓宽至酸性，适合环境或生物分子的检测。此项电化学发光-流动注射分析技术被成功应用于评估水果的抗氧化活性，并得到了令人满意的结果。
四、通过循环伏安法(CV)分别在ITO电极表面、纳米TiO_2修饰的ITO电极（TiO_2/ITO）及AuAg-TiO_2纳米复合物修饰的ITO电极（AuAg-TiO_2/ITO）表面上共聚鲁米诺-苯胺(PLA)制备了修饰电极PLA/ITO、PLA/TiO_2/ITO和PLA/AuAg-TiO_2/ITO，并利用SEM、CV、电化学阻抗（EIS）和ECL等手段对修饰电极进行了表征。结果表明，PLA/ITO、PLA/TiO_2/ITO和PLA/AuAg-TiO_2/ITO都比单一聚鲁米诺修饰电极（PL/ITO）有更高的电化学活性和电化学发光强度，尤其是后者，且PLA/AuAg-TiO_2/ITO修饰电极对活性氧有较灵敏的响应，因此可直接用于检测活性氧或间接用于能够清除活性氧的抗氧化剂的检测。该电极被用于流动注射体系检测过氧化氢，在最佳条件下，对过氧化氢的绝对检出限为0.822pg，与其它传统测定方法进行对比得到了令人满意的结果，此研究结果预示了无试剂电化学发光流动注射分析技术有着光明的前景。
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has become an important and valuable detectionapproach in recent years due to its promising advantages such as high sensitivity, lowdetection limite and wide linear range. However, conducted as one of the most widelyused luminescent reagents, most of the ECL application of luminol has been limited inalkaline solution principally due to its less dissociation in neutral or acidic solution.How to fulfill the ECL of luminol in neutral even acidic medium has practicalsignificance since many biomolecules can only exist in. Up to now, there are only a fewreports about the ECL of luminol in neutral or acidic solution. There concentratedco-reactant such as NaBr or hydrogen peroxide is necessary to excite stronger ECLsignal of luminol. Despite the cost of reagent consumption, it will lead to thedescending reproducibility and/or introducing some interferents. In order to enhance theluminol ECL intensity in neutral or acidic solution and extend the pH range of luminolECL application, the following four aspects work has been done.
A flow injection analysis (FIA) system with an ECL detector has been established，which include peristaltic pump, sample injector (six-way valve), commixing cell andECL cell. A peristaltic pump and a sample injector with a5μl injection loop are appliedto construct the flow injection system. The system based on not only the layoutoptimization of sample injector, commixing cell and ECL cell but also a speciallydesigned flow-through ECL cell, which has some unique advantages such as simplestructure, almost zeroed dead-volume and easily to be assembled compared withconventional ECL flow cells. The ECL cell used ITO glass as both working electrodeand optical window. The developed ECL-FIA system has small injection volume andhigh sensitivity.
A microemulsion enhanced ECL of luminol-H_2O_2was studied with the FIAtechnique. The results revealed that the microemulsion composed with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), n-butanol, n-heptane and water greatlyenhanced the ECL especially in acidic medium. The ECL emission increased for20to2times in this microemulsion medium over the pH range of5.0to8.0compared to that inaqueous solution. The mechanism of enhancement of surfactant and microemulsion forluminol-H2O_2ECL was discussed. It is mainly based on the electrostatic interactionbetween luminol anion and the head group of surfactant, which causes the adsorptionand promotes the dissociation of luminol on the surfaces of the microemulsion droplets,favors the oxidation of luminol by the yielded reactive oxygen species (ROSs) duringelectrolysis. This research is very significant for ECL applications because of theextended practicable pH range which was suitable for environmental and biologicalsystems. As an example, this ECL-FIA technique can be applied for determination ofoligo proanthocyanidin (OPC) because of its antioxidant property and to evaluate thetotal antioxidant activity of the grape skin using OPC as an index.
A nano-hybrid of nano-TiO_2supported AuAg alloy nanocluster was synthesizedand then modified onto the surface of indium tin oxide (ITO) to act as a workingelectrode for intensifying the ECL of luminol. The properties of the nano-hybrid and thefunctionalized electrode were characterized by TEM, AFM, electrochemistry andspectroscopy. Coupled with the use of microemulsion as carrier matrix, the ECLemission of luminol is greatly intensified in neutral even acidic phosphate buffersolution (PBS) without the requirement of any co-reactant. With the FIA approach, thisresearch very significantly extended the area of ECL applications because of theextended practicable pH range which was suitable for environmental or biologicaltargets etc. As an example, this ECL-FIA technique was successfully applied to evaluatethe total antioxidant activity of some fruits with satisfactory results.
A copolymer of luminol with aniline (PLA) modified film was prepared onto theITO, nano-TiO_2functionalized ITO (TiO_2/ITO) and AuAg-TiO_2nano-hybridfunctionalized ITO (AuAg-TiO_2/ITO) electrode surface by cyclic voltammetry (CV) todevelop the reagentless ECL electrode for FIA. The properties of the prepared modifiedelectrodes were characterized by SEM, CV, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) and ECL. The ECL emission of PLA/IT, PLA/TiO_2/ITO andPLA/AuAg-TiO_2/ITO modified electrodes were all greatly higher than the simplepolyluminol modified electrode (PL/ITO) especially the latter. ThePLA/AuAg-TiO_2/ITO modified electrode presented the most excellent quality of stability, reproducibility, higher background ECL emission and showed sensitiveresponse to ROSs thereafter to be applied for determination of hydrogen peroxide viaFIA mode. Under optimized conditions, an absolute detection limit of0.822pg ofhydrogen peroxide was obtained. Thus the hydrogen peroxide residue in disposablebamboo chopsticks was detected with satisfactory result. The research suggested a vastfuture of reagentless ECL-FIA technique.
一、设计构建了一种流动注射—电化学发光分析装置，包括蠕动泵、六通进样阀、混合池、流动电化学发光池。蠕动泵和配有5μl进样环的六通阀组成了流动注射体系。本流动注射-电化学发光装置主要基于六通进样阀、混合池、流动电化学发光池三者之间的布局优化以及自行设计制作的流动电化学发光池。新型流动电化学发光池与传统流动电化学发光池相比具有结构简单、几乎零死体积、易于组装等特点。ITO玻璃作为工作电极同时具有光窗作用，工作电极完全覆盖发光池。整个FI-ECL装置具有消耗溶液量少、进样量小、灵敏度高等优点。
二、利用流动注射技术研究了微乳液对鲁米诺-过氧化氢电化学发光的增敏效应。结果显示由十六烷基三甲基溴化胺（CTAB），正丁醇，正庚烷和水构成的微乳液体系大大增强了鲁米诺-过氧化氢电化学发光。在pH5.0-8.0范围内，与水溶液相比，微乳液介质增敏电化学发光2到20倍。讨论了表面活性剂和微乳液介质对电化学发光增敏的机理，主要是基于鲁米诺阴离子和表面活性剂的亲水基之间的静电作用，此静电作用促进了鲁米诺在微乳液液滴表面的吸附和解离，在电解过程中有利于鲁米诺被活性氧氧化。本研究把鲁米诺电化学发光的应用pH范围拓宽至弱酸性，这对鲁米诺应用于环境以及生物体系的样品分析非常重要。并把鲁米诺电化学发光与流动注射技术结合起来用于葡萄皮萃取物抗氧化活性的分析。
三、利用纳米二氧化钛、氯金酸和硝酸银为原料合成了一种二氧化钛表面负载金银合金纳米簇的AuAg-TiO_2纳米复合物，将其修饰在氧化铟锡（ITO）导电玻璃上作为电化学发光的工作电极。在流动注射分析（FIA）体系里以微乳液为流动载体，将修饰电极用于鲁米诺电化学发光的研究，结果表明在不加任何助反应剂的条件下，修饰电极对鲁米诺在中性甚至酸性磷酸盐缓冲溶液中的电化学发光有非常明显的增敏效果。本研究把鲁米诺电化学发光的应用酸度范围由碱性拓宽至酸性，适合环境或生物分子的检测。此项电化学发光-流动注射分析技术被成功应用于评估水果的抗氧化活性，并得到了令人满意的结果。
四、通过循环伏安法(CV)分别在ITO电极表面、纳米TiO_2修饰的ITO电极（TiO_2/ITO）及AuAg-TiO_2纳米复合物修饰的ITO电极（AuAg-TiO_2/ITO）表面上共聚鲁米诺-苯胺(PLA)制备了修饰电极PLA/ITO、PLA/TiO_2/ITO和PLA/AuAg-TiO_2/ITO，并利用SEM、CV、电化学阻抗（EIS）和ECL等手段对修饰电极进行了表征。结果表明，PLA/ITO、PLA/TiO_2/ITO和PLA/AuAg-TiO_2/ITO都比单一聚鲁米诺修饰电极（PL/ITO）有更高的电化学活性和电化学发光强度，尤其是后者，且PLA/AuAg-TiO_2/ITO修饰电极对活性氧有较灵敏的响应，因此可直接用于检测活性氧或间接用于能够清除活性氧的抗氧化剂的检测。该电极被用于流动注射体系检测过氧化氢，在最佳条件下，对过氧化氢的绝对检出限为0.822pg，与其它传统测定方法进行对比得到了令人满意的结果，此研究结果预示了无试剂电化学发光流动注射分析技术有着光明的前景。
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has become an important and valuable detectionapproach in recent years due to its promising advantages such as high sensitivity, lowdetection limite and wide linear range. However, conducted as one of the most widelyused luminescent reagents, most of the ECL application of luminol has been limited inalkaline solution principally due to its less dissociation in neutral or acidic solution.How to fulfill the ECL of luminol in neutral even acidic medium has practicalsignificance since many biomolecules can only exist in. Up to now, there are only a fewreports about the ECL of luminol in neutral or acidic solution. There concentratedco-reactant such as NaBr or hydrogen peroxide is necessary to excite stronger ECLsignal of luminol. Despite the cost of reagent consumption, it will lead to thedescending reproducibility and/or introducing some interferents. In order to enhance theluminol ECL intensity in neutral or acidic solution and extend the pH range of luminolECL application, the following four aspects work has been done.
A flow injection analysis (FIA) system with an ECL detector has been established，which include peristaltic pump, sample injector (six-way valve), commixing cell andECL cell. A peristaltic pump and a sample injector with a5μl injection loop are appliedto construct the flow injection system. The system based on not only the layoutoptimization of sample injector, commixing cell and ECL cell but also a speciallydesigned flow-through ECL cell, which has some unique advantages such as simplestructure, almost zeroed dead-volume and easily to be assembled compared withconventional ECL flow cells. The ECL cell used ITO glass as both working electrodeand optical window. The developed ECL-FIA system has small injection volume andhigh sensitivity.
A microemulsion enhanced ECL of luminol-H_2O_2was studied with the FIAtechnique. The results revealed that the microemulsion composed with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), n-butanol, n-heptane and water greatlyenhanced the ECL especially in acidic medium. The ECL emission increased for20to2times in this microemulsion medium over the pH range of5.0to8.0compared to that inaqueous solution. The mechanism of enhancement of surfactant and microemulsion forluminol-H2O_2ECL was discussed. It is mainly based on the electrostatic interactionbetween luminol anion and the head group of surfactant, which causes the adsorptionand promotes the dissociation of luminol on the surfaces of the microemulsion droplets,favors the oxidation of luminol by the yielded reactive oxygen species (ROSs) duringelectrolysis. This research is very significant for ECL applications because of theextended practicable pH range which was suitable for environmental and biologicalsystems. As an example, this ECL-FIA technique can be applied for determination ofoligo proanthocyanidin (OPC) because of its antioxidant property and to evaluate thetotal antioxidant activity of the grape skin using OPC as an index.
A nano-hybrid of nano-TiO_2supported AuAg alloy nanocluster was synthesizedand then modified onto the surface of indium tin oxide (ITO) to act as a workingelectrode for intensifying the ECL of luminol. The properties of the nano-hybrid and thefunctionalized electrode were characterized by TEM, AFM, electrochemistry andspectroscopy. Coupled with the use of microemulsion as carrier matrix, the ECLemission of luminol is greatly intensified in neutral even acidic phosphate buffersolution (PBS) without the requirement of any co-reactant. With the FIA approach, thisresearch very significantly extended the area of ECL applications because of theextended practicable pH range which was suitable for environmental or biologicaltargets etc. As an example, this ECL-FIA technique was successfully applied to evaluatethe total antioxidant activity of some fruits with satisfactory results.
A copolymer of luminol with aniline (PLA) modified film was prepared onto theITO, nano-TiO_2functionalized ITO (TiO_2/ITO) and AuAg-TiO_2nano-hybridfunctionalized ITO (AuAg-TiO_2/ITO) electrode surface by cyclic voltammetry (CV) todevelop the reagentless ECL electrode for FIA. The properties of the prepared modifiedelectrodes were characterized by SEM, CV, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) and ECL. The ECL emission of PLA/IT, PLA/TiO_2/ITO andPLA/AuAg-TiO_2/ITO modified electrodes were all greatly higher than the simplepolyluminol modified electrode (PL/ITO) especially the latter. ThePLA/AuAg-TiO_2/ITO modified electrode presented the most excellent quality of stability, reproducibility, higher background ECL emission and showed sensitiveresponse to ROSs thereafter to be applied for determination of hydrogen peroxide viaFIA mode. Under optimized conditions, an absolute detection limit of0.822pg ofhydrogen peroxide was obtained. Thus the hydrogen peroxide residue in disposablebamboo chopsticks was detected with satisfactory result. The research suggested a vastfuture of reagentless ECL-FIA technique.
引文
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