气溶胶物理光学特性的激光雷达遥感研究
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摘要
大气气溶胶具有显著的气候效应,对大气中许多物理化学过程都能产生一定的影响,是全球气候变化的重要影响因子之一,已成为科学研究的热点问题。IPCC第四次报告指出,准确地评估其气候效应,依赖于对气溶胶物理、化学与光学特性及其时空分布特征的确切、系统的认识。激光雷达作为一种先进的主动遥感仪器,近年来被广泛应用于大气科学和环境科学等研究领域。激光雷达在探测高度、时空分辨率、长期连续高精度监测等方面具有独特的技术优势,是其它探测手段无法比拟的。本论文针对大气气溶胶,以激光雷达为主要研究手段,分别从硬件技术改进、新算法反演及大气遥感应用等三方面出发,系统地研究激光雷达大气气溶胶遥感的主要工作。
利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(SACOL)多套地基激光雷达系统,自2007年以来在我国西北地区五个站点的野外观测资料,重点分析了该地区气溶胶物理光学特性的时空分布变化特征及差异,并与东亚激光雷达观测网AD-NET在日本筑波的激光雷达观测结果对比分析。结果表明,西北地区不同地区气溶胶垂直结构存在显著的差异。SACOL气溶胶散射比季节变化从大到小依次为冬季-春季-秋季-夏季,而筑波则为春季-夏季-秋季-冬季,并且SACOL气溶胶散射比和退偏比分别是筑波的4倍和2倍。
基于多台地基激光雷达和星载激光雷达CALIPSO的观测,结合NCEP再分析资料、Aura/OMI资料、多套地基太阳光度计以及HYSPLIT轨迹模式等其它独立资料,从不同角度分析2008年5月和2010年3月影响范围很广的2个特大沙尘暴个例。对于2008年5月沙尘个例,张掖站微脉冲激光雷达探测到的沙尘气溶胶出现明显的多层结构,而景泰和SACOL站并没有这种现象且沙尘气溶胶分别被限制在2公里和1.5公里以内,原因是张掖离沙尘源区很近使得沙尘气溶胶未能很好地混合在一起。从CALIPSO卫星探测结果来看,沙尘气溶胶高度可达到2公里,并且水平尺度很宽(约550公里)。对于2010年3月沙尘个例,多台地基激光雷达、星载激光雷达、太阳光度计以及轨迹分析等多种不同资料均一致表明,沙尘气溶胶可从西北地区快速地传输至北极地区,只需要5天时间。此外,结合激光雷达和气团轨迹分析发现,2001至2010年期间约有25.19%沙尘过程可通过该快速通道远距离输送至北极。
根据激光大气遥感相关理论,利用Mueller矩阵计算各种不同类型退偏比及它们之间的关系,并用观测资料进行验证,发现该关系对沙尘气溶胶和卷云等性质复杂颗粒有明显的差异,依赖于它们的形状、几何结构以及冰晶方向等因素。利用SACOL站双波段偏振激光雷达资料计算气溶胶消光后向散射系数、线性退偏比与色比,并分别讨论它们各自与多波段太阳光度计反演的体积浓度、有效粒子半径之间的关系。基于上述结果,采用偏最小二乘回归分析研究太阳光度计结果与激光雷达所观测的三个参量之间的定量关系,从而提出一种利用激光雷达资料反演体积浓度和有效粒子半径的新算法。结果表明,该算法简便实用、结果合理。
设计并研制一套米散射-拉曼-荧光光谱紫外偏振多功能激光雷达系统,可实现气溶胶米散射、拉曼散射和32通道连续荧光光谱(约180nm谱宽)等多种信号的同时探测。观测结果发现,判断是否存在荧光物质的阈值是总荧光强度是否大于200MHz,且产生大量荧光信号的色比值在0.25-0.45之间。这些释放很强荧光信号的物质基本上是细粒子,比背景气溶胶小得多。荧光光谱随着水汽的变化存在指数递增关系。经过气团后向轨迹分析发现,这些荧光物质很可能是来自西太平洋海面的生物气溶胶。结果还表明,研制的多功能激光雷达系统可有效地提高激光雷达大气遥感能力。
Atmospheric aerosols play an important role in atmospheric physical and chemical processes, and have been shown that they have a significant impact on climate change. Consequently, study on atmospheric aerosols has been a hot research topic over the world. The challenge in quantifying aerosol direct radiative forcing and aerosol-cloud interactions arises from large spatial and temporal heterogeneity of aerosol physical and chemical properties, according to the fourth IPCC report published in2007. Lidar, one of advanced active remote sensing instruments, has been widely used in many research fields, such as Atmospheric science and Environmental science. There is no any detecting tool as lidar remote sensing, with a unique technical advantage of providing high temporal and spaitial resolution, long measured range and successive measurements. In this paper, study on atmospheric aerosols is performed based on lidar measurements, including improvments of lidar techniques, algorithm and aplications in remote sensing of the atmosphere.
Characterizations of physical and properties of atmospheric aerosols over Northwest China were discussed in detail from lidar measurements, based on the field observation that was conducted at four sites by Semi-Arid Climate observatory&Laboratory (SACOL) of Lanzhou University since2007. The results also were compared with measurements of aerosols in Tsukuba, Japan by Asian dust lidar network. The study indicated that there is a large difference in vertical structure of atmospheric aerosols at those sites. Furthermore, seasonal variations of aerosols scattering ratio is the following smaller order, winter, spring, autumn and summer at SACOL, but spring, summer, autumn and winter at Tsukuba. Also, depolarization ratio at SACOL was much higher, and scattering ratio is almost four times of the result at Tsukuba.
Long-range transport of dust aerosols during two severe dust storms was studied combing several ground-based and space-borne lidar systems, ground-based sun-photometer, NCEP reanalysis data, and Aura/OMI and HYSPLIT trajectory model etc. Multi-layers of dust vertical structure were observed by a lidar at Zhangye for the dust events on May2,2008, however the phenomenon didn't occur at Jingtai and SACOL. One of the reasons is that dust aerosols would not mix well at Zhangye due to closer to dust sources. A thick dust layer with～550km horizontal scale below 2km over Northwest was detected clearly by space-borne CALIPSO lidar. The results also found that there was a fast path of Asian dust long-range transported to the Arctic region for the dust events occurred on March19,2010.
Several different kinds of depolarization ratios (DR), e.g., linear DR, circular DR and MPL special DR, were calculated using Mueller matrix and theory of laser remote sensing, then were verified by observation data sets measured at SACOL. The results showed that relationship between linear and MPL special DR was very complicated for complex particles like dust and cirrus, depending on their shape, aspect ratio and orientation of ice particles. Besides, aerosol volume concentration and effective radius derived from sun-photometer measurements at SACOL, was analyzed with the optical properties, such as attenuated backscattering coefficient, linear depolarization ratio and color ratio, from measurements of a dual-wavelength polarization lidar system. The results showed there are obvious interesting relations between lidar and sun-photometer observation. A new method for retrieving volume concentration and effective radius from lidar measurements was proposed based on Partial Least-Squares Regression method (PLSR). It was proved that the proposed simple retrieval method is practical and effective and could be widely used.
To obtain more information of atmospheric aerosols, a powerful polarization UV lidar was developed for detecting Mie scattering, Raman scattering and laser-induced fluorescence simultaneously. Strong fluorescence signals could be observed from aerosols by the developed lidar on August29,2011in Tsukuba, Japan. Total fluorescence intensity between420nm and520nm could be a threshold value for distinguishing fluorescent aerosols from others. Also, fluorescent aerosols showed small depolarization ratio (<0.1) and color ratio (0.25-0.45), that means they were spherical fine particles. Trajectories analysis from HYSPLIT simulations interpreted that the observed aerosols could be probably attributed to bioaerosols transported from the western Pacific Ocean. It has been shown that developed lidar could effectively improve the ability of lidar remote sensing of the atmosphere.
利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(SACOL)多套地基激光雷达系统,自2007年以来在我国西北地区五个站点的野外观测资料,重点分析了该地区气溶胶物理光学特性的时空分布变化特征及差异,并与东亚激光雷达观测网AD-NET在日本筑波的激光雷达观测结果对比分析。结果表明,西北地区不同地区气溶胶垂直结构存在显著的差异。SACOL气溶胶散射比季节变化从大到小依次为冬季-春季-秋季-夏季,而筑波则为春季-夏季-秋季-冬季,并且SACOL气溶胶散射比和退偏比分别是筑波的4倍和2倍。
基于多台地基激光雷达和星载激光雷达CALIPSO的观测,结合NCEP再分析资料、Aura/OMI资料、多套地基太阳光度计以及HYSPLIT轨迹模式等其它独立资料,从不同角度分析2008年5月和2010年3月影响范围很广的2个特大沙尘暴个例。对于2008年5月沙尘个例,张掖站微脉冲激光雷达探测到的沙尘气溶胶出现明显的多层结构,而景泰和SACOL站并没有这种现象且沙尘气溶胶分别被限制在2公里和1.5公里以内,原因是张掖离沙尘源区很近使得沙尘气溶胶未能很好地混合在一起。从CALIPSO卫星探测结果来看,沙尘气溶胶高度可达到2公里,并且水平尺度很宽(约550公里)。对于2010年3月沙尘个例,多台地基激光雷达、星载激光雷达、太阳光度计以及轨迹分析等多种不同资料均一致表明,沙尘气溶胶可从西北地区快速地传输至北极地区,只需要5天时间。此外,结合激光雷达和气团轨迹分析发现,2001至2010年期间约有25.19%沙尘过程可通过该快速通道远距离输送至北极。
根据激光大气遥感相关理论,利用Mueller矩阵计算各种不同类型退偏比及它们之间的关系,并用观测资料进行验证,发现该关系对沙尘气溶胶和卷云等性质复杂颗粒有明显的差异,依赖于它们的形状、几何结构以及冰晶方向等因素。利用SACOL站双波段偏振激光雷达资料计算气溶胶消光后向散射系数、线性退偏比与色比,并分别讨论它们各自与多波段太阳光度计反演的体积浓度、有效粒子半径之间的关系。基于上述结果,采用偏最小二乘回归分析研究太阳光度计结果与激光雷达所观测的三个参量之间的定量关系,从而提出一种利用激光雷达资料反演体积浓度和有效粒子半径的新算法。结果表明,该算法简便实用、结果合理。
设计并研制一套米散射-拉曼-荧光光谱紫外偏振多功能激光雷达系统,可实现气溶胶米散射、拉曼散射和32通道连续荧光光谱(约180nm谱宽)等多种信号的同时探测。观测结果发现,判断是否存在荧光物质的阈值是总荧光强度是否大于200MHz,且产生大量荧光信号的色比值在0.25-0.45之间。这些释放很强荧光信号的物质基本上是细粒子,比背景气溶胶小得多。荧光光谱随着水汽的变化存在指数递增关系。经过气团后向轨迹分析发现,这些荧光物质很可能是来自西太平洋海面的生物气溶胶。结果还表明,研制的多功能激光雷达系统可有效地提高激光雷达大气遥感能力。
Atmospheric aerosols play an important role in atmospheric physical and chemical processes, and have been shown that they have a significant impact on climate change. Consequently, study on atmospheric aerosols has been a hot research topic over the world. The challenge in quantifying aerosol direct radiative forcing and aerosol-cloud interactions arises from large spatial and temporal heterogeneity of aerosol physical and chemical properties, according to the fourth IPCC report published in2007. Lidar, one of advanced active remote sensing instruments, has been widely used in many research fields, such as Atmospheric science and Environmental science. There is no any detecting tool as lidar remote sensing, with a unique technical advantage of providing high temporal and spaitial resolution, long measured range and successive measurements. In this paper, study on atmospheric aerosols is performed based on lidar measurements, including improvments of lidar techniques, algorithm and aplications in remote sensing of the atmosphere.
Characterizations of physical and properties of atmospheric aerosols over Northwest China were discussed in detail from lidar measurements, based on the field observation that was conducted at four sites by Semi-Arid Climate observatory&Laboratory (SACOL) of Lanzhou University since2007. The results also were compared with measurements of aerosols in Tsukuba, Japan by Asian dust lidar network. The study indicated that there is a large difference in vertical structure of atmospheric aerosols at those sites. Furthermore, seasonal variations of aerosols scattering ratio is the following smaller order, winter, spring, autumn and summer at SACOL, but spring, summer, autumn and winter at Tsukuba. Also, depolarization ratio at SACOL was much higher, and scattering ratio is almost four times of the result at Tsukuba.
Long-range transport of dust aerosols during two severe dust storms was studied combing several ground-based and space-borne lidar systems, ground-based sun-photometer, NCEP reanalysis data, and Aura/OMI and HYSPLIT trajectory model etc. Multi-layers of dust vertical structure were observed by a lidar at Zhangye for the dust events on May2,2008, however the phenomenon didn't occur at Jingtai and SACOL. One of the reasons is that dust aerosols would not mix well at Zhangye due to closer to dust sources. A thick dust layer with～550km horizontal scale below 2km over Northwest was detected clearly by space-borne CALIPSO lidar. The results also found that there was a fast path of Asian dust long-range transported to the Arctic region for the dust events occurred on March19,2010.
Several different kinds of depolarization ratios (DR), e.g., linear DR, circular DR and MPL special DR, were calculated using Mueller matrix and theory of laser remote sensing, then were verified by observation data sets measured at SACOL. The results showed that relationship between linear and MPL special DR was very complicated for complex particles like dust and cirrus, depending on their shape, aspect ratio and orientation of ice particles. Besides, aerosol volume concentration and effective radius derived from sun-photometer measurements at SACOL, was analyzed with the optical properties, such as attenuated backscattering coefficient, linear depolarization ratio and color ratio, from measurements of a dual-wavelength polarization lidar system. The results showed there are obvious interesting relations between lidar and sun-photometer observation. A new method for retrieving volume concentration and effective radius from lidar measurements was proposed based on Partial Least-Squares Regression method (PLSR). It was proved that the proposed simple retrieval method is practical and effective and could be widely used.
To obtain more information of atmospheric aerosols, a powerful polarization UV lidar was developed for detecting Mie scattering, Raman scattering and laser-induced fluorescence simultaneously. Strong fluorescence signals could be observed from aerosols by the developed lidar on August29,2011in Tsukuba, Japan. Total fluorescence intensity between420nm and520nm could be a threshold value for distinguishing fluorescent aerosols from others. Also, fluorescent aerosols showed small depolarization ratio (<0.1) and color ratio (0.25-0.45), that means they were spherical fine particles. Trajectories analysis from HYSPLIT simulations interpreted that the observed aerosols could be probably attributed to bioaerosols transported from the western Pacific Ocean. It has been shown that developed lidar could effectively improve the ability of lidar remote sensing of the atmosphere.
引文
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