模拟急救教学专家系统的设计与实现
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摘要
目前,我国公民的急救常识和急救技术普遍较低,统计显示在医务人员到达现场前,目击者很少有对病人进行心肺复苏等急救措施,个别城市的实施率甚至为0,由于错过了最佳抢救时间,很多病人丧失了宝贵的生命。不仅对于普通公民,在医学院校,急救技术也是临床医学教育的重点和难点。然而,对危重病人的抢救,稍有不慎就有可能造成无法挽回的后果,仅靠通过抢救病人练就过硬的急救本领是比较困难的。由于急救训练资源短缺,为熟练掌握急救的实际操作技能带来了困难。
多媒体教学软件结合模拟人系统成为当前急救教学的有效手段。然而,国外的模拟人系统和教学软件一般价格昂贵,某些急救方法和数据表示和国内的存在差异。国内的急救教学软件一般是文字、图片、视频的简单堆砌,不能给用户提供逼真的急救场景。
专家系统的发展使得教学软件朝着智能化的方向发展,教育游戏为课堂教学提供了新的模式,使课堂教学更加生动活泼。与辽宁某公司合作的模拟急救教学专家系统,以国内外先进的医疗模拟急救教学系统为参照,根据专家系统的特点,与教育游戏和数据库技术结合,并充分利用了WPF (Windows Presentation Foundation)这种下一代显示系统带给用户震撼视觉体验的优点,由经验丰富的医学专家提供指导,共提供了43个典型病例,涉及到呼吸系统,心脏停搏,心律失常,胸痛,代谢和环境造成的急诊,中毒或服药过量六种典型的疾病,并可以由经验丰富的医师添加新病例,为急救教学提供了一个模拟平台。
本文通过对系统的需求分析,设计了基于教育游戏的急救教学专家系统模型和工作流程,并对系统的功能模块,如知识库、推理机、综合数据库、游戏任务以及重要急救操作等进行了阐述,然后给出了系统的运行实例,最后进行了总结。
Currently, our citizens' first aid knowledge and skills are generally low, statistics show that the number of witnesses who take actions, such as cardio-pulmonary resuscitation to the patients before the medical personnel arrived is very low, and some cities' rate even low to zero. Many patients lost their precious lives due to the best time of rescuing have been missed. Not only for ordinary citizens, in medical schools, clinical education in first aid technology is also important and difficult. However, a slight mistake may cause irreversible consequences for critically ill patients. It is difficult to master every detail of the first aid technique only through rescuing patients. As the shortage of first-aid training resources, it brings difficulty in mastering the practical skills of rescuing proficiently.
Combination of multimedia teaching software and human analogue system (HAS) is an effective means in emergency skill training. However, foreign teaching software and human analogue system are expensive, some first-aid methods and data representation are different from domestic. Domestic emergency teaching software is a simple pile of text, pictures and video generally, can not supply realistic rescuing scenarios for users.
With the development of expert systems, software has become more and more intelligent. Educational games provide a new model for classroom teaching, which make it lively and interesting. A design and implementation of multimedia teaching system, can do six kinds of simulate emergency, such as dyspnea, cardiac arrest, arrhythmia, chest pain and so on. The knowledge base stored expertise from medicine experts. The system used many technologies, such as WPF (Windows Presentation Foundation), expert system, educational games and so on. After you have done the emergency operation, the system can judge the correctness and give a score.
According to analyze the system requirements, this paper designed the model of teaching expert system based on educational games. The function modules, such as the knowledge base, inference engine, comprehensive database, game tasks, and important emergency operations and so on are elaborated. A running instance of the system is introduced. At the end, we make a summary.
多媒体教学软件结合模拟人系统成为当前急救教学的有效手段。然而,国外的模拟人系统和教学软件一般价格昂贵,某些急救方法和数据表示和国内的存在差异。国内的急救教学软件一般是文字、图片、视频的简单堆砌,不能给用户提供逼真的急救场景。
专家系统的发展使得教学软件朝着智能化的方向发展,教育游戏为课堂教学提供了新的模式,使课堂教学更加生动活泼。与辽宁某公司合作的模拟急救教学专家系统,以国内外先进的医疗模拟急救教学系统为参照,根据专家系统的特点,与教育游戏和数据库技术结合,并充分利用了WPF (Windows Presentation Foundation)这种下一代显示系统带给用户震撼视觉体验的优点,由经验丰富的医学专家提供指导,共提供了43个典型病例,涉及到呼吸系统,心脏停搏,心律失常,胸痛,代谢和环境造成的急诊,中毒或服药过量六种典型的疾病,并可以由经验丰富的医师添加新病例,为急救教学提供了一个模拟平台。
本文通过对系统的需求分析,设计了基于教育游戏的急救教学专家系统模型和工作流程,并对系统的功能模块,如知识库、推理机、综合数据库、游戏任务以及重要急救操作等进行了阐述,然后给出了系统的运行实例,最后进行了总结。
Currently, our citizens' first aid knowledge and skills are generally low, statistics show that the number of witnesses who take actions, such as cardio-pulmonary resuscitation to the patients before the medical personnel arrived is very low, and some cities' rate even low to zero. Many patients lost their precious lives due to the best time of rescuing have been missed. Not only for ordinary citizens, in medical schools, clinical education in first aid technology is also important and difficult. However, a slight mistake may cause irreversible consequences for critically ill patients. It is difficult to master every detail of the first aid technique only through rescuing patients. As the shortage of first-aid training resources, it brings difficulty in mastering the practical skills of rescuing proficiently.
Combination of multimedia teaching software and human analogue system (HAS) is an effective means in emergency skill training. However, foreign teaching software and human analogue system are expensive, some first-aid methods and data representation are different from domestic. Domestic emergency teaching software is a simple pile of text, pictures and video generally, can not supply realistic rescuing scenarios for users.
With the development of expert systems, software has become more and more intelligent. Educational games provide a new model for classroom teaching, which make it lively and interesting. A design and implementation of multimedia teaching system, can do six kinds of simulate emergency, such as dyspnea, cardiac arrest, arrhythmia, chest pain and so on. The knowledge base stored expertise from medicine experts. The system used many technologies, such as WPF (Windows Presentation Foundation), expert system, educational games and so on. After you have done the emergency operation, the system can judge the correctness and give a score.
According to analyze the system requirements, this paper designed the model of teaching expert system based on educational games. The function modules, such as the knowledge base, inference engine, comprehensive database, game tasks, and important emergency operations and so on are elaborated. A running instance of the system is introduced. At the end, we make a summary.
引文
[1]张军根.大学生急救技能培训的现况与对策研究[D].杭州：浙江大学医学院,2008.
[2]张强,赵良,许永华等.网络多媒体教学平台在危重病急救医学教育中的应用与意义[J].医学教育探索,2008,7(10)：1090.
[3]Orledge J D, Swienton R E. Integration of high-fidelity simulation into the advance disaster life support (ADLS) class [J]. International Trauma Care (ITACCS),2006,16(1): 34-41.
[4]申健.模拟急救病人的计算机实现[D].天津：天津大学软件学院,2008.
[5]王锐英,高燕,陈盛智.高端模拟系统在医学教育中的应用现状和研究进展[J].右江民族医学院学报,2009,31(1)：106-107.
[6]韩锋锋,潘曙明等.多媒体教学软件结合模拟人操作系统在急救医学教育中的应用[J].中国急救医学,2007,27(5)：465-467.
[7]姚晟.教学评估专家系统的研究与应用[D].合肥：安徽大学,2007.
[8]吴德胜.基于激励机制的教育游戏在考试中的应用研究[D].武汉：华中师范大学,2009.
[9]安丽娜, 张土杰.专家系统研究现状及展望[J].计算机应用研究,2007,24(12)：1-3.
[10]张煜东,吴乐南,王水花.专家系统发展综述[J].计算机工程与应用,2010,46(19)：43-16.
[11]王亚南.专家系统中推理机制的研究与应用[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2006.
[12]刘长征.神经内科疾病诊断与治疗专家系统[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学,2000.
[13]孙佰清,潘启树,冯英浚等.医疗诊断系统专家知识的表达与获取方法[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2001,33(1)：134-136.
[14]李洁.基于情境认知理论的教育游戏设计[D].济南：山东师范大学,2009.
[15]第四届全国教育技术学博十生论坛.第四届全国教育技术学博十生论坛论文集[C].兰州：2008.
[16]Taber N. Emergency response:elearning for paramedics and firefighters[J]. SIMULATION & GAMING,2008,39(4):515-527.
[17]王浩宇.基于神经网络的专家系统研究与应用[D].西安：西安工业大学,2009.
[18]罗杰文,施智平,何清等.一种CBR与RBR相结合的快速预案生成系统[J].计算机研究与发展,2007,44(4)：660-665.
[19](美)Chris Anderson著,朱永光译.WPF核心技术[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2009.
[20]琚彬.基于WPF平台的自定义控件开发[D].西安：西安电子科技大学,2008.
[21](美)Chris Sells, Ian Griffiths著,金璐,夏明才译.WPF编程[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2009.
[22]孙博.基于微软新一代图形系统WPF和Silverlight的数据可视化研究与实现[D].长春：东北师范大学,2009.
[23]Tehrani M S. The design process of expert systems development:some concerns[J]. Expert Systems,2006,23(2):116-125.
[24]Balch R S, Schrader S M, Ruan T. Collection, storage and application of human knowledge in expert system development[J]. Expert Systems,2007,24(5):346-355.
[25]宋良图,刘现平,毕金元等.一种基于任务分解的多知识库协同求解专家系统[J].模式识别与人工智能,2006,19(4)：515-518.
[26]李平安.基于问题的应急多知识库建模及推理方法研究[D].大连：大连理工大学,2009.
[27]江长凡.基于关系数据库的医疗专家系统的研究与实现[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2006.
[28]胡中豫,申涛,李高峰等.基于案例与规则推理的干扰查找专家系统[J].计算机工程,2009,35(18)：185-188.
[29]Tsipouras M G, Voglis C, Fotiadis D I. A framework for fuzzy expert system creation— application to cardiovascular diseases[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, 2007,54(11):2089-2105.
[30](美)Mat Buckland著,罗岱译.游戏人工智能编程案例精粹[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2008.
[31]李乾鹏,方家骐.基于RBR和CBR规划中的知识表示方法研究[J].计算机工程与设计,2009,30(22)：5166-5174.
[32]宋敏珠,章苏静.EFM教育游戏设计模型构建[J].中国电化教育,2009,(1)：24-27.
[33]2010 International Conference on Service Sciences. Games for Service Science Education[C]. Hangzhou:2010.
[34]李洁.基于认知理论的教育游戏设计[D].济南：山东师范大学,2009.
[35]贺宝勋.教育游戏设计的基础——游戏系统结构分析[J].教育信息化,2006,(5)：57-59.
[36]张建中.2005国际心肺复苏指南在院外急救中的应用[J].中国急救复苏与灾害医学杂志,2009,4(11)：854-856
[37]沈洪,何忠杰.心搏骤停的最有效治疗——早期电除颤[J].中华急诊医学杂志,2003,12(7)：501-502.
[2]张强,赵良,许永华等.网络多媒体教学平台在危重病急救医学教育中的应用与意义[J].医学教育探索,2008,7(10)：1090.
[3]Orledge J D, Swienton R E. Integration of high-fidelity simulation into the advance disaster life support (ADLS) class [J]. International Trauma Care (ITACCS),2006,16(1): 34-41.
[4]申健.模拟急救病人的计算机实现[D].天津：天津大学软件学院,2008.
[5]王锐英,高燕,陈盛智.高端模拟系统在医学教育中的应用现状和研究进展[J].右江民族医学院学报,2009,31(1)：106-107.
[6]韩锋锋,潘曙明等.多媒体教学软件结合模拟人操作系统在急救医学教育中的应用[J].中国急救医学,2007,27(5)：465-467.
[7]姚晟.教学评估专家系统的研究与应用[D].合肥：安徽大学,2007.
[8]吴德胜.基于激励机制的教育游戏在考试中的应用研究[D].武汉：华中师范大学,2009.
[9]安丽娜, 张土杰.专家系统研究现状及展望[J].计算机应用研究,2007,24(12)：1-3.
[10]张煜东,吴乐南,王水花.专家系统发展综述[J].计算机工程与应用,2010,46(19)：43-16.
[11]王亚南.专家系统中推理机制的研究与应用[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2006.
[12]刘长征.神经内科疾病诊断与治疗专家系统[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学,2000.
[13]孙佰清,潘启树,冯英浚等.医疗诊断系统专家知识的表达与获取方法[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2001,33(1)：134-136.
[14]李洁.基于情境认知理论的教育游戏设计[D].济南：山东师范大学,2009.
[15]第四届全国教育技术学博十生论坛.第四届全国教育技术学博十生论坛论文集[C].兰州：2008.
[16]Taber N. Emergency response:elearning for paramedics and firefighters[J]. SIMULATION & GAMING,2008,39(4):515-527.
[17]王浩宇.基于神经网络的专家系统研究与应用[D].西安：西安工业大学,2009.
[18]罗杰文,施智平,何清等.一种CBR与RBR相结合的快速预案生成系统[J].计算机研究与发展,2007,44(4)：660-665.
[19](美)Chris Anderson著,朱永光译.WPF核心技术[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2009.
[20]琚彬.基于WPF平台的自定义控件开发[D].西安：西安电子科技大学,2008.
[21](美)Chris Sells, Ian Griffiths著,金璐,夏明才译.WPF编程[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2009.
[22]孙博.基于微软新一代图形系统WPF和Silverlight的数据可视化研究与实现[D].长春：东北师范大学,2009.
[23]Tehrani M S. The design process of expert systems development:some concerns[J]. Expert Systems,2006,23(2):116-125.
[24]Balch R S, Schrader S M, Ruan T. Collection, storage and application of human knowledge in expert system development[J]. Expert Systems,2007,24(5):346-355.
[25]宋良图,刘现平,毕金元等.一种基于任务分解的多知识库协同求解专家系统[J].模式识别与人工智能,2006,19(4)：515-518.
[26]李平安.基于问题的应急多知识库建模及推理方法研究[D].大连：大连理工大学,2009.
[27]江长凡.基于关系数据库的医疗专家系统的研究与实现[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2006.
[28]胡中豫,申涛,李高峰等.基于案例与规则推理的干扰查找专家系统[J].计算机工程,2009,35(18)：185-188.
[29]Tsipouras M G, Voglis C, Fotiadis D I. A framework for fuzzy expert system creation— application to cardiovascular diseases[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, 2007,54(11):2089-2105.
[30](美)Mat Buckland著,罗岱译.游戏人工智能编程案例精粹[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2008.
[31]李乾鹏,方家骐.基于RBR和CBR规划中的知识表示方法研究[J].计算机工程与设计,2009,30(22)：5166-5174.
[32]宋敏珠,章苏静.EFM教育游戏设计模型构建[J].中国电化教育,2009,(1)：24-27.
[33]2010 International Conference on Service Sciences. Games for Service Science Education[C]. Hangzhou:2010.
[34]李洁.基于认知理论的教育游戏设计[D].济南：山东师范大学,2009.
[35]贺宝勋.教育游戏设计的基础——游戏系统结构分析[J].教育信息化,2006,(5)：57-59.
[36]张建中.2005国际心肺复苏指南在院外急救中的应用[J].中国急救复苏与灾害医学杂志,2009,4(11)：854-856
[37]沈洪,何忠杰.心搏骤停的最有效治疗——早期电除颤[J].中华急诊医学杂志,2003,12(7)：501-502.
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