膜混凝反应器处理微污染水源水及技术经济分析
|
摘要
水源污染的加剧和饮用水质标准的日益严格，使传统给水处理工艺受到了严峻挑战，因而发展新的微污染水处理技术及设备已成为当务之急。膜分离被认为是当今获得优质安全饮用水的重要技术之一，近年来由于膜材料价格的下降和性能的改善在水处理领域得到了广泛关注。在此背景下，微滤工艺具有工作压力低、出水水质稳定、易实现自动控制等特点而成为给水处理领域研究的热点。研究探讨基于微滤工艺的膜混凝反应器（MCR）的运行可靠性、生产性规模MCR的设计方法及其现阶段的经济合理性，对实际工程应用具有很大的实际意义。
本试验采用MCR处理天津大学青年湖湖水，试验规模为0.3~0.5m3/h。试验结果表明：采用合适的投药量，MCR对微污染水中的浊度、有机物和细菌具有良好的去除效果。试验期间出水的浊度和细菌总数分别低于0.3 NTU和30 CFU/mL；当原水是地表水环境质量标准（GB3838-2002）规定的Ⅴ类水时，出水水质基本可以满足生活饮用水卫生规范（2001）的要求；原水是劣Ⅴ类水时，出水水质接近饮用水标准。试验期间，膜比通量总体上呈缓慢下降趋势。在处理150 m3微污染水后对膜进行物理清洗，膜比通量能恢复到新膜的93.61%。试验表明该装置在野战给水和应急给水方面具有巨大的潜力.
根据试验结果，本文提出了生产性规模膜混凝反应器处理系统的一般设计方法。反应器的设计应以HRT为主要设计参数。文中对某县城给水工程进行了模拟设计。
本文运用技术经济分析方法对模拟工程项目进行了几个不同设计方案的比较和经济分析。分析结果表明MCR工艺与生物陶粒+常规处理工艺、常规处理+臭氧—活性炭联用法工艺相比，能耗偏高，处理成本也偏高。如果在不久的将来膜组件价格能降低20%，则MCR工艺各项经济学指标接近常规处理+臭氧—活性炭联用法工艺。
With the conflict of water source pollution and stringent Sanitary Standards for Drinking Water, it is necessary to develop new technology and devices for drinking water treatment. Membrane separarion, an important technique to get safe drinking water, has been increasingly concerned in the field of water and wastewater treatment while the price of the material is reduced and the performance of the membrane is improved. Under such circumstances, microfiltration is widely used in drinking water production because of the steady quality of finished water and easy automation with low operating pressure. To put the membrane coagulation reactor (MCR) process into practical use, it is important to investigate the operation dependability, the design method of the full-scale MCR, and the economic feasibility.
In this experiment, MCR used for the treatment of water from Lake Qingnian of Tianjing University were investigated. The capacity of experimental device was 0.3~0.5 m3/h. The result indicated that there were good removals of turbidity, bacteria and organic pollutants when proper dosage of ferric chloride and PAC were added. Turbidity and total amount of bacteria in finished water were respectively less than 0.3 NTU and 100 CFU/mL. When raw water belonged in class Ⅴ defined by Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB3838-2002), the finished water quality met the requiement of Sanitary Standards for Drinking Water (2001) and when the quality of the raw water was poorer than class Ⅴ, the finished water quality was very close to the Standard. During the experiment, membrane specific flux decreased gradually. After purifying 150 m3 water, the membrane was cleaned with physical methods and the specific flux recovered to 93.61% of the new membrane. Experimental results showed that this device is of great potential in field army and emergence water supply.
According to the experimental results, the design method and general procedures for MCR process were developed. It was suggested that the hydraulic residence time (HRT) be the main design parameter. A project design of micro-polluted water treatment plant for a county was done in this thesis.
Based on cost-benefit analysis, the MCR is a process with higher energy consumption and treatment cost compared with aerated biological filter - conventional water treatment process or conventional water treatment with O3 - powdered activated carbon (PAC) process. If the cost of membrane modules could be reduced 20%, the economic parameters of MCR would be similar to those of the conventional water treatment with O3-PAC process.
本试验采用MCR处理天津大学青年湖湖水，试验规模为0.3~0.5m3/h。试验结果表明：采用合适的投药量，MCR对微污染水中的浊度、有机物和细菌具有良好的去除效果。试验期间出水的浊度和细菌总数分别低于0.3 NTU和30 CFU/mL；当原水是地表水环境质量标准（GB3838-2002）规定的Ⅴ类水时，出水水质基本可以满足生活饮用水卫生规范（2001）的要求；原水是劣Ⅴ类水时，出水水质接近饮用水标准。试验期间，膜比通量总体上呈缓慢下降趋势。在处理150 m3微污染水后对膜进行物理清洗，膜比通量能恢复到新膜的93.61%。试验表明该装置在野战给水和应急给水方面具有巨大的潜力.
根据试验结果，本文提出了生产性规模膜混凝反应器处理系统的一般设计方法。反应器的设计应以HRT为主要设计参数。文中对某县城给水工程进行了模拟设计。
本文运用技术经济分析方法对模拟工程项目进行了几个不同设计方案的比较和经济分析。分析结果表明MCR工艺与生物陶粒+常规处理工艺、常规处理+臭氧—活性炭联用法工艺相比，能耗偏高，处理成本也偏高。如果在不久的将来膜组件价格能降低20%，则MCR工艺各项经济学指标接近常规处理+臭氧—活性炭联用法工艺。
With the conflict of water source pollution and stringent Sanitary Standards for Drinking Water, it is necessary to develop new technology and devices for drinking water treatment. Membrane separarion, an important technique to get safe drinking water, has been increasingly concerned in the field of water and wastewater treatment while the price of the material is reduced and the performance of the membrane is improved. Under such circumstances, microfiltration is widely used in drinking water production because of the steady quality of finished water and easy automation with low operating pressure. To put the membrane coagulation reactor (MCR) process into practical use, it is important to investigate the operation dependability, the design method of the full-scale MCR, and the economic feasibility.
In this experiment, MCR used for the treatment of water from Lake Qingnian of Tianjing University were investigated. The capacity of experimental device was 0.3~0.5 m3/h. The result indicated that there were good removals of turbidity, bacteria and organic pollutants when proper dosage of ferric chloride and PAC were added. Turbidity and total amount of bacteria in finished water were respectively less than 0.3 NTU and 100 CFU/mL. When raw water belonged in class Ⅴ defined by Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB3838-2002), the finished water quality met the requiement of Sanitary Standards for Drinking Water (2001) and when the quality of the raw water was poorer than class Ⅴ, the finished water quality was very close to the Standard. During the experiment, membrane specific flux decreased gradually. After purifying 150 m3 water, the membrane was cleaned with physical methods and the specific flux recovered to 93.61% of the new membrane. Experimental results showed that this device is of great potential in field army and emergence water supply.
According to the experimental results, the design method and general procedures for MCR process were developed. It was suggested that the hydraulic residence time (HRT) be the main design parameter. A project design of micro-polluted water treatment plant for a county was done in this thesis.
Based on cost-benefit analysis, the MCR is a process with higher energy consumption and treatment cost compared with aerated biological filter - conventional water treatment process or conventional water treatment with O3 - powdered activated carbon (PAC) process. If the cost of membrane modules could be reduced 20%, the economic parameters of MCR would be similar to those of the conventional water treatment with O3-PAC process.
引文
[1]何强，井文涌，王翊亭，环境学导论，北京：清华大学出版社，1994，144~151
[2]严煦世等，给水工程，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1995，226
[3]万本太，中国水资源的问题与对策，环境保护，1999，（7）：30~32
[4] 严煦世等，给水工程，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1995，267
[5]崔玉川，傅涛，我国水污染及饮用水源中有机污染物的危害，城市环境与城市生态，1998，11（3）：23
[6]王占生，刘文君，微污染水源饮用水处理，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001，51~55
[7]龙小庆，王占生，富良等，生物活性滤池的特性研究，给水排水，2001，27（5）：6~7
[8]许国仁，李圭白，高猛酸钾复合药剂强化过滤微污染水质的效能研究，环境科学学报，2002，22（5）：664~670
[9]邵刚，膜法水处理技术，北京：冶金工业出版社，1991，1
[10]赵洪宾，膜技术在水处理中的应用，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1991，15
[11]池军等，膜技术—二十一世纪的水处理技术，广东科技，2001，5
[12] Smith C.V.，et al.， The use of ultrafiltration membrane for activated sludge separation，In: 39th annual purdue industrial waste conference, Indiana, 1969
[13]时均，袁权，高从楷，膜技术手册，北京：化学工业出版社，2001，171~173
[14]张江朝，MBR处理微污染地表水与有机物共代谢的研究 [硕士学位论文]，天津大学，2002
[15]雷晓东，熊蓉春，魏刚，膜分离法污水处理技术，工业水处理，2002，22（2）：1~2
[16]顾平，李方方，膜技术在水处理中的应用现状及其发展，中国给水排水，1998，14（5）：25
[17] Long Xiaoqing，et.al.，Study on nanofiltrition membrane in purifying drinking water，In: International workshop on membrane applications for water & wastewater treatment, Beijing China, 1999
[18] C.Anselme, et.al., Drinking water production by ultrafiltration and PAC adsorption first year of operation for a large capacity plant，In: International workshop on membrane applications for water & wastewater treatment, Beijing China, 1999
[19] 高以垣等，日本NF膜、低压超低压RO膜及应用技术的发展，膜科学与技术，1998，18(5)：12
[20] Wu Zhichao, et.al.，Study of bio-membrane separation process for the treatment of micro-polluted raw water，In: International workshop on membrane applications for water & wastewater treatment，Beijing China，1999
[21]姜利群，膜生物反应中试研究及技术经济分析，硕士学位论文，天津大学,1998
[22]周丹，中空纤维膜生物反应器的实验研究及阻力特性分析，硕士学位论文，天津大学，1998
[23]匡志花，中空纤维膜生物反应器处理生活污水及剩余污泥排放的研究，硕士学位论文，天津大学，1998
[24]罗虹，序批式膜生物反应器处理生活污水及混合液可过滤性的研究，硕士学位论文，天津大学，1999
[25]顾平，姜立群，中空膜生物床处理生活污水的中试研究，中国给水排水，2000，16（3）：5
[26]米宝霞，中空纤维反应器处理微污染源水及有机物分子量分布的研究，硕士学位论文，天津大学，2000
[27]张颖，混凝-中空纤维膜微滤工艺处理微污染地表水及出水系统水力学计算的研究，硕士学位论文，天津大学，2001
[28]陈卫文，混凝-微滤工艺处理含镅和含铬废水及膜污染的研究，硕士学位论文，天津大学，2003
[29]张永锋，王郁，膜技术在废水处理中的应用，工业环境科学，2002，21（2）：71~74
[30]王景，张雨山，超滤膜和微滤膜在污水处理中的应用研究现状及发展趋势，工业水处理，2001，21(3)：4~8
[31]M.Brockmann, et. al.，Sludge activity and crossflow microfiltration — a non-beneficial relationship，Water Sci. Tech.，1996，34(9)：205
[32]M.Pirbazari, et. al.，Hybrid membrane filtration process for leachate treatment，Water Res.，1996，30(11)：2691
[33]J.S.Kim,，et. al.， Composition of ultrafiltration characteristics between activated sludge and BAC sludge， Water Res.，1998，32(11)：3443
[34]AWWA Membrane Technology Research Committee，Committee report：Membrane processes ，Journal AWWA，1998，90(6)：91~105
[35]张光辉，膜混凝反应器（MCR）制备饮用水和去除氟化物的研究，硕士学位论文，天津大学，2003
[36]Chang Jian，Jaques Manem，Andre Beaubien，Membrane bioprocesses for the denitreification of drinking water supply ，Journal of Membrane Science，1993，80：233~239
[37]Delenaghe B，Nakamure F，H Myoga，et al.，Drinking water denitrification in a membrane bioreactor ，Wat.Sci.Tech.，1994，30(6)：157~160
[38]Vincent Urbain，Raymond Benoit，Jacques Manem，Membrane bioreactor：a new treatment tool ，Journal AWWA，1996，5：75~86
[39]黄晓东，王占生，微污染水源水净化新技术，环境污染与防治，1998，20(3)：35~38
[40]Mi Baoxia，Gu Ping, et. al.，Application of hollow-fiber MF membrane reactors to micro-polluted water treatment，21century international symposium on membrane technology and environmental protection，Beijing：Membrane Industry Association of China，2000，18-21,137~144
[41]Ewa Wasik，Jolanta Bohdziewicz，Mieczysxaw Bxzszczyk，Removal of nitrate ions from natural water using a membrane bioreactor ，Separation Purification Technology，2001.22-23：383~392
[42]莫罹，黄霞等，膜-生物反应器处理微污染水源水的运行特性，中国环境科学，2003，23(2)：196~200
[43]C. Guigui，V. Bonnelye，L. Durand-Bourlier，et. al.，Combination of coagulation and ultrafiltration for drinking water production：Impact of process configuration and module design，In：Proceedings of the Conference on Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production，Paris，France，3-6 October 2000，Desalination Publications，L’Aquila，Italy，October 2000，Volume 1：383
[44]D. Abdessemed，G. Nezzal，R. Ben Aim，Coagulation-adsorption-ultrafiltration for wastewater treatment and reuse，In: Proceedings of the Conference on Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production，Paris，France，3-6 October 2000，Desalination Publications，L’Aquila，Italy，October 2000，Volume 1：52
[45]C.Anselme, et. al.，Drinking water production by ultrafiltration and PAC adsorption-First year of operation for a large capacity plant，In：International workshop on membrane applications for water&wastewater treatment，Beijing China，1999
[46]罗虹，顾平等，投加粉末活性炭对膜阻力的影响研究，中国给水排水，2001，17(2):1
[47] Shigeki Sawada, et. al.，Membrane filtration of surface water in the presence of ozone， In: Proceedings of the Conference on Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production， Paris，France，2000，Desalination Publications，L’Aquila，Italy，2000，Volume 1：595
[48]G.T.Seo, et. al.，Ultrafiltration combined with ozone for domestic laundry wastewater reclamation and reuse，In：Conference on Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production，Paris，France，2000，Desalination Publications，L’Aquila，Italy，2000，Volume 2：623
[49] Colin Nash, et. al.，Combining microfiltration，ozone and BAC-the Trentham experience，In: Proceedings of the Conference on Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production， Paris，France，2000，Desalination Publications，L’Aquila，Italy，2000，Volume 2：221
[50]国家环保局《水和废水检测分析方法》编委会，水和废水检测分析方法（第四版），北京：中国环境科学出版社，2002
[51]Dag O，Andersen, et. al.，Nature of Natural Organic Mater（NOM）in Acidified and Limed Surface Waters，Wat.Res.，2000，34（1）：266~278
[52]国家环境保护局，混凝技术，北京：中国环境科学出版社，1992：10
[53]Ueda T，Hata K， et. al.，Effects of aeration on suction pressure in a submerged membrane bioreator，Wat.Res.，1997，31（3）：489~494
[54]蒋绍阶，刘宗源，UV254作为水处理中有机物控制指标的意义，重庆建筑大学学报，2002，24（2）：61~65
[55]金伟，范瑾初，紫外吸光值（UV254）作为有机物替代参数的探讨，工业水处理，1997，17（6）：30~32
[2]严煦世等，给水工程，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1995，226
[3]万本太，中国水资源的问题与对策，环境保护，1999，（7）：30~32
[4] 严煦世等，给水工程，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1995，267
[5]崔玉川，傅涛，我国水污染及饮用水源中有机污染物的危害，城市环境与城市生态，1998，11（3）：23
[6]王占生，刘文君，微污染水源饮用水处理，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001，51~55
[7]龙小庆，王占生，富良等，生物活性滤池的特性研究，给水排水，2001，27（5）：6~7
[8]许国仁，李圭白，高猛酸钾复合药剂强化过滤微污染水质的效能研究，环境科学学报，2002，22（5）：664~670
[9]邵刚，膜法水处理技术，北京：冶金工业出版社，1991，1
[10]赵洪宾，膜技术在水处理中的应用，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1991，15
[11]池军等，膜技术—二十一世纪的水处理技术，广东科技，2001，5
[12] Smith C.V.，et al.， The use of ultrafiltration membrane for activated sludge separation，In: 39th annual purdue industrial waste conference, Indiana, 1969
[13]时均，袁权，高从楷，膜技术手册，北京：化学工业出版社，2001，171~173
[14]张江朝，MBR处理微污染地表水与有机物共代谢的研究 [硕士学位论文]，天津大学，2002
[15]雷晓东，熊蓉春，魏刚，膜分离法污水处理技术，工业水处理，2002，22（2）：1~2
[16]顾平，李方方，膜技术在水处理中的应用现状及其发展，中国给水排水，1998，14（5）：25
[17] Long Xiaoqing，et.al.，Study on nanofiltrition membrane in purifying drinking water，In: International workshop on membrane applications for water & wastewater treatment, Beijing China, 1999
[18] C.Anselme, et.al., Drinking water production by ultrafiltration and PAC adsorption first year of operation for a large capacity plant，In: International workshop on membrane applications for water & wastewater treatment, Beijing China, 1999
[19] 高以垣等，日本NF膜、低压超低压RO膜及应用技术的发展，膜科学与技术，1998，18(5)：12
[20] Wu Zhichao, et.al.，Study of bio-membrane separation process for the treatment of micro-polluted raw water，In: International workshop on membrane applications for water & wastewater treatment，Beijing China，1999
[21]姜利群，膜生物反应中试研究及技术经济分析，硕士学位论文，天津大学,1998
[22]周丹，中空纤维膜生物反应器的实验研究及阻力特性分析，硕士学位论文，天津大学，1998
[23]匡志花，中空纤维膜生物反应器处理生活污水及剩余污泥排放的研究，硕士学位论文，天津大学，1998
[24]罗虹，序批式膜生物反应器处理生活污水及混合液可过滤性的研究，硕士学位论文，天津大学，1999
[25]顾平，姜立群，中空膜生物床处理生活污水的中试研究，中国给水排水，2000，16（3）：5
[26]米宝霞，中空纤维反应器处理微污染源水及有机物分子量分布的研究，硕士学位论文，天津大学，2000
[27]张颖，混凝-中空纤维膜微滤工艺处理微污染地表水及出水系统水力学计算的研究，硕士学位论文，天津大学，2001
[28]陈卫文，混凝-微滤工艺处理含镅和含铬废水及膜污染的研究，硕士学位论文，天津大学，2003
[29]张永锋，王郁，膜技术在废水处理中的应用，工业环境科学，2002，21（2）：71~74
[30]王景，张雨山，超滤膜和微滤膜在污水处理中的应用研究现状及发展趋势，工业水处理，2001，21(3)：4~8
[31]M.Brockmann, et. al.，Sludge activity and crossflow microfiltration — a non-beneficial relationship，Water Sci. Tech.，1996，34(9)：205
[32]M.Pirbazari, et. al.，Hybrid membrane filtration process for leachate treatment，Water Res.，1996，30(11)：2691
[33]J.S.Kim,，et. al.， Composition of ultrafiltration characteristics between activated sludge and BAC sludge， Water Res.，1998，32(11)：3443
[34]AWWA Membrane Technology Research Committee，Committee report：Membrane processes ，Journal AWWA，1998，90(6)：91~105
[35]张光辉，膜混凝反应器（MCR）制备饮用水和去除氟化物的研究，硕士学位论文，天津大学，2003
[36]Chang Jian，Jaques Manem，Andre Beaubien，Membrane bioprocesses for the denitreification of drinking water supply ，Journal of Membrane Science，1993，80：233~239
[37]Delenaghe B，Nakamure F，H Myoga，et al.，Drinking water denitrification in a membrane bioreactor ，Wat.Sci.Tech.，1994，30(6)：157~160
[38]Vincent Urbain，Raymond Benoit，Jacques Manem，Membrane bioreactor：a new treatment tool ，Journal AWWA，1996，5：75~86
[39]黄晓东，王占生，微污染水源水净化新技术，环境污染与防治，1998，20(3)：35~38
[40]Mi Baoxia，Gu Ping, et. al.，Application of hollow-fiber MF membrane reactors to micro-polluted water treatment，21century international symposium on membrane technology and environmental protection，Beijing：Membrane Industry Association of China，2000，18-21,137~144
[41]Ewa Wasik，Jolanta Bohdziewicz，Mieczysxaw Bxzszczyk，Removal of nitrate ions from natural water using a membrane bioreactor ，Separation Purification Technology，2001.22-23：383~392
[42]莫罹，黄霞等，膜-生物反应器处理微污染水源水的运行特性，中国环境科学，2003，23(2)：196~200
[43]C. Guigui，V. Bonnelye，L. Durand-Bourlier，et. al.，Combination of coagulation and ultrafiltration for drinking water production：Impact of process configuration and module design，In：Proceedings of the Conference on Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production，Paris，France，3-6 October 2000，Desalination Publications，L’Aquila，Italy，October 2000，Volume 1：383
[44]D. Abdessemed，G. Nezzal，R. Ben Aim，Coagulation-adsorption-ultrafiltration for wastewater treatment and reuse，In: Proceedings of the Conference on Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production，Paris，France，3-6 October 2000，Desalination Publications，L’Aquila，Italy，October 2000，Volume 1：52
[45]C.Anselme, et. al.，Drinking water production by ultrafiltration and PAC adsorption-First year of operation for a large capacity plant，In：International workshop on membrane applications for water&wastewater treatment，Beijing China，1999
[46]罗虹，顾平等，投加粉末活性炭对膜阻力的影响研究，中国给水排水，2001，17(2):1
[47] Shigeki Sawada, et. al.，Membrane filtration of surface water in the presence of ozone， In: Proceedings of the Conference on Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production， Paris，France，2000，Desalination Publications，L’Aquila，Italy，2000，Volume 1：595
[48]G.T.Seo, et. al.，Ultrafiltration combined with ozone for domestic laundry wastewater reclamation and reuse，In：Conference on Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production，Paris，France，2000，Desalination Publications，L’Aquila，Italy，2000，Volume 2：623
[49] Colin Nash, et. al.，Combining microfiltration，ozone and BAC-the Trentham experience，In: Proceedings of the Conference on Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production， Paris，France，2000，Desalination Publications，L’Aquila，Italy，2000，Volume 2：221
[50]国家环保局《水和废水检测分析方法》编委会，水和废水检测分析方法（第四版），北京：中国环境科学出版社，2002
[51]Dag O，Andersen, et. al.，Nature of Natural Organic Mater（NOM）in Acidified and Limed Surface Waters，Wat.Res.，2000，34（1）：266~278
[52]国家环境保护局，混凝技术，北京：中国环境科学出版社，1992：10
[53]Ueda T，Hata K， et. al.，Effects of aeration on suction pressure in a submerged membrane bioreator，Wat.Res.，1997，31（3）：489~494
[54]蒋绍阶，刘宗源，UV254作为水处理中有机物控制指标的意义，重庆建筑大学学报，2002，24（2）：61~65
[55]金伟，范瑾初，紫外吸光值（UV254）作为有机物替代参数的探讨，工业水处理，1997，17（6）：30~32