大学生艾滋病污名研究
|
摘要
艾滋病污名(HIV-related Stigma)是指公众对艾滋病患者消极的态度,表现为消极的刻板印象、情绪反应以及歧视行为等。随着艾滋病在全球迅速地蔓延,艾滋病污名已阻碍了艾滋病的防治。
本研究以大学生群体为被试,设计了几项既互相独立又密切关联的研究,探讨了艾滋病污名的几个最基本的问题。研究一采用内容分析法,分析了《人民日报》从1988年至2008年期间,11月30日、12月1日和12月2日有关艾滋病的126篇报道的数量、版面、类型、内容、消息来源、语气特点与篇幅的变化趋势,研究《人民日报》在公众艾滋病污名发展中的作用。研究二以615名大学生为被试,编制了《大学生艾滋病污名问卷》,对问卷的项目进行了区分度分析、探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,获得良好的信度和效度指标。研究三以普通大学和医科大学120名大学生为被试,采用《大学生艾滋病污名问卷》、内隐联想测验和刻板解释偏差探讨了艾滋病污名的心理结构。研究四通过编制故事情境,采用实验法探讨影响大学生艾滋病污名的因素。研究五采用实验法,对视频和接触两种干预艾滋病污名的方法的有效性进行了检验。
本研究得到以下结论:
1、1988年至2008年《人民日报》对艾滋病报道数量呈上升趋势,报道的版面、内容、类型、来源、语气及篇幅等发生了变化。《人民日报》对艾滋病的报道可分为三个阶段:污名化时期(1988年至1998年)、人性化时期(1999年至2002年)和人文关怀与政治时期(2003年至2008年)。
2、自编的艾滋病污名问卷(HRSQ:HIV-related Stigma Questionnaire),共15个项目,项目区分度分析、信度分析、探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析表明该问卷具有良好的信度和效度指标。
3、艾滋病污名的心理结构符合双重态度模型。外显艾滋病污名效应不显著,而内隐艾滋病污名效应却十分显著。IAT和SEB两种内隐测验方法的理论假设不同,测查方法不同,两种测验测到的内隐艾滋病污名现象存在一定的差异。SEB作为测查内隐心理现象的有效性还需进一步提高。
4、在四个影响艾滋病污名的因素中,知识、感染途径、被试与患者的距离在内隐和外显层面均没有显著差异。患者性别在外显污名上差异不显著,而内隐污名差异显著。大学生对男性艾滋病患者比女性艾滋病患者有更强的内隐污名。感染途径和患者性别在内隐污名上的交互作用显著。
5、干预条件在艾滋病内隐污名和外显污名上作用不同。无干预和接触干预条件在艾滋病外显污名上差异显著,在艾滋病内隐污名上差异不显著。接触干预条件下大学生对艾滋病的外显污名显著低于无干预条件下。
HIV-related stigma is the negative attitudes for the AIDS patients, which reflects in the negative stereotypes, emotional reactions and discriminated behaviors. HIV-related stigma is becoming the obstacle of prevention of AIDS with the spreading of the AIDS in the world.
In order to explore some basic questions of the HIV-related stigma, the researcher chooses the college students as the subjects and designs some independent and related studies. Using the content analysis, the first study analyzes the vibration tendency in the number, space, types, contents, source, tone characteristic and the length of AIDS reports of“People’s daily”in Nov. 30, Dec. 1 and Dec. 2 during 1988 to 2008, which explores the effect of“people’s daily”in the development of HIV-related stigma. The second study develops“The HIV-related Stigma Questionnaire”with discrimination analysis, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to obtain a good reliability and validity, the subjects include 615 college students. The third study explores the mental structure of HIV-related stigma with“The HIV-related Stigma Questionnaire”, implicit association test and stereotype explanation bias, the subjects include 120 college students from medical and general university. The forth study explores the influence factors of HIV-related stigma with the experimentation of story context in college students. The last study uses experimentation to explore the valid methods to prevent AIDS.
The main findings of the research are as follows:
1. The number of AIDS-related reports is ascending; there are some differences in the space, types, contents, source, tone characteristic and the length of AIDS reports of“People’s daily”. The reports about AIDS in“People’s daily”are divided into three stages, which are Stigmatization era (from 1988 to 1998), Humanization era (from 1999 to 2002) and Humanistic concern as well as the political era (from 2003 to 2008).
2. There are 15 items of“HIV-related Stigma Questionnaire”, which has satisfied reliability and validity by item discrimination analysis, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis.
3. The mental structure of HIV-related stigma answers for the Dual Attitudes Model. There is no significant difference in explicit attitude towards HIV-related stigma, and there is significant difference in implicit attitude. There is difference between two tests of HIV-related stigma, because of the theoretical assumptions and testing methods. The validity of SEB as implicit test for the psychological phenomenon should be improved.
4. There is no significant difference in explicit and implicit stigma in AIDS Knowledge, the way of AIDS infection, the distance between the patients. There is no significant difference between the gender of AIDS patients in explicit stigma, and the implicit stigma has significant differences, the college students have higher implicit stigma to male than female. Besides, the way of AIDS infection and gender have significant interaction in implicit stigma.
5. Different Intervention plays the discrepancy roles in the implicit and explicit HIV-related stigma. Non-intervention and Contact intervention has significant differences in explicit stigma, and there is no significant differences in implicit. The group of Contact intervention has lower explicit stigma level than the Non-intervention.
本研究以大学生群体为被试,设计了几项既互相独立又密切关联的研究,探讨了艾滋病污名的几个最基本的问题。研究一采用内容分析法,分析了《人民日报》从1988年至2008年期间,11月30日、12月1日和12月2日有关艾滋病的126篇报道的数量、版面、类型、内容、消息来源、语气特点与篇幅的变化趋势,研究《人民日报》在公众艾滋病污名发展中的作用。研究二以615名大学生为被试,编制了《大学生艾滋病污名问卷》,对问卷的项目进行了区分度分析、探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,获得良好的信度和效度指标。研究三以普通大学和医科大学120名大学生为被试,采用《大学生艾滋病污名问卷》、内隐联想测验和刻板解释偏差探讨了艾滋病污名的心理结构。研究四通过编制故事情境,采用实验法探讨影响大学生艾滋病污名的因素。研究五采用实验法,对视频和接触两种干预艾滋病污名的方法的有效性进行了检验。
本研究得到以下结论:
1、1988年至2008年《人民日报》对艾滋病报道数量呈上升趋势,报道的版面、内容、类型、来源、语气及篇幅等发生了变化。《人民日报》对艾滋病的报道可分为三个阶段:污名化时期(1988年至1998年)、人性化时期(1999年至2002年)和人文关怀与政治时期(2003年至2008年)。
2、自编的艾滋病污名问卷(HRSQ:HIV-related Stigma Questionnaire),共15个项目,项目区分度分析、信度分析、探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析表明该问卷具有良好的信度和效度指标。
3、艾滋病污名的心理结构符合双重态度模型。外显艾滋病污名效应不显著,而内隐艾滋病污名效应却十分显著。IAT和SEB两种内隐测验方法的理论假设不同,测查方法不同,两种测验测到的内隐艾滋病污名现象存在一定的差异。SEB作为测查内隐心理现象的有效性还需进一步提高。
4、在四个影响艾滋病污名的因素中,知识、感染途径、被试与患者的距离在内隐和外显层面均没有显著差异。患者性别在外显污名上差异不显著,而内隐污名差异显著。大学生对男性艾滋病患者比女性艾滋病患者有更强的内隐污名。感染途径和患者性别在内隐污名上的交互作用显著。
5、干预条件在艾滋病内隐污名和外显污名上作用不同。无干预和接触干预条件在艾滋病外显污名上差异显著,在艾滋病内隐污名上差异不显著。接触干预条件下大学生对艾滋病的外显污名显著低于无干预条件下。
HIV-related stigma is the negative attitudes for the AIDS patients, which reflects in the negative stereotypes, emotional reactions and discriminated behaviors. HIV-related stigma is becoming the obstacle of prevention of AIDS with the spreading of the AIDS in the world.
In order to explore some basic questions of the HIV-related stigma, the researcher chooses the college students as the subjects and designs some independent and related studies. Using the content analysis, the first study analyzes the vibration tendency in the number, space, types, contents, source, tone characteristic and the length of AIDS reports of“People’s daily”in Nov. 30, Dec. 1 and Dec. 2 during 1988 to 2008, which explores the effect of“people’s daily”in the development of HIV-related stigma. The second study develops“The HIV-related Stigma Questionnaire”with discrimination analysis, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to obtain a good reliability and validity, the subjects include 615 college students. The third study explores the mental structure of HIV-related stigma with“The HIV-related Stigma Questionnaire”, implicit association test and stereotype explanation bias, the subjects include 120 college students from medical and general university. The forth study explores the influence factors of HIV-related stigma with the experimentation of story context in college students. The last study uses experimentation to explore the valid methods to prevent AIDS.
The main findings of the research are as follows:
1. The number of AIDS-related reports is ascending; there are some differences in the space, types, contents, source, tone characteristic and the length of AIDS reports of“People’s daily”. The reports about AIDS in“People’s daily”are divided into three stages, which are Stigmatization era (from 1988 to 1998), Humanization era (from 1999 to 2002) and Humanistic concern as well as the political era (from 2003 to 2008).
2. There are 15 items of“HIV-related Stigma Questionnaire”, which has satisfied reliability and validity by item discrimination analysis, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis.
3. The mental structure of HIV-related stigma answers for the Dual Attitudes Model. There is no significant difference in explicit attitude towards HIV-related stigma, and there is significant difference in implicit attitude. There is difference between two tests of HIV-related stigma, because of the theoretical assumptions and testing methods. The validity of SEB as implicit test for the psychological phenomenon should be improved.
4. There is no significant difference in explicit and implicit stigma in AIDS Knowledge, the way of AIDS infection, the distance between the patients. There is no significant difference between the gender of AIDS patients in explicit stigma, and the implicit stigma has significant differences, the college students have higher implicit stigma to male than female. Besides, the way of AIDS infection and gender have significant interaction in implicit stigma.
5. Different Intervention plays the discrepancy roles in the implicit and explicit HIV-related stigma. Non-intervention and Contact intervention has significant differences in explicit stigma, and there is no significant differences in implicit. The group of Contact intervention has lower explicit stigma level than the Non-intervention.
引文
①艾滋病毒发现25年全球死亡人数已超2500万. (2008-05-20).广州日报.取自http://health.sohu.com/20080520/n256970864.shtml
②艾滋病与世界艾滋病日. (2008-03-26).新华网.取自http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2002-12/02/content_646194.htm
③周婷玉,吴晶. (2007-12-01).艾滋歧视是病毒传播帮凶抵御病毒先除歧视.新华网.取自http://health.sohu.com/20071201/n253732641.shtml
④艾滋病由高危人群向普通人群渗透. (2006-11-30).新华网.取自http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2006-11/30/content_5414078.htm
⑤曲燕. (2005).流动人口艾滋病知识、态度、行为的一项心理学研究.硕士学位论文.烟台师范学院.
⑥白剑峰,王君平. (2008-12-01).“鸟巢”悬挂红丝带——联合国赞赏中国政府防艾行动.人民日报.
⑦Beck L. Genberg,Surinda Kawichai,Alfred Chingono.et.al. (2007). Assessing HIV/AIDS Stigma and Discrimination in Developing Countries. AIDS Behav.
⑧王小平. (2007).艾滋病的污名和社会歧视初探.山西师大学报(社会科学版) , 34(3), 32–34.
①Lieber E., Li L., Wu Z. (2006). HIV/STD stigmatization fears as health-seeking barriers in China. AIDS and Behavior, 10, 463–471.
②Kalichman S. C., Simbayi L. C., Jooste S. (2005). Development of a brief scale to measure AIDS-related stigma in South Africa. AIDS and Behavior , 9, 135–143.
③Kalichman S. C., Simbayi, L. (2004). Traditional beliefs about the cause of AIDS and AIDS-related stigma in South Africa. AIDS Care, 16, 572–580.
④Fortenberry J. D., McFarlane M., Bleakley A. (2002). Relationships of stigma and shame to gonorrhea and HIV screening. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 378–381.
⑤Deepa Rao﹒John B,Pryor﹒Bambi W, Gaddist﹒Randy Mayer. (2008). Stigma,Secrecy,and Discremination:Ethnic/Racial Differences in the Concerns of People Living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Behav, 1, 265–271.
⑥维纳等. (2004).责任推断:社会行为的理论基础.上海:华东师范大学出版社.59.
①Goffman E. (1963). Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity (pp1–10) . New Jersey: Prentice Hall Press.
②Deepa Rao﹒John B,Pryor﹒Bambi W, Gaddist﹒Randy Mayer. (2008). Stigma, Secrecy,and Discremination:Ethnic/Racial Differences in the Concerns of People Living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Behav, 1, 265–271.
③Corrigan P. (2004).How stigma interfere with mental health care.Am Psycholo,59(7),614.
④Crocker J, Major B, Steele C. (1998). Social stigma. In Gilbert D T, Fiske S T, Lindzey G.(Eds.) . The handbook of social psychology(pp.504–553 . Boston, MA:McGraw-Hill).
⑤张宝山,俞国良. (2007).污名现象及其心理效应.心理科学进展, 15(6), 993–1001.
⑥王小平. (2007).艾滋病的污名和社会歧视初探.山西师大学报(社会科学版) , 34(3), 32–34.
⑦Jones E E,Farina A, Hastorf A H, et al. (1984).Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships.New York: WH Freeman Press.
⑧Link B G, Phelan J C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385.
⑨张宝山,俞国良. (2007).污名现象及其心理效应.心理科学进展, 15(6), 993–1001.
⑩Goffman E.(1986).Stigma:notes on the management of spoiled identity.NewYork:Touchstone. 11 Jones E E,Farina A, Hastorf A H, et al. (1984).Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships.New York: WH Freeman Press.
①Corrigan P W,Kerr A,Knudsen L. (2005).The stigma of mental illness:explanatory models and methods for change.Applied and Preventive Psychology,11,182
②李强,高文珺,许丹. (2008).心理疾病污名形成理论述评.心理科学进展,16(4),582–589.
③Deaux K., Reid A., Mizrahi K. (1995).”Parameters of social identity”.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,68.
④Crocker J,Major B,Steele C. ( 1998).Social stigma.In:Gilbert D T,Fiske S,Lindzey G(eds.).The handbook of social psychology.NY:McGraw-Hill,504–533.
⑤Bharal D., Aggleton P., Tyrer P. (2001).”India:HIV and AIDS related discrimination,stigmatization and denial”,UNAISDS,3,20.
⑥Patric W. C.,Lissa K. (2005).The stigma of mental illness:Explanatory and methods for change.Applied and preventive Psychology,11,179.
①管健. (2006).身份污名的建构与社会表征——以天津N辖域的农民工为例.青年研究,(3),6.
②杨心德,彭丽辉,黄莺. (2009).污名及其有效地应对策略.宁波大学学报(人文科学版),22(1),135–139.
①Gregory M. Herek, John P. Capitanio,Kelth F. Widaman. (2002).HIV-Related stigma and knowledge in the United States:Prevalence and trends,1991-1999.Amerecan journal of public health,92(3),371–377.
②Gregory M. Herek, John P. Capitanio. (1993).Public reactions to AIDS in the United States: a second decade of stigma.American journal of public health,83,574–577.
③Link B G, Phelan J C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385.
④Parker R.,Aggleton P. (2003).HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: A conceptual framework and implications for action. Social Science and Medicine,57 (1),13–24.
⑤Deacon H J. (1994).A history of the medical institutions on Robben Island. PhD Thesis. Britain: University of Cambridge.
①Joffe H. Risk and“the other”. (1999).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
②Deepa Rao﹒John B,Pryor﹒Bambi W, Gaddist﹒Randy Mayer. (2008). Stigma,Secrecy,and Discremination:Ethnic/Racial Differences in the Concerns of People Living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Behav, 1, 265–271.
③Gill Green. (1995).Attitudes towards people with HIV:are they as stigmatizing as people with HIV perceive them to be?Social Science Medicine,41(4),557–568.
④Deepa Rao﹒John B,Pryor﹒Bambi W, Gaddist﹒Randy Mayer. (2008). Stigma, Secrecy,and Discremination:Ethnic/Racial Differences in the Concerns of People Living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Behav, 1, 265–271.
⑤U.S. Agency for International Development, Office of HIV/AIDS (USAID). (2005). Working report measuring HIV stigma: Results of a field test in Tanzania. Author.
⑥Beck L. Genberg, Surinda Kawichai,Alfred Chingono.et.al. (2007). Assessing HIV/AIDS Stigma and Discrimination in Developing Countries. AIDS Behav.
⑦Shrum J C, Turner N H, Bruce K E. (1989). Development of an instrument to measure attitudes toward acquired immune deficiency syndrome. AIDS Educ Prev,1(3),222–230.
⑧Bruce KE, Shrum JC, Trefethen C, Slovik LF. (1990).Students'attitudes about AIDS, homosexuality and condoms.AIDS Education and Prevention,2(3),220–234.
⑨Bruce KE, Walker LJ. (2001).College students' attitudes about AIDS: 1986 to 2000. AIDS education and prevention,13(5),428–437.
①Judith A. Stein,Li Li. (2007).Measuring HIV-related Stigma Among Chinese Service Providers:Confirmatory Factor Analysis of a Multidimensional Scale.AIDS Behav.
②Herek G M, Capitanio J P. (1998).Symbolic prejudice or fear of infection? A functional analysis of AIDS-related stigma among heterosexual adults. Basic and Applied Social Psychology,3 (1), 230–241.
③Jones E., Farina A., Hastorf A. H., Markus H., Miller D. T., Scott R. A. (1984).Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships. New York: Freeman.
①Pryor J. B., Reeder G. D., Landau S. (1999).A social-psychological analysis of HIV-related stigma: A two-factor theory. American Behavioral Scientist,42(7), 1193–1211.
②杨璟. (2007).艾滋病的符号性涵义与对艾滋病患者外显和内隐态度的关系研究.硕士学位论文.中山大学.
③李强,高文珺,许丹.(2008).心理疾病污名形成理论述评.心理科学进展,16(4),582–589.
④Parker R, Aggleton P. ( 2003).HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: A conceptual framework and implications for action. Social Science and Medicine,57 (1), 13–24.
⑤Nelkin D, Gilman S. (1988).Placing blame for devastating disease. Social Research,55 (3), 361–378.
⑥Joffe H. Risk and“the other”. (1999).Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
⑦Crocker J,Major B,Steele C. ( 1998).Social stigma.In:Gilbert D T,Fiske S,Lindzey G(eds.).The handbook of social psychology.NY:McGraw-Hill,504–533.
⑧Turner J C. (1982).Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group.In:Tajfel H ed.Social identity and intergroup relations.England:Cambridge University Press,15–40.
⑨Crocker J,Major B,Steele C. (1998).Social stigma.In:Gilbert D T,Fiske S T,Lindzey G,Boston,ed.The handbook of social psychology MA:McGraw-Hill,504–553.
①Neuberg S L,Smith D M,Asher T. (2000).Why people stigmatize:toward a biocultural framework.In:Heatherton,T F,Kleck R E,Hebl M R,Hull J G eds.The social psychology of stigma.New York:The Guilford Press,31–61.
②Major B,O’Brien L T. (2005).The social psychology of stigma.Annual Reviews of Psychology,56,393–421.
③Charles S,Crandall C S. (2000).Threat and the social construction of stigma.In:Heatherton,T F,Kleck R E,Hebl M R,Hull JG eds.The social psychology of stigma.New York:The Guilford Press, 62–87.
①Link B G, Phelan J C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385.
②张宝山,俞国良. (2007).污名现象及其心理效应.心理科学进展, 15(6), 993–1001.
③Greenwald A G, Banaji M R. (1995).Implicit social cognition: Attitude, self-esteem, and stereotype. Psychological Review, 102(1), 4–27.
④Wilson T. D., Lindsey S., Schooler T. Y. (2000). A Model of Dual Attitudes. Psychological Review, 107(1), 101–126.
⑤Fazio R. H., Jackson J. R., Dunton B. C.,Williams C. J. (1995).Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013–1027.
⑥Greenwald A G, McGhee D E, Schwartz J L K. (1998).Measuring Individual Differences in Implicit Cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personal and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464–1480.
⑦Bessenoff G R,Sherman J W. (2000).Automatic and controlled components of prejudice toward fat people:Evaluation versus stereotype activation.Social Cognition,18(4),329–353.
⑧Bessenoff G R, Sherman J W. (2000). Automatic and controlled components of prejudice toward fat people:Evaluation versus stereotype activation. Social Cognition, 18(4), 329–353.
①Teachman B A, Woody S R. (2003). Automatic Processing in Spider Phobia:Implicit Fear Associations Over the Course of Treatment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(1), 100–109.
②Teachman B A,Woody S R. (2003).Automatic Processing in Spider Phobia:Implicit Fear Associations Over the Course of Treatment.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,112(1),100–109.
③Fazio R. H., Jackson J. R., Dunton B. C.,Williams C. J. (1995).Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013–1027.
④Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A. (2001).Health of the Implicit Association Test at age 3. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48(2), 85–93.
⑤Nosek, B.A. (2005). Moderators of the relationship between implicit and explicit evaluation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,134, 565–584.
⑥Neumann R., Hulsenbeck K., Seibt B. (2004). Attitudes towards people with AIDS and avoidance behavior: Automatic and reflective bases of behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 543–550.
①Judith A. Stein,Li Li. (2007).Measuring HIV-related Stigma Among Chinese Service Providers:Confirmatory Factor Analysis of a Multidimensional Scale. AIDS Behav.
①孙瑞英,毕强. (2005).内容分析法在图书情报领域的研究现状及应用趋势分析.情报科学.
②Rogers E. M.,Dearing J.,Chang S. (1991).AIDS in the 1980s:The Agenda-setting Process for a public issue.Journalism Monograph,126,1–47.
③蔡月亮. (2007).报纸媒体艾滋病报道研究——以框架建构理论的观点.硕士学位论文.兰州大学.
④Green G,Smith R. (2004).The psychosocial and health care needs of HIV-positive people in the United Kingdom: a review. HIV Medicine,5 (1),5–46.
①陈丹. (2002).中国媒介的大众健康传播——1994-2001年《人民日报》“世界艾滋病日”报道分析.新闻大学,3,29–32.
②张自力. (2004).媒体艾滋病报道内容分析:一个健康传播学的视角.新闻大学,2,42–51.
③郭欣,程怡名,李颖,黄娜,武俊青,汝小美. (2006).对艾滋病歧视与偏见的研究.中国妇幼保健,21,3300–3303.
④张玉润,王晔,林鹏,何群,刘勇鹰,李艳. (2007).艾滋病疫情报告数据中人口学特征与感染途径的探索性分析.华南预防医学,33(3),1–4.
⑤Castro A., Farmer P. (2005).Understanding and addressing AIDSrelated stigma: From anthropological theory to clinical practice in Haiti. American Journal of Public Health, 95,53–59.
⑥李森林,李敬云,韩光红,李勇,夏耕田,李彦彪,李明霞. (2002).某部基层官兵艾滋病知识及相关态度的调查研究.解放军预防医学杂志,20(6),436–437.
⑦唐跃军,孙秀成,张冬林,黄四芯. (2004).农村一般人群艾滋病相关知识态度现状调查.实用预防医学,11(2),266–268.
⑧刘能. (2005).艾滋病、污名和社会歧视:中国乡村社区中两类人群的一个定量分析.社会学研究,(6),136–164.
⑨黄金. (2003).大学生艾滋病知识、态度、行为和感染危险性的调查分析.中国护理管理,(3).
⑩李现红,何国平,王红红. (2007).艾滋病相关羞辱与歧视的研究.中华护理杂志,(1). 11黄金,王红红,Ann B. Williams. (2003).大学生艾滋病知识、态度的现状调查及其相关性分析.实用预防医学,(4),454–457.
①彭勃,王建平,陈海勇等. (2007).大学生对艾滋病态度的特点及影响因素.中国心理卫生杂志,21(8),535–543.
②李梦飞,陈利军,轩志东. (2008).河南某艺术学院研究生艾滋病知识、态度、行为调查分析.河南大学学报(医学版),9(2).
③刘彦,李俊梅,王利生等. (2006).某重点高校与普通高校大学生艾滋病知识、态度、行为调查分析.现代预防医学,(9).
④Jones E., Farina A., Hastorf A. H., Markus H., Miller D. T., Scott R. A. (1984).Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships. New York: Freeman.
⑤Weiner B. (2003).A native psychologist examines bad luck and the concept of responsibility. The moist,86 (1), 996–1010.
⑥蔡华俭,伍秋萍,邓赐平.(2008).对不同途径感染的艾滋病患者的区别性反应及中介分析.心理学报,40(1),54–63.
①社会性别与艾滋病的传播和防治.(2005-6-8).取自http://www.cctv.com/health/topic/health/UNAIDS/20050608/101527.shtml
②Gregory M. Herek, Eric K. Glunt. (1988).An epidemic of stigma——public reaction to AIDS.American Psychological Association,43(11),886–891.
③张翠娥.(2008).社会性别与艾滋病——对一位女性艾滋病病毒感染者生命历程的性别分析.妇女研究论丛,86(3),12–23.
④大多数人仍对艾滋病患者保持距离.(2000-11-16).取自http://www.shjubao.cn/epublish/gb/paper10/20001116/class001000014/hwz244459.htm
⑤刘能. (2005).艾滋病、污名和社会歧视:中国乡村社区中两类人群的一个定量分析.社会学研究, (6), 136–164.
①姚军,潘平涛等. (2008).社区人群有关性病、艾滋病干预效果评价.中国性病艾滋病防治,8(2).
②Parker R, Aggleton P. (2003). HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: A conceptual framework and implications for action. Social Science and Medicine,57 (1),13–24.
①钮文异,吕姿之,王旌. (2006).545名中专女生艾滋病(AIDS)健康教育即时效果评价.中国学校健康杂志,19(1),18–20.
②马承鹏,张开宁. (2006).参与式方法在学校艾滋病健康教育中的效果评估.中国健康教育.22(7),513–515.
③李亚红. (2006).健康教育对提高大学生艾滋病知识、态度的效果评价.检验医学与临床,3(2),93–94.
④陈虹,孙江平等. (2001).深圳市中学生预防艾滋病干预措施评价.中国学校卫生,22(2).
⑤林鹏,孙宝山,梁立环,刘海东,付笑冰,杨放等. (2004).社区女性性工作者性病艾滋病干预效果评估.华南预防医学,30(6).
⑥李承希,董青,赵根明. (2004).应用健康教育测量队浦东新区流动人口进行性病、艾滋病干预研究.海峡预防医学,(4),54–57.
⑦曾毅. (2006).宣传教育与干预是控制艾滋病流行的主要策略.海峡预防医学杂志,12(1),1–4.
⑧李强,高文珺,许丹. (2008) .心理疾病污名形成理论述评.心理科学进展,16(4),582–589.
⑨Watson A C,Corrigan P W. (2005).Challenging public stigma:a targeted approach.In:Corrigan P W ed.On the stigma of mental illness:Practical strategies for research and social change.Washington,DC:American Psychology Association,129–144.
⑩Green G,Smith R. (2004).The psychosocial and health care needs of HIV-positive people in the United Kingdom: a review. HIV Medicine,5(1),5–46. 11李强,高文珺,许丹.(2008).心理疾病污名形成理论述评.心理科学进展,16(4),582–589.
①卜卫,刘晓红.《中国大众媒介种的艾滋病报道研究》,清华大学AIDS研究网.
②蔡月亮. (2007).报纸媒体艾滋病报道研究——以框架建构理论的观点.硕士学位论文.兰州大学.
①Green G,Smith R. (2004).The psychosocial and health care needs of HIV-positive people in the United Kingdom: a review. HIV Medicine,5(1),5–46.
①蔡月亮. (2007).报纸媒体艾滋病报道研究——以框架建构理论的观点.硕士学位论文.兰州大学.
②Rogers,E. M.,Dearing,J.,Chang,S. (1991).AIDS in the 1980s:The Agenda-setting Process for a public issue.Journalism Monograph,126,1–47.
①2003年艾滋病感染和死亡人数历年最多.(2004-07-08).四川新闻网.取自http://news.sina.com.cn/w/2004-07-08/04373022467s.shtml
②张璟. (2004).国内媒体有关艾滋病的报道中价值取向的“是”与“非”.新闻与写作,(5),13–15.
①刘艳,邹泓. (2005).武汉地区大学生社会能力的结构及其问卷编制.心理学报, 37(4), 502–510.
①黄金,王红红,Ann B. Williams. (2003).大学生艾滋病知识、态度的现状调查及其相关性分析.实用预防医学, (4), 454–457.
②彭勃,王建平,陈海勇等. (2007).大学生对艾滋病态度的特点及影响因素.中国心理卫生杂志, 21(8), 535–543.
③彭勃,王建平,陈海勇等. (2007).大学生对艾滋病态度的特点及影响因素.中国心理卫生杂志, 21(8), 535–543.
①王沛. (2002).内隐刻板印象研究综述.心理科学进展,10(1), 97–101.
②吴文斌. (2005).近年来国内国外内隐态度研究热点综述.社会心理科学, 20(4), 405–406,425.
③张宝山,俞国良. (2007).污名现象及其心理效应.心理科学进展, 15(6), 993–1001.
④张宝山,俞国良. (2007).污名现象及其心理效应.心理科学进展, 15(6), 993–1001.
①蔡华俭. (2003).内隐自尊效应及内隐自尊与外显自尊的关系.心理学报,35(6),796–801.
②Greenwald A G, Nosek B A, Banaji MR. (2003). Understanding and using the implicit association test:ⅠAn improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2),197–216.
①Bessenoff G R, Sherman J W. (2000). Automatic and controlled components of prejudice toward fat people:Evaluation versus stereotype activation. Social Cognition, 18(4),329–353.
①Teachman B A, Woody S R. (2003). Automatic Processing in Spider Phobia:Implicit Fear Associations Over the Course of Treatment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(1), 100–109.
②杨治良,郭力平. (1997).加工分离说的发展述评.心理科学, 20, 441–445.
③刘能. (2005).艾滋病、污名和社会歧视:中国乡村社区中两类人群的一个定量分析.社会学研究, (6), 136–164.
④张宝山,俞国良. (2007).污名现象及其心理效应.心理科学进展, 15(6), 993–1001.
①泰勒,佩普劳,希尔斯. (2005).社会心理学(谢晓菲,谢冬梅,张怡玲,郭铁元译,第十版).北京:北京大学出版社.
②王沛. (2002).实验社会心理学(pp.14–16).兰州:甘肃教育出版社.
①Greenwald,A. G.,McGhee,D.E.,Schwartz, J.L.K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition:The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464–1480.
②Banse,R.,Seise.J., & Zerbes,N. (2001). Implicit attitudes towards homosexuality:Reliability,validity,and controllability of the IAT. ZEitschrift fur Experimentelle Psycholotie, 48, 145–160.
③Jan De Houwer. (2001). A Structural and Process Analysis of the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 443–451.
④俞海运. (2005).社会认知的刻板解释偏差研究.硕士学位论文.华东师范大学.
①金盛华. (2005).社会心理学(pp.140).北京:高等教育出版社.
②刘能. (2005).艾滋病、污名和社会歧视:中国乡村社区中两类人群的一个定量分析.社会学研究, (6), 136–164.
①刘能. (2005).艾滋病、污名和社会歧视:中国乡村社区中两类人群的一个定量分析.社会学研究, (6),136–164.
②张宝山,俞国良. (2007).污名现象及其心理效应.心理科学进展, (15)6,993–1001.
①Bessenoff G R, Sherman J W. (2000). Automatic and controlled components of prejudice toward fat people:Evaluation versus stereotype activation. Social Cognition, 18(4),329–353.
②Teachman B A, Woody S R. (2003). Automatic Processing in Spider Phobia:Implicit Fear Associations Over the Course of Treatment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(1),100–109.
③Wilon T D,Lindsey S,Schooler T Y. (2000). A Model of Dual Attitude. Psycholotical Riview, 107(1), 101–126.
④张东宁,王有智. (2005).IAT测验对攻击性内隐社会认知的应用研究.心理学探新, 25(4), 74–77.
⑤Chaiken S., Trope Y. (1999).Dual-process theories in social psychology. New York: Guilford.
⑥杨治良,郭力平. (1997).加工分离说的发展述评.心理科学, 20, 441–445.
⑦Sherman, J. W. (2005). Automatic and Controlled Components of Implicit Strereotyping and Prejudice. Psychological science agenda, 19.
①Sherman, J. W. (2006a). Clearing Up Some Misconceptions About the Quad Model. Psycholodical Inquriy, 2006, 17, 269–276.
②Sherman, J. W. (2006b). On Building a Better Process Moded: It’s Not Only How Many, but Which Ones and By Which Means. Psychological Inquiry, 17, 173–184.
③Sherman J. W., Gawronski B., Gonslkorale, K., Hugenberg, K., Allen, T. J., Groom, C. J. (2008). The self-Rrgulation of Automatic Associations and Behavioral Impulses. Psychological Review, 115,314–335.
①杨柳,刘力. (2008).污名应对研究:发展脉络、理论取向与展望.心理科学进展,16(5),815–825.
1. 2003年艾滋病感染和死亡人数历年最多.(2004-07-08).四川新闻网.取自http://news.sina.com.cn/w/2004-07-08/04373022467s.shtml
2.艾滋病毒发现25年全球死亡人数已超2500万. (2008-05-20).广州日报.取自http://health.sohu.com/20080520/n256970864.shtml
3.艾滋病与世界艾滋病日. (2008-03-26).新华网.取自http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2002-12/02/content_646194.htm
4.艾滋病由高危人群向普通人群渗透. (2006-11-30).新华网.取自http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2006-11/30/content_5414078.htm
5.白剑峰,王君平. (2008-12-01).“鸟巢”悬挂红丝带——联合国赞赏中国政府防艾行动.人民日报.
6.卜卫,刘晓红.《中国大众媒介种的艾滋病报道研究》,清华大学AIDS研究网.
7.蔡华俭. (2003).内隐自尊效应及内隐自尊与外显自尊的关系.心理学报,35(6),796–801.
8.蔡华俭,伍秋萍,邓赐平.(2008).对不同途径感染的艾滋病患者的区别性反应及中介分析.心理学报,40(1),54–63.
9.蔡月亮. (2007).报纸媒体艾滋病报道研究——以框架建构理论的观点.硕士学位论文.兰州大学.
10.陈丹. (2002).中国媒介的大众健康传播——1994-2001年《人民日报》“世界艾滋病日”报道分析.新闻大学,3,29–32.
11.陈虹,孙江平等. (2001).深圳市中学生预防艾滋病干预措施评价.中国学校卫生,22(2).
12.大多数人仍对艾滋病患者保持距离.(2000-11-16).取自http://www.shjubao.cn/epublish/gb/paper10/20001116/class001000014/hwz244459.htm
13.管健. (2006).身份污名的建构与社会表征——以天津N辖域的农民工为例.青年研究,(3),6.
14.郭欣,程怡名,李颖,黄娜,武俊青,汝小美. (2006).对艾滋病歧视与偏见的研究.中国妇幼保健,21,3300–3303.
15.黄金. (2003).大学生艾滋病知识、态度、行为和感染危险性的调查分析.中国护理管理,(3).
16.黄金,王红红,Ann B. Williams. (2003).大学生艾滋病知识、态度的现状调查及其相关性分析.实用预防医学,(4),454–457.
17.金盛华. (2005).社会心理学(pp.140).北京:高等教育出版社.
18.李承希,董青,赵根明. (2004).应用健康教育测量队浦东新区流动人口进行性病、艾滋病干预研究.海峡预防医学,(4),54–57.
19.李梦飞,陈利军,轩志东. (2008).河南某艺术学院研究生艾滋病知识、态度、行为调查分析.河南大学学报(医学版),9(2).
20.李强,高文珺,许丹. (2008).心理疾病污名形成理论述评.心理科学进展,16(4),582–589.
21.李森林,李敬云,韩光红,李勇,夏耕田,李彦彪,李明霞. (2002).某部基层官兵艾滋病知识及相关态度的调查研究.解放军预防医学杂志,20(6),436–437.
22.李现红,何国平,王红红. (2007).艾滋病相关羞辱与歧视的研究.中华护理杂志,(1).
23.李亚红. (2006).健康教育对提高大学生艾滋病知识、态度的效果评价.检验医学与临床,3(2),93–94.
24.林鹏,孙宝山,梁立环,刘海东,付笑冰,杨放等. (2004).社区女性性工作者性病艾滋病干预效果评估.华南预防医学,30(6).
25.刘能. (2005).艾滋病、污名和社会歧视:中国乡村社区中两类人群的一个定量分析.社会学研究,(6),136–164.
26.刘彦,李俊梅,王利生等. (2006).某重点高校与普通高校大学生艾滋病知识、态度、行为调查分析.现代预防医学,(9).
27.刘艳,邹泓. (2005).武汉地区大学生社会能力的结构及其问卷编制.心理学报, 37(4), 502–510.
28.马承鹏,张开宁. (2006).参与式方法在学校艾滋病健康教育中的效果评估.中国健康教育.22(7),513–515.
29.钮文异,吕姿之,王旌. (2006).545名中专女生艾滋病(AIDS)健康教育即时效果评价.中国学校健康杂志,19(1),18–20.
30.彭勃,王建平,陈海勇等. (2007).大学生对艾滋病态度的特点及影响因素.中国心理卫生杂志,21(8),535–543.
31.曲燕. (2005).流动人口艾滋病知识、态度、行为的一项心理学研究.硕士学位论文.烟台师范学院.
32.社会性别与艾滋病的传播和防治.(2005-6-8).取自http://www.cctv.com/health/topic/health/UNAIDS/20050608/101527.shtml
33.孙瑞英,毕强. (2005).内容分析法在图书情报领域的研究现状及应用趋势分析.情报科学.
34.泰勒,佩普劳,希尔斯. (2005).社会心理学(谢晓菲,谢冬梅,张怡玲,郭铁元译,第十版).北京:北京大学出版社.
35.唐跃军,孙秀成,张冬林,黄四芯. (2004).农村一般人群艾滋病相关知识态度现状调查.实用预防医学,11(2),266–268.
36.王沛. (2002).实验社会心理学(pp.14–16).兰州:甘肃教育出版社.
37.王沛. (2002).内隐刻板印象研究综述.心理科学进展,10(1), 97–101.
38.王小平. (2007).艾滋病的污名和社会歧视初探.山西师大学报(社会科学版) , 34(3), 32–34.
39.维纳等. (2004).责任推断:社会行为的理论基础.上海:华东师范大学出版社.59.
40.吴文斌. (2005).近年来国内国外内隐态度研究热点综述.社会心理科学, 20(4), 405–406,425.
41.姚军,潘平涛等. (2008).社区人群有关性病、艾滋病干预效果评价.中国性病艾滋病防治,8(2).
42.杨璟. (2007).艾滋病的符号性涵义与对艾滋病患者外显和内隐态度的关系研究.硕士学位论文.中山大学.
43.杨柳,刘力. (2008).污名应对研究:发展脉络、理论取向与展望.心理科学进展,16(5),815–825.
44.杨心德,彭丽辉,黄莺. (2009).污名及其有效地应对策略.宁波大学学报(人文科学版),22(1),135–139.
45.杨治良,郭力平. (1997).加工分离说的发展述评.心理科学, 20, 441–445.
46.俞海运. (2005).社会认知的刻板解释偏差研究.硕士学位论文.华东师范大学.
47.张宝山,俞国良. (2007).污名现象及其心理效应.心理科学进展, 15(6), 993–1001.
48.张翠娥.(2008).社会性别与艾滋病——对一位女性艾滋病病毒感染者生命历程的性别分析.妇女研究论丛,86(3),12–23.
49.张东宁,王有智. (2005).IAT测验对攻击性内隐社会认知的应用研究.心理学探新, 25(4), 74–77.
50.张璟. (2004).国内媒体有关艾滋病的报道中价值取向的“是”与“非”.新闻与写作,(5),13–15.
51.张玉润,王晔,林鹏,何群,刘勇鹰,李艳. (2007).艾滋病疫情报告数据中人口学特征与感染途径的探索性分析.华南预防医学,33(3),1–4.
52.张自力. (2004).媒体艾滋病报道内容分析:一个健康传播学的视角.新闻大学,2,42–51.
53.周婷玉,吴晶. (2007-12-01).艾滋歧视是病毒传播帮凶抵御病毒先除歧视.新华网.取自http://health.sohu.com/20071201/n253732641.shtml
54.曾毅. (2006).宣传教育与干预是控制艾滋病流行的主要策略.海峡预防医学杂志,12(1),1–4.
1. Banse R., Seise.J., Zerbes N. (2001). Implicit attitudes towards homosexuality: Reliability, validity, and controllability of the IAT. ZEitschrift fur Experimentelle Psycholotie,48,145–160.
2. Beck L. Genberg, Surinda Kawichai, Alfred Chingono. et. al. (2007). Assessing HIV/AIDS Stigma and Discrimination in Developing Countries. AIDS Behav.
3. Bessenoff G R, Sherman J W. (2000). Automatic and controlled components of prejudice toward fatpeople:Evaluation versus stereotype activation. Social Cognition, 18(4), 329–353.
4. Bharal D., Aggleton P., Tyrer P. (2001).”India: HIV and AIDS related discrimination, stigmatization and denial”,UNAISDS,3,20.
5. Bruce KE, Shrum JC, Trefethen C, Slovik LF. (1990).Students' attitudes about AIDS, homosexuality and condoms. AIDS Education and Prevention,2(3),220–234.
6. Bruce KE, Walker LJ. (2001).College students' attitudes about AIDS: 1986 to 2000. AIDS education and prevention,13(5),428–437.
7. Castro A., Farmer P. (2005).Understanding and addressing AIDS-related stigma: From anthropological theory to clinical practice in Haiti. American Journal of Public Health, 95,53–59.
8. Chaiken S., Trope Y. (1999).Dual-process theories in social psychology. New York: Guilford.
9. Charles S,Crandall C S. (2000).Threat and the social construction of stigma. In: Heatherton, T F,Kleck R E,Hebl M R,Hull J G eds.The social psychology of stigma. New York: The Guilford Press, 62–87.
10. Corrigan P. (2004). How stigma interfere with mental health care. Am. Psycholo,59(7),614.
11. Corrigan P W, Kerr A, Knudsen L. (2005).The stigma of mental illness: explanatory models and methods for change. Applied and Preventive Psychology,11,182
12. Crocker J,Major B,Steele C. ( 1998).Social stigma. In: Gilbert D T, Fiske S, Lindzey G(eds.).The handbook of social psychology.NY:McGraw-Hill,504–533.
13. Deacon H J. (1994). A history of the medical institutions on Robben Island. PhD Thesis. Britain: University of Cambridge.
14. Deaux K.,Reid A., Mizrahi K. (1995).”Parameters of social identity”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,68.
15. Deepa Rao﹒John B,Pryor﹒Bambi W, Gaddist﹒Randy Mayer. (2008). Stigma, Secrecy, and Discremination: Ethnic/Racial Differences in the Concerns of People Living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Behav, 1, 265–271.
16. Fazio R. H., Jackson J. R., Dunton B. C., Williams C. J. (1995).Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013–1027.
17. Fortenberry J. D., McFarlane M., Bleakley A. (2002). Relationships of stigma and shame to gonorrhea and HIV screening. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 378–381.
18. Gill Green. (1995).Attitudes towards people with HIV: are they as stigmatizing as people with HIV perceive them to be? Social Science Medicine,41(4),557–568.
19. Goffman E. (1963). Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity (pp1–10) . New Jersey: Prentice Hall Press.
20. Green G, Smith R. (2004).The psychosocial and health care needs of HIV-positive people in the United Kingdom: a review. HIV Medicine,5(1),5–46.
21. Greenwald A G, Banaji M R. (1995).Implicit social cognition: Attitude, self-esteem, and stereotype. Psychological Review, 102(1), 4–27.
22. Greenwald, A.G., McGhee D.E., Schwartz J.L.K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464–1480.
23. Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A. (2001).Health of the Implicit Association Test at age 3. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48(2), 85–93.
24. Greenwald A G, Nosek B A, Banaji MR. (2003). Understanding and using the implicit association test:ⅠAn improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2),197–216.
25. Gregory M. Herek, John P. Capitanio. (1993).Public reactions to AIDS in the United States: a second decade of stigma. American journal of public health,83,574–577.
26. Gregory M. Herek, John P. Capitanio, Kelth F. Widaman. (2002).HIV-Related stigma and knowledge in the United States:Prevalence and trends,1991-1999.Amerecan journal of public health,92(3),371–377.
27. Gregory M. Herek, Eric K. Glunt. (1988).An epidemic of stigma——public reaction to AIDS.American Psychological Association,43(11),886–891.
28. Herek G M, Capitanio J P. (1998).Symbolic prejudice or fear of infection? A functional analysis of AIDS-related stigma among heterosexual adults. Basic and Applied Social Psychology,3 (1), 230–241.
29. Jan De Houwer. (2001). A Structural and Process Analysis of the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 443–451.
30. Jones E E., Farina A, Hastorf A H, et al. (1984).Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships.New York: WH Freeman Press.
31. Judith A. Stein,Li Li. (2007).Measuring HIV-related Stigma Among Chinese Service Providers:Confirmatory Factor Analysis of a Multidimensional Scale. AIDS Behav.
32. Kalichman S. C., Simbayi L. C., Jooste S. (2005). Development of a brief scale to measure AIDS-related stigma in South Africa. AIDS and Behavior , 9, 135–143.
33. Kalichman S. C., Simbayi, L. (2004). Traditional beliefs about the cause of AIDS and AIDS-related stigma in South Africa. AIDS Care, 16, 572–580.
34. Lieber E., Li L., Wu Z. (2006). HIV/STD stigmatization fears as health-seeking barriers in China. AIDS and Behavior, 10, 463–471.
35. Link B G, Phelan J C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385.
36. Major B,O’Brien L T. (2005).The social psychology of stigma. Annual Reviews of Psychology,56,393–421.
37. Nelkin D, Gilman S. (1988).Placing blame for devastating disease. Social Research,55 (3), 361–378.
38. Neuberg S L, Smith D M, Asher T. (2000).Why people stigmatize:toward a biocultural framework.In:Heatherton,T F,Kleck R E,Hebl M R,Hull J G eds.The social psychology of stigma.New York:The Guilford Press,31–61.
39. Neumann R., Hulsenbeck K., Seibt B. (2004). Attitudes towards people with AIDS and avoidance behavior: Automatic and reflective bases of behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 543–550.
40. Nosek, B.A. (2005).Moderators of the relationship between implicit and explicit evaluation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,134, 565–584.
41. Parker R.,Aggleton P. (2003).HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: A conceptual framework and implications for action. Social Science and Medicine,57 (1),13–24.
42. Patric W. C.,Lissa K. (2005).The stigma of mental illness: Explanatory and methods for change.Applied and preventive Psychology,11,179.
43. Pryor J. B., Reeder G. D., Landau S. (1999).A social-psychological analysis of HIV-related stigma: A two-factor theory. American Behavioral Scientist,42(7), 1193–1211.
44. Rogers,E. M.,Dearing,J., Chang,S. (1991).AIDS in the 1980s:The Agenda-setting Process for a public issue.Journalism Monograph,126,1–47.
45. Sherman, J. W. (2005). Automatic and Controlled Components of Implicit Strereotyping and Prejudice. Psychological science agenda, 19.
46. Sherman, J. W. (2006a). Clearing Up Some Misconceptions About the Quad Model. Psycholodical Inquriy, 2006, 17, 269–276.
47. Sherman, J. W. (2006b). On Building a Better Process Moded: It’s Not Only How Many, but Which Ones and By Which Means. Psychological Inquiry, 17, 173–184.
48. Sherman J. W., Gawronski B., Gonslkorale, K., Hugenberg, K., Allen, T. J., Groom, C. J. (2008). Theself-Rrgulation of Automatic Associations and Behavioral Impulses. Psychological Review, 115,314–335.
49. Shrum J C, Turner N H, Bruce K E. (1989).Development of an instrument to measure attitudes toward acquired immune deficiency syndrome. AIDS Educ Prev,1(3),222–230.
50. Steele C M, Spencer S J, Aronson J. (2002).Contending with group image: the psychology of stereotype and social identity threat. In: Zanna M P ed. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. San Diego, CA: Academic.2002,34,379–440.
51. Teachman B A, Woody S R. (2003).Automatic Processing in Spider Phobia: Implicit Fear Associations Over the Course of Treatment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,112(1),100–109.
52. Turner J C. (1982). Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group. In:Tajfel H ed. Social identity and intergroup relations. England: Cambridge University Press,15–40.
53. U.S. Agency for International Development, Office of HIV/AIDS (USAID). (2005). Working report measuring HIV stigma: Results of a field test in Tanzania. Author.
54. Watson A C, Corrigan P W. (2005).Challenging public stigma: a targeted approach. In: Corrigan P W ed. On the stigma of mental illness: Practical strategies for research and social change. Washington, DC: American Psychology Association,129–144.
55. Weiner B. (2003).A native psychologist examines bad luck and the concept of responsibility. The moist,86 (1), 996–1010.
56. Wilson T. D., Lindsey S., Schooler T. Y. (2000). A Model of Dual Attitudes. Psychological Review, 107(1), 101–126.
②艾滋病与世界艾滋病日. (2008-03-26).新华网.取自http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2002-12/02/content_646194.htm
③周婷玉,吴晶. (2007-12-01).艾滋歧视是病毒传播帮凶抵御病毒先除歧视.新华网.取自http://health.sohu.com/20071201/n253732641.shtml
④艾滋病由高危人群向普通人群渗透. (2006-11-30).新华网.取自http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2006-11/30/content_5414078.htm
⑤曲燕. (2005).流动人口艾滋病知识、态度、行为的一项心理学研究.硕士学位论文.烟台师范学院.
⑥白剑峰,王君平. (2008-12-01).“鸟巢”悬挂红丝带——联合国赞赏中国政府防艾行动.人民日报.
⑦Beck L. Genberg,Surinda Kawichai,Alfred Chingono.et.al. (2007). Assessing HIV/AIDS Stigma and Discrimination in Developing Countries. AIDS Behav.
⑧王小平. (2007).艾滋病的污名和社会歧视初探.山西师大学报(社会科学版) , 34(3), 32–34.
①Lieber E., Li L., Wu Z. (2006). HIV/STD stigmatization fears as health-seeking barriers in China. AIDS and Behavior, 10, 463–471.
②Kalichman S. C., Simbayi L. C., Jooste S. (2005). Development of a brief scale to measure AIDS-related stigma in South Africa. AIDS and Behavior , 9, 135–143.
③Kalichman S. C., Simbayi, L. (2004). Traditional beliefs about the cause of AIDS and AIDS-related stigma in South Africa. AIDS Care, 16, 572–580.
④Fortenberry J. D., McFarlane M., Bleakley A. (2002). Relationships of stigma and shame to gonorrhea and HIV screening. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 378–381.
⑤Deepa Rao﹒John B,Pryor﹒Bambi W, Gaddist﹒Randy Mayer. (2008). Stigma,Secrecy,and Discremination:Ethnic/Racial Differences in the Concerns of People Living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Behav, 1, 265–271.
⑥维纳等. (2004).责任推断:社会行为的理论基础.上海:华东师范大学出版社.59.
①Goffman E. (1963). Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity (pp1–10) . New Jersey: Prentice Hall Press.
②Deepa Rao﹒John B,Pryor﹒Bambi W, Gaddist﹒Randy Mayer. (2008). Stigma, Secrecy,and Discremination:Ethnic/Racial Differences in the Concerns of People Living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Behav, 1, 265–271.
③Corrigan P. (2004).How stigma interfere with mental health care.Am Psycholo,59(7),614.
④Crocker J, Major B, Steele C. (1998). Social stigma. In Gilbert D T, Fiske S T, Lindzey G.(Eds.) . The handbook of social psychology(pp.504–553 . Boston, MA:McGraw-Hill).
⑤张宝山,俞国良. (2007).污名现象及其心理效应.心理科学进展, 15(6), 993–1001.
⑥王小平. (2007).艾滋病的污名和社会歧视初探.山西师大学报(社会科学版) , 34(3), 32–34.
⑦Jones E E,Farina A, Hastorf A H, et al. (1984).Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships.New York: WH Freeman Press.
⑧Link B G, Phelan J C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385.
⑨张宝山,俞国良. (2007).污名现象及其心理效应.心理科学进展, 15(6), 993–1001.
⑩Goffman E.(1986).Stigma:notes on the management of spoiled identity.NewYork:Touchstone. 11 Jones E E,Farina A, Hastorf A H, et al. (1984).Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships.New York: WH Freeman Press.
①Corrigan P W,Kerr A,Knudsen L. (2005).The stigma of mental illness:explanatory models and methods for change.Applied and Preventive Psychology,11,182
②李强,高文珺,许丹. (2008).心理疾病污名形成理论述评.心理科学进展,16(4),582–589.
③Deaux K., Reid A., Mizrahi K. (1995).”Parameters of social identity”.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,68.
④Crocker J,Major B,Steele C. ( 1998).Social stigma.In:Gilbert D T,Fiske S,Lindzey G(eds.).The handbook of social psychology.NY:McGraw-Hill,504–533.
⑤Bharal D., Aggleton P., Tyrer P. (2001).”India:HIV and AIDS related discrimination,stigmatization and denial”,UNAISDS,3,20.
⑥Patric W. C.,Lissa K. (2005).The stigma of mental illness:Explanatory and methods for change.Applied and preventive Psychology,11,179.
①管健. (2006).身份污名的建构与社会表征——以天津N辖域的农民工为例.青年研究,(3),6.
②杨心德,彭丽辉,黄莺. (2009).污名及其有效地应对策略.宁波大学学报(人文科学版),22(1),135–139.
①Gregory M. Herek, John P. Capitanio,Kelth F. Widaman. (2002).HIV-Related stigma and knowledge in the United States:Prevalence and trends,1991-1999.Amerecan journal of public health,92(3),371–377.
②Gregory M. Herek, John P. Capitanio. (1993).Public reactions to AIDS in the United States: a second decade of stigma.American journal of public health,83,574–577.
③Link B G, Phelan J C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385.
④Parker R.,Aggleton P. (2003).HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: A conceptual framework and implications for action. Social Science and Medicine,57 (1),13–24.
⑤Deacon H J. (1994).A history of the medical institutions on Robben Island. PhD Thesis. Britain: University of Cambridge.
①Joffe H. Risk and“the other”. (1999).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
②Deepa Rao﹒John B,Pryor﹒Bambi W, Gaddist﹒Randy Mayer. (2008). Stigma,Secrecy,and Discremination:Ethnic/Racial Differences in the Concerns of People Living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Behav, 1, 265–271.
③Gill Green. (1995).Attitudes towards people with HIV:are they as stigmatizing as people with HIV perceive them to be?Social Science Medicine,41(4),557–568.
④Deepa Rao﹒John B,Pryor﹒Bambi W, Gaddist﹒Randy Mayer. (2008). Stigma, Secrecy,and Discremination:Ethnic/Racial Differences in the Concerns of People Living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Behav, 1, 265–271.
⑤U.S. Agency for International Development, Office of HIV/AIDS (USAID). (2005). Working report measuring HIV stigma: Results of a field test in Tanzania. Author.
⑥Beck L. Genberg, Surinda Kawichai,Alfred Chingono.et.al. (2007). Assessing HIV/AIDS Stigma and Discrimination in Developing Countries. AIDS Behav.
⑦Shrum J C, Turner N H, Bruce K E. (1989). Development of an instrument to measure attitudes toward acquired immune deficiency syndrome. AIDS Educ Prev,1(3),222–230.
⑧Bruce KE, Shrum JC, Trefethen C, Slovik LF. (1990).Students'attitudes about AIDS, homosexuality and condoms.AIDS Education and Prevention,2(3),220–234.
⑨Bruce KE, Walker LJ. (2001).College students' attitudes about AIDS: 1986 to 2000. AIDS education and prevention,13(5),428–437.
①Judith A. Stein,Li Li. (2007).Measuring HIV-related Stigma Among Chinese Service Providers:Confirmatory Factor Analysis of a Multidimensional Scale.AIDS Behav.
②Herek G M, Capitanio J P. (1998).Symbolic prejudice or fear of infection? A functional analysis of AIDS-related stigma among heterosexual adults. Basic and Applied Social Psychology,3 (1), 230–241.
③Jones E., Farina A., Hastorf A. H., Markus H., Miller D. T., Scott R. A. (1984).Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships. New York: Freeman.
①Pryor J. B., Reeder G. D., Landau S. (1999).A social-psychological analysis of HIV-related stigma: A two-factor theory. American Behavioral Scientist,42(7), 1193–1211.
②杨璟. (2007).艾滋病的符号性涵义与对艾滋病患者外显和内隐态度的关系研究.硕士学位论文.中山大学.
③李强,高文珺,许丹.(2008).心理疾病污名形成理论述评.心理科学进展,16(4),582–589.
④Parker R, Aggleton P. ( 2003).HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: A conceptual framework and implications for action. Social Science and Medicine,57 (1), 13–24.
⑤Nelkin D, Gilman S. (1988).Placing blame for devastating disease. Social Research,55 (3), 361–378.
⑥Joffe H. Risk and“the other”. (1999).Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
⑦Crocker J,Major B,Steele C. ( 1998).Social stigma.In:Gilbert D T,Fiske S,Lindzey G(eds.).The handbook of social psychology.NY:McGraw-Hill,504–533.
⑧Turner J C. (1982).Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group.In:Tajfel H ed.Social identity and intergroup relations.England:Cambridge University Press,15–40.
⑨Crocker J,Major B,Steele C. (1998).Social stigma.In:Gilbert D T,Fiske S T,Lindzey G,Boston,ed.The handbook of social psychology MA:McGraw-Hill,504–553.
①Neuberg S L,Smith D M,Asher T. (2000).Why people stigmatize:toward a biocultural framework.In:Heatherton,T F,Kleck R E,Hebl M R,Hull J G eds.The social psychology of stigma.New York:The Guilford Press,31–61.
②Major B,O’Brien L T. (2005).The social psychology of stigma.Annual Reviews of Psychology,56,393–421.
③Charles S,Crandall C S. (2000).Threat and the social construction of stigma.In:Heatherton,T F,Kleck R E,Hebl M R,Hull JG eds.The social psychology of stigma.New York:The Guilford Press, 62–87.
①Link B G, Phelan J C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385.
②张宝山,俞国良. (2007).污名现象及其心理效应.心理科学进展, 15(6), 993–1001.
③Greenwald A G, Banaji M R. (1995).Implicit social cognition: Attitude, self-esteem, and stereotype. Psychological Review, 102(1), 4–27.
④Wilson T. D., Lindsey S., Schooler T. Y. (2000). A Model of Dual Attitudes. Psychological Review, 107(1), 101–126.
⑤Fazio R. H., Jackson J. R., Dunton B. C.,Williams C. J. (1995).Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013–1027.
⑥Greenwald A G, McGhee D E, Schwartz J L K. (1998).Measuring Individual Differences in Implicit Cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personal and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464–1480.
⑦Bessenoff G R,Sherman J W. (2000).Automatic and controlled components of prejudice toward fat people:Evaluation versus stereotype activation.Social Cognition,18(4),329–353.
⑧Bessenoff G R, Sherman J W. (2000). Automatic and controlled components of prejudice toward fat people:Evaluation versus stereotype activation. Social Cognition, 18(4), 329–353.
①Teachman B A, Woody S R. (2003). Automatic Processing in Spider Phobia:Implicit Fear Associations Over the Course of Treatment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(1), 100–109.
②Teachman B A,Woody S R. (2003).Automatic Processing in Spider Phobia:Implicit Fear Associations Over the Course of Treatment.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,112(1),100–109.
③Fazio R. H., Jackson J. R., Dunton B. C.,Williams C. J. (1995).Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013–1027.
④Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A. (2001).Health of the Implicit Association Test at age 3. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48(2), 85–93.
⑤Nosek, B.A. (2005). Moderators of the relationship between implicit and explicit evaluation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,134, 565–584.
⑥Neumann R., Hulsenbeck K., Seibt B. (2004). Attitudes towards people with AIDS and avoidance behavior: Automatic and reflective bases of behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 543–550.
①Judith A. Stein,Li Li. (2007).Measuring HIV-related Stigma Among Chinese Service Providers:Confirmatory Factor Analysis of a Multidimensional Scale. AIDS Behav.
①孙瑞英,毕强. (2005).内容分析法在图书情报领域的研究现状及应用趋势分析.情报科学.
②Rogers E. M.,Dearing J.,Chang S. (1991).AIDS in the 1980s:The Agenda-setting Process for a public issue.Journalism Monograph,126,1–47.
③蔡月亮. (2007).报纸媒体艾滋病报道研究——以框架建构理论的观点.硕士学位论文.兰州大学.
④Green G,Smith R. (2004).The psychosocial and health care needs of HIV-positive people in the United Kingdom: a review. HIV Medicine,5 (1),5–46.
①陈丹. (2002).中国媒介的大众健康传播——1994-2001年《人民日报》“世界艾滋病日”报道分析.新闻大学,3,29–32.
②张自力. (2004).媒体艾滋病报道内容分析:一个健康传播学的视角.新闻大学,2,42–51.
③郭欣,程怡名,李颖,黄娜,武俊青,汝小美. (2006).对艾滋病歧视与偏见的研究.中国妇幼保健,21,3300–3303.
④张玉润,王晔,林鹏,何群,刘勇鹰,李艳. (2007).艾滋病疫情报告数据中人口学特征与感染途径的探索性分析.华南预防医学,33(3),1–4.
⑤Castro A., Farmer P. (2005).Understanding and addressing AIDSrelated stigma: From anthropological theory to clinical practice in Haiti. American Journal of Public Health, 95,53–59.
⑥李森林,李敬云,韩光红,李勇,夏耕田,李彦彪,李明霞. (2002).某部基层官兵艾滋病知识及相关态度的调查研究.解放军预防医学杂志,20(6),436–437.
⑦唐跃军,孙秀成,张冬林,黄四芯. (2004).农村一般人群艾滋病相关知识态度现状调查.实用预防医学,11(2),266–268.
⑧刘能. (2005).艾滋病、污名和社会歧视:中国乡村社区中两类人群的一个定量分析.社会学研究,(6),136–164.
⑨黄金. (2003).大学生艾滋病知识、态度、行为和感染危险性的调查分析.中国护理管理,(3).
⑩李现红,何国平,王红红. (2007).艾滋病相关羞辱与歧视的研究.中华护理杂志,(1). 11黄金,王红红,Ann B. Williams. (2003).大学生艾滋病知识、态度的现状调查及其相关性分析.实用预防医学,(4),454–457.
①彭勃,王建平,陈海勇等. (2007).大学生对艾滋病态度的特点及影响因素.中国心理卫生杂志,21(8),535–543.
②李梦飞,陈利军,轩志东. (2008).河南某艺术学院研究生艾滋病知识、态度、行为调查分析.河南大学学报(医学版),9(2).
③刘彦,李俊梅,王利生等. (2006).某重点高校与普通高校大学生艾滋病知识、态度、行为调查分析.现代预防医学,(9).
④Jones E., Farina A., Hastorf A. H., Markus H., Miller D. T., Scott R. A. (1984).Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships. New York: Freeman.
⑤Weiner B. (2003).A native psychologist examines bad luck and the concept of responsibility. The moist,86 (1), 996–1010.
⑥蔡华俭,伍秋萍,邓赐平.(2008).对不同途径感染的艾滋病患者的区别性反应及中介分析.心理学报,40(1),54–63.
①社会性别与艾滋病的传播和防治.(2005-6-8).取自http://www.cctv.com/health/topic/health/UNAIDS/20050608/101527.shtml
②Gregory M. Herek, Eric K. Glunt. (1988).An epidemic of stigma——public reaction to AIDS.American Psychological Association,43(11),886–891.
③张翠娥.(2008).社会性别与艾滋病——对一位女性艾滋病病毒感染者生命历程的性别分析.妇女研究论丛,86(3),12–23.
④大多数人仍对艾滋病患者保持距离.(2000-11-16).取自http://www.shjubao.cn/epublish/gb/paper10/20001116/class001000014/hwz244459.htm
⑤刘能. (2005).艾滋病、污名和社会歧视:中国乡村社区中两类人群的一个定量分析.社会学研究, (6), 136–164.
①姚军,潘平涛等. (2008).社区人群有关性病、艾滋病干预效果评价.中国性病艾滋病防治,8(2).
②Parker R, Aggleton P. (2003). HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: A conceptual framework and implications for action. Social Science and Medicine,57 (1),13–24.
①钮文异,吕姿之,王旌. (2006).545名中专女生艾滋病(AIDS)健康教育即时效果评价.中国学校健康杂志,19(1),18–20.
②马承鹏,张开宁. (2006).参与式方法在学校艾滋病健康教育中的效果评估.中国健康教育.22(7),513–515.
③李亚红. (2006).健康教育对提高大学生艾滋病知识、态度的效果评价.检验医学与临床,3(2),93–94.
④陈虹,孙江平等. (2001).深圳市中学生预防艾滋病干预措施评价.中国学校卫生,22(2).
⑤林鹏,孙宝山,梁立环,刘海东,付笑冰,杨放等. (2004).社区女性性工作者性病艾滋病干预效果评估.华南预防医学,30(6).
⑥李承希,董青,赵根明. (2004).应用健康教育测量队浦东新区流动人口进行性病、艾滋病干预研究.海峡预防医学,(4),54–57.
⑦曾毅. (2006).宣传教育与干预是控制艾滋病流行的主要策略.海峡预防医学杂志,12(1),1–4.
⑧李强,高文珺,许丹. (2008) .心理疾病污名形成理论述评.心理科学进展,16(4),582–589.
⑨Watson A C,Corrigan P W. (2005).Challenging public stigma:a targeted approach.In:Corrigan P W ed.On the stigma of mental illness:Practical strategies for research and social change.Washington,DC:American Psychology Association,129–144.
⑩Green G,Smith R. (2004).The psychosocial and health care needs of HIV-positive people in the United Kingdom: a review. HIV Medicine,5(1),5–46. 11李强,高文珺,许丹.(2008).心理疾病污名形成理论述评.心理科学进展,16(4),582–589.
①卜卫,刘晓红.《中国大众媒介种的艾滋病报道研究》,清华大学AIDS研究网.
②蔡月亮. (2007).报纸媒体艾滋病报道研究——以框架建构理论的观点.硕士学位论文.兰州大学.
①Green G,Smith R. (2004).The psychosocial and health care needs of HIV-positive people in the United Kingdom: a review. HIV Medicine,5(1),5–46.
①蔡月亮. (2007).报纸媒体艾滋病报道研究——以框架建构理论的观点.硕士学位论文.兰州大学.
②Rogers,E. M.,Dearing,J.,Chang,S. (1991).AIDS in the 1980s:The Agenda-setting Process for a public issue.Journalism Monograph,126,1–47.
①2003年艾滋病感染和死亡人数历年最多.(2004-07-08).四川新闻网.取自http://news.sina.com.cn/w/2004-07-08/04373022467s.shtml
②张璟. (2004).国内媒体有关艾滋病的报道中价值取向的“是”与“非”.新闻与写作,(5),13–15.
①刘艳,邹泓. (2005).武汉地区大学生社会能力的结构及其问卷编制.心理学报, 37(4), 502–510.
①黄金,王红红,Ann B. Williams. (2003).大学生艾滋病知识、态度的现状调查及其相关性分析.实用预防医学, (4), 454–457.
②彭勃,王建平,陈海勇等. (2007).大学生对艾滋病态度的特点及影响因素.中国心理卫生杂志, 21(8), 535–543.
③彭勃,王建平,陈海勇等. (2007).大学生对艾滋病态度的特点及影响因素.中国心理卫生杂志, 21(8), 535–543.
①王沛. (2002).内隐刻板印象研究综述.心理科学进展,10(1), 97–101.
②吴文斌. (2005).近年来国内国外内隐态度研究热点综述.社会心理科学, 20(4), 405–406,425.
③张宝山,俞国良. (2007).污名现象及其心理效应.心理科学进展, 15(6), 993–1001.
④张宝山,俞国良. (2007).污名现象及其心理效应.心理科学进展, 15(6), 993–1001.
①蔡华俭. (2003).内隐自尊效应及内隐自尊与外显自尊的关系.心理学报,35(6),796–801.
②Greenwald A G, Nosek B A, Banaji MR. (2003). Understanding and using the implicit association test:ⅠAn improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2),197–216.
①Bessenoff G R, Sherman J W. (2000). Automatic and controlled components of prejudice toward fat people:Evaluation versus stereotype activation. Social Cognition, 18(4),329–353.
①Teachman B A, Woody S R. (2003). Automatic Processing in Spider Phobia:Implicit Fear Associations Over the Course of Treatment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(1), 100–109.
②杨治良,郭力平. (1997).加工分离说的发展述评.心理科学, 20, 441–445.
③刘能. (2005).艾滋病、污名和社会歧视:中国乡村社区中两类人群的一个定量分析.社会学研究, (6), 136–164.
④张宝山,俞国良. (2007).污名现象及其心理效应.心理科学进展, 15(6), 993–1001.
①泰勒,佩普劳,希尔斯. (2005).社会心理学(谢晓菲,谢冬梅,张怡玲,郭铁元译,第十版).北京:北京大学出版社.
②王沛. (2002).实验社会心理学(pp.14–16).兰州:甘肃教育出版社.
①Greenwald,A. G.,McGhee,D.E.,Schwartz, J.L.K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition:The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464–1480.
②Banse,R.,Seise.J., & Zerbes,N. (2001). Implicit attitudes towards homosexuality:Reliability,validity,and controllability of the IAT. ZEitschrift fur Experimentelle Psycholotie, 48, 145–160.
③Jan De Houwer. (2001). A Structural and Process Analysis of the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 443–451.
④俞海运. (2005).社会认知的刻板解释偏差研究.硕士学位论文.华东师范大学.
①金盛华. (2005).社会心理学(pp.140).北京:高等教育出版社.
②刘能. (2005).艾滋病、污名和社会歧视:中国乡村社区中两类人群的一个定量分析.社会学研究, (6), 136–164.
①刘能. (2005).艾滋病、污名和社会歧视:中国乡村社区中两类人群的一个定量分析.社会学研究, (6),136–164.
②张宝山,俞国良. (2007).污名现象及其心理效应.心理科学进展, (15)6,993–1001.
①Bessenoff G R, Sherman J W. (2000). Automatic and controlled components of prejudice toward fat people:Evaluation versus stereotype activation. Social Cognition, 18(4),329–353.
②Teachman B A, Woody S R. (2003). Automatic Processing in Spider Phobia:Implicit Fear Associations Over the Course of Treatment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(1),100–109.
③Wilon T D,Lindsey S,Schooler T Y. (2000). A Model of Dual Attitude. Psycholotical Riview, 107(1), 101–126.
④张东宁,王有智. (2005).IAT测验对攻击性内隐社会认知的应用研究.心理学探新, 25(4), 74–77.
⑤Chaiken S., Trope Y. (1999).Dual-process theories in social psychology. New York: Guilford.
⑥杨治良,郭力平. (1997).加工分离说的发展述评.心理科学, 20, 441–445.
⑦Sherman, J. W. (2005). Automatic and Controlled Components of Implicit Strereotyping and Prejudice. Psychological science agenda, 19.
①Sherman, J. W. (2006a). Clearing Up Some Misconceptions About the Quad Model. Psycholodical Inquriy, 2006, 17, 269–276.
②Sherman, J. W. (2006b). On Building a Better Process Moded: It’s Not Only How Many, but Which Ones and By Which Means. Psychological Inquiry, 17, 173–184.
③Sherman J. W., Gawronski B., Gonslkorale, K., Hugenberg, K., Allen, T. J., Groom, C. J. (2008). The self-Rrgulation of Automatic Associations and Behavioral Impulses. Psychological Review, 115,314–335.
①杨柳,刘力. (2008).污名应对研究:发展脉络、理论取向与展望.心理科学进展,16(5),815–825.
1. 2003年艾滋病感染和死亡人数历年最多.(2004-07-08).四川新闻网.取自http://news.sina.com.cn/w/2004-07-08/04373022467s.shtml
2.艾滋病毒发现25年全球死亡人数已超2500万. (2008-05-20).广州日报.取自http://health.sohu.com/20080520/n256970864.shtml
3.艾滋病与世界艾滋病日. (2008-03-26).新华网.取自http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2002-12/02/content_646194.htm
4.艾滋病由高危人群向普通人群渗透. (2006-11-30).新华网.取自http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2006-11/30/content_5414078.htm
5.白剑峰,王君平. (2008-12-01).“鸟巢”悬挂红丝带——联合国赞赏中国政府防艾行动.人民日报.
6.卜卫,刘晓红.《中国大众媒介种的艾滋病报道研究》,清华大学AIDS研究网.
7.蔡华俭. (2003).内隐自尊效应及内隐自尊与外显自尊的关系.心理学报,35(6),796–801.
8.蔡华俭,伍秋萍,邓赐平.(2008).对不同途径感染的艾滋病患者的区别性反应及中介分析.心理学报,40(1),54–63.
9.蔡月亮. (2007).报纸媒体艾滋病报道研究——以框架建构理论的观点.硕士学位论文.兰州大学.
10.陈丹. (2002).中国媒介的大众健康传播——1994-2001年《人民日报》“世界艾滋病日”报道分析.新闻大学,3,29–32.
11.陈虹,孙江平等. (2001).深圳市中学生预防艾滋病干预措施评价.中国学校卫生,22(2).
12.大多数人仍对艾滋病患者保持距离.(2000-11-16).取自http://www.shjubao.cn/epublish/gb/paper10/20001116/class001000014/hwz244459.htm
13.管健. (2006).身份污名的建构与社会表征——以天津N辖域的农民工为例.青年研究,(3),6.
14.郭欣,程怡名,李颖,黄娜,武俊青,汝小美. (2006).对艾滋病歧视与偏见的研究.中国妇幼保健,21,3300–3303.
15.黄金. (2003).大学生艾滋病知识、态度、行为和感染危险性的调查分析.中国护理管理,(3).
16.黄金,王红红,Ann B. Williams. (2003).大学生艾滋病知识、态度的现状调查及其相关性分析.实用预防医学,(4),454–457.
17.金盛华. (2005).社会心理学(pp.140).北京:高等教育出版社.
18.李承希,董青,赵根明. (2004).应用健康教育测量队浦东新区流动人口进行性病、艾滋病干预研究.海峡预防医学,(4),54–57.
19.李梦飞,陈利军,轩志东. (2008).河南某艺术学院研究生艾滋病知识、态度、行为调查分析.河南大学学报(医学版),9(2).
20.李强,高文珺,许丹. (2008).心理疾病污名形成理论述评.心理科学进展,16(4),582–589.
21.李森林,李敬云,韩光红,李勇,夏耕田,李彦彪,李明霞. (2002).某部基层官兵艾滋病知识及相关态度的调查研究.解放军预防医学杂志,20(6),436–437.
22.李现红,何国平,王红红. (2007).艾滋病相关羞辱与歧视的研究.中华护理杂志,(1).
23.李亚红. (2006).健康教育对提高大学生艾滋病知识、态度的效果评价.检验医学与临床,3(2),93–94.
24.林鹏,孙宝山,梁立环,刘海东,付笑冰,杨放等. (2004).社区女性性工作者性病艾滋病干预效果评估.华南预防医学,30(6).
25.刘能. (2005).艾滋病、污名和社会歧视:中国乡村社区中两类人群的一个定量分析.社会学研究,(6),136–164.
26.刘彦,李俊梅,王利生等. (2006).某重点高校与普通高校大学生艾滋病知识、态度、行为调查分析.现代预防医学,(9).
27.刘艳,邹泓. (2005).武汉地区大学生社会能力的结构及其问卷编制.心理学报, 37(4), 502–510.
28.马承鹏,张开宁. (2006).参与式方法在学校艾滋病健康教育中的效果评估.中国健康教育.22(7),513–515.
29.钮文异,吕姿之,王旌. (2006).545名中专女生艾滋病(AIDS)健康教育即时效果评价.中国学校健康杂志,19(1),18–20.
30.彭勃,王建平,陈海勇等. (2007).大学生对艾滋病态度的特点及影响因素.中国心理卫生杂志,21(8),535–543.
31.曲燕. (2005).流动人口艾滋病知识、态度、行为的一项心理学研究.硕士学位论文.烟台师范学院.
32.社会性别与艾滋病的传播和防治.(2005-6-8).取自http://www.cctv.com/health/topic/health/UNAIDS/20050608/101527.shtml
33.孙瑞英,毕强. (2005).内容分析法在图书情报领域的研究现状及应用趋势分析.情报科学.
34.泰勒,佩普劳,希尔斯. (2005).社会心理学(谢晓菲,谢冬梅,张怡玲,郭铁元译,第十版).北京:北京大学出版社.
35.唐跃军,孙秀成,张冬林,黄四芯. (2004).农村一般人群艾滋病相关知识态度现状调查.实用预防医学,11(2),266–268.
36.王沛. (2002).实验社会心理学(pp.14–16).兰州:甘肃教育出版社.
37.王沛. (2002).内隐刻板印象研究综述.心理科学进展,10(1), 97–101.
38.王小平. (2007).艾滋病的污名和社会歧视初探.山西师大学报(社会科学版) , 34(3), 32–34.
39.维纳等. (2004).责任推断:社会行为的理论基础.上海:华东师范大学出版社.59.
40.吴文斌. (2005).近年来国内国外内隐态度研究热点综述.社会心理科学, 20(4), 405–406,425.
41.姚军,潘平涛等. (2008).社区人群有关性病、艾滋病干预效果评价.中国性病艾滋病防治,8(2).
42.杨璟. (2007).艾滋病的符号性涵义与对艾滋病患者外显和内隐态度的关系研究.硕士学位论文.中山大学.
43.杨柳,刘力. (2008).污名应对研究:发展脉络、理论取向与展望.心理科学进展,16(5),815–825.
44.杨心德,彭丽辉,黄莺. (2009).污名及其有效地应对策略.宁波大学学报(人文科学版),22(1),135–139.
45.杨治良,郭力平. (1997).加工分离说的发展述评.心理科学, 20, 441–445.
46.俞海运. (2005).社会认知的刻板解释偏差研究.硕士学位论文.华东师范大学.
47.张宝山,俞国良. (2007).污名现象及其心理效应.心理科学进展, 15(6), 993–1001.
48.张翠娥.(2008).社会性别与艾滋病——对一位女性艾滋病病毒感染者生命历程的性别分析.妇女研究论丛,86(3),12–23.
49.张东宁,王有智. (2005).IAT测验对攻击性内隐社会认知的应用研究.心理学探新, 25(4), 74–77.
50.张璟. (2004).国内媒体有关艾滋病的报道中价值取向的“是”与“非”.新闻与写作,(5),13–15.
51.张玉润,王晔,林鹏,何群,刘勇鹰,李艳. (2007).艾滋病疫情报告数据中人口学特征与感染途径的探索性分析.华南预防医学,33(3),1–4.
52.张自力. (2004).媒体艾滋病报道内容分析:一个健康传播学的视角.新闻大学,2,42–51.
53.周婷玉,吴晶. (2007-12-01).艾滋歧视是病毒传播帮凶抵御病毒先除歧视.新华网.取自http://health.sohu.com/20071201/n253732641.shtml
54.曾毅. (2006).宣传教育与干预是控制艾滋病流行的主要策略.海峡预防医学杂志,12(1),1–4.
1. Banse R., Seise.J., Zerbes N. (2001). Implicit attitudes towards homosexuality: Reliability, validity, and controllability of the IAT. ZEitschrift fur Experimentelle Psycholotie,48,145–160.
2. Beck L. Genberg, Surinda Kawichai, Alfred Chingono. et. al. (2007). Assessing HIV/AIDS Stigma and Discrimination in Developing Countries. AIDS Behav.
3. Bessenoff G R, Sherman J W. (2000). Automatic and controlled components of prejudice toward fatpeople:Evaluation versus stereotype activation. Social Cognition, 18(4), 329–353.
4. Bharal D., Aggleton P., Tyrer P. (2001).”India: HIV and AIDS related discrimination, stigmatization and denial”,UNAISDS,3,20.
5. Bruce KE, Shrum JC, Trefethen C, Slovik LF. (1990).Students' attitudes about AIDS, homosexuality and condoms. AIDS Education and Prevention,2(3),220–234.
6. Bruce KE, Walker LJ. (2001).College students' attitudes about AIDS: 1986 to 2000. AIDS education and prevention,13(5),428–437.
7. Castro A., Farmer P. (2005).Understanding and addressing AIDS-related stigma: From anthropological theory to clinical practice in Haiti. American Journal of Public Health, 95,53–59.
8. Chaiken S., Trope Y. (1999).Dual-process theories in social psychology. New York: Guilford.
9. Charles S,Crandall C S. (2000).Threat and the social construction of stigma. In: Heatherton, T F,Kleck R E,Hebl M R,Hull J G eds.The social psychology of stigma. New York: The Guilford Press, 62–87.
10. Corrigan P. (2004). How stigma interfere with mental health care. Am. Psycholo,59(7),614.
11. Corrigan P W, Kerr A, Knudsen L. (2005).The stigma of mental illness: explanatory models and methods for change. Applied and Preventive Psychology,11,182
12. Crocker J,Major B,Steele C. ( 1998).Social stigma. In: Gilbert D T, Fiske S, Lindzey G(eds.).The handbook of social psychology.NY:McGraw-Hill,504–533.
13. Deacon H J. (1994). A history of the medical institutions on Robben Island. PhD Thesis. Britain: University of Cambridge.
14. Deaux K.,Reid A., Mizrahi K. (1995).”Parameters of social identity”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,68.
15. Deepa Rao﹒John B,Pryor﹒Bambi W, Gaddist﹒Randy Mayer. (2008). Stigma, Secrecy, and Discremination: Ethnic/Racial Differences in the Concerns of People Living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Behav, 1, 265–271.
16. Fazio R. H., Jackson J. R., Dunton B. C., Williams C. J. (1995).Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013–1027.
17. Fortenberry J. D., McFarlane M., Bleakley A. (2002). Relationships of stigma and shame to gonorrhea and HIV screening. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 378–381.
18. Gill Green. (1995).Attitudes towards people with HIV: are they as stigmatizing as people with HIV perceive them to be? Social Science Medicine,41(4),557–568.
19. Goffman E. (1963). Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity (pp1–10) . New Jersey: Prentice Hall Press.
20. Green G, Smith R. (2004).The psychosocial and health care needs of HIV-positive people in the United Kingdom: a review. HIV Medicine,5(1),5–46.
21. Greenwald A G, Banaji M R. (1995).Implicit social cognition: Attitude, self-esteem, and stereotype. Psychological Review, 102(1), 4–27.
22. Greenwald, A.G., McGhee D.E., Schwartz J.L.K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464–1480.
23. Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A. (2001).Health of the Implicit Association Test at age 3. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48(2), 85–93.
24. Greenwald A G, Nosek B A, Banaji MR. (2003). Understanding and using the implicit association test:ⅠAn improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2),197–216.
25. Gregory M. Herek, John P. Capitanio. (1993).Public reactions to AIDS in the United States: a second decade of stigma. American journal of public health,83,574–577.
26. Gregory M. Herek, John P. Capitanio, Kelth F. Widaman. (2002).HIV-Related stigma and knowledge in the United States:Prevalence and trends,1991-1999.Amerecan journal of public health,92(3),371–377.
27. Gregory M. Herek, Eric K. Glunt. (1988).An epidemic of stigma——public reaction to AIDS.American Psychological Association,43(11),886–891.
28. Herek G M, Capitanio J P. (1998).Symbolic prejudice or fear of infection? A functional analysis of AIDS-related stigma among heterosexual adults. Basic and Applied Social Psychology,3 (1), 230–241.
29. Jan De Houwer. (2001). A Structural and Process Analysis of the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 443–451.
30. Jones E E., Farina A, Hastorf A H, et al. (1984).Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships.New York: WH Freeman Press.
31. Judith A. Stein,Li Li. (2007).Measuring HIV-related Stigma Among Chinese Service Providers:Confirmatory Factor Analysis of a Multidimensional Scale. AIDS Behav.
32. Kalichman S. C., Simbayi L. C., Jooste S. (2005). Development of a brief scale to measure AIDS-related stigma in South Africa. AIDS and Behavior , 9, 135–143.
33. Kalichman S. C., Simbayi, L. (2004). Traditional beliefs about the cause of AIDS and AIDS-related stigma in South Africa. AIDS Care, 16, 572–580.
34. Lieber E., Li L., Wu Z. (2006). HIV/STD stigmatization fears as health-seeking barriers in China. AIDS and Behavior, 10, 463–471.
35. Link B G, Phelan J C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385.
36. Major B,O’Brien L T. (2005).The social psychology of stigma. Annual Reviews of Psychology,56,393–421.
37. Nelkin D, Gilman S. (1988).Placing blame for devastating disease. Social Research,55 (3), 361–378.
38. Neuberg S L, Smith D M, Asher T. (2000).Why people stigmatize:toward a biocultural framework.In:Heatherton,T F,Kleck R E,Hebl M R,Hull J G eds.The social psychology of stigma.New York:The Guilford Press,31–61.
39. Neumann R., Hulsenbeck K., Seibt B. (2004). Attitudes towards people with AIDS and avoidance behavior: Automatic and reflective bases of behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 543–550.
40. Nosek, B.A. (2005).Moderators of the relationship between implicit and explicit evaluation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,134, 565–584.
41. Parker R.,Aggleton P. (2003).HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: A conceptual framework and implications for action. Social Science and Medicine,57 (1),13–24.
42. Patric W. C.,Lissa K. (2005).The stigma of mental illness: Explanatory and methods for change.Applied and preventive Psychology,11,179.
43. Pryor J. B., Reeder G. D., Landau S. (1999).A social-psychological analysis of HIV-related stigma: A two-factor theory. American Behavioral Scientist,42(7), 1193–1211.
44. Rogers,E. M.,Dearing,J., Chang,S. (1991).AIDS in the 1980s:The Agenda-setting Process for a public issue.Journalism Monograph,126,1–47.
45. Sherman, J. W. (2005). Automatic and Controlled Components of Implicit Strereotyping and Prejudice. Psychological science agenda, 19.
46. Sherman, J. W. (2006a). Clearing Up Some Misconceptions About the Quad Model. Psycholodical Inquriy, 2006, 17, 269–276.
47. Sherman, J. W. (2006b). On Building a Better Process Moded: It’s Not Only How Many, but Which Ones and By Which Means. Psychological Inquiry, 17, 173–184.
48. Sherman J. W., Gawronski B., Gonslkorale, K., Hugenberg, K., Allen, T. J., Groom, C. J. (2008). Theself-Rrgulation of Automatic Associations and Behavioral Impulses. Psychological Review, 115,314–335.
49. Shrum J C, Turner N H, Bruce K E. (1989).Development of an instrument to measure attitudes toward acquired immune deficiency syndrome. AIDS Educ Prev,1(3),222–230.
50. Steele C M, Spencer S J, Aronson J. (2002).Contending with group image: the psychology of stereotype and social identity threat. In: Zanna M P ed. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. San Diego, CA: Academic.2002,34,379–440.
51. Teachman B A, Woody S R. (2003).Automatic Processing in Spider Phobia: Implicit Fear Associations Over the Course of Treatment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,112(1),100–109.
52. Turner J C. (1982). Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group. In:Tajfel H ed. Social identity and intergroup relations. England: Cambridge University Press,15–40.
53. U.S. Agency for International Development, Office of HIV/AIDS (USAID). (2005). Working report measuring HIV stigma: Results of a field test in Tanzania. Author.
54. Watson A C, Corrigan P W. (2005).Challenging public stigma: a targeted approach. In: Corrigan P W ed. On the stigma of mental illness: Practical strategies for research and social change. Washington, DC: American Psychology Association,129–144.
55. Weiner B. (2003).A native psychologist examines bad luck and the concept of responsibility. The moist,86 (1), 996–1010.
56. Wilson T. D., Lindsey S., Schooler T. Y. (2000). A Model of Dual Attitudes. Psychological Review, 107(1), 101–126.