大学生网络使用、成瘾状况与人格特质的关系研究
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摘要
互联网的飞速发展给人类的社会生活带来巨大的变革，有积极的影响，也有很多消极的影响。在消极影响中，网络成瘾(Internet Addiction Disorder简称IAD)是近年来网络心理学研究的新热点。网络成瘾的诱因是什么?现有研究众说纷纭。目前国内外的各种假设和猜测大致可以归为以下几个方面：(1)计算机和网络的某些特性及其使用行为方式具有成瘾性。(2)网络交流本身的某些特点具有成瘾性。(3)网络成瘾是其它成瘾行为的一个中介媒体。(4)个体的某些人格特质容易导致网络成瘾。对于不同的人群，原因可能不一样。本研究选取大学生作为研究对象，着重研究成瘾得分较高者的人格因素，旨在从理论和实践方面寻找网络成瘾的人格特质的深层原因，指导大学生合理使用网络，积极有效地预防网络带来的消极影响。
本研究采用卡特尔16PF、网络成瘾问卷、网络使用情况调查表对西安市1100名大学生进行了调查，有效问卷940份。其中男生401人，女生539人，城市学生610人，农村学生330人，一年级学生311人，二年级学生286人，三年级学生221人，四年级学生122人，理工科学生391人，文科学生350人，艺术体育类学生199人。经过对调查的结果分析，得出如下结论：
1．高分组和低分组学生在人格特质上有广泛的差异：这些特质是：(1)乐群性(2)聪慧性(3)稳定性(4)有恒性(5)敢为性(6)自律性(7)恃强性(8)怀疑性(9)忧虑性(10)紧张性 高分组前六种人格特质得分低于低分组，后四种人格特质得分高于低分组。
2．男生比女生容易网络成瘾，且容易游戏成瘾、浏览黄色网站成瘾，女生容易聊天成瘾。男生有成瘾倾向的人，在有恒性上比没有成瘾倾向的人得分低，缺少高超的目标和理想，做事不能坚持。而有成瘾倾向的女生比没有成瘾倾向的女生在乐群性上，趋向于缄默孤独，不合群，抽象思考能力弱，学习能力与理解能力不强，情绪不稳定易生烦恼，容易受挫，并且畏却退缩缺乏自信心，有强烈的自卑感，不愿意和陌生人交谈。同样具有成瘾倾向，男生的乐群性比女生低，而女生的忧虑性比男生高。
3．有成瘾倾向的农村学生的聪慧性最低。低于其它组群(包括有成瘾倾向的城市大学生，没有成瘾倾向的城市大学生，没有成瘾倾向的农村大学生)
4．高分组城市学生在恃强性上比低分组城市学生高，而在敢为性上比低分组
城市学生低，农村学生则不明显。说明有成病倾向的城市学生具有矛盾的人格特质。
有时好强固执，自以为是，有时又畏却退缩，缺乏自信心，有时由于过分的自我
意识而忽视了社会环境中的重要实物与活动，这些人格特质较容易使他们迷恋网
络，在网络中寻找寄托。
5．高分组的心理健康因子明显低于低分组，且其个性明显不利于促进其
成就，在新的环境中的成长能力差。
6．高分组的上网时问和上网年限显著高于低分组。
7．成病学生中理工类院校学生所占比例显著高于其它两类院校学生。
8．网络成罐和不良的人格特质互为因果关系。
The quick development of the internet has brought forth the great change in people's life.This is positive,but also is negtive.In negtive aspect,the study of Internet Addiction Disorder is the popular focus of psychology in recent years.At present,there are various reasons for IAD both in China and in the world,which can be classified as the following:(l)the IAD in the characteristics of computer and internet.(2) the IAD in the exchange of internet.(3)the medium of IAD for other addictions.(4)one's characteristics.The reasons are not the same for different people.In this paper,the author makes a careful study of the college students in their personality which have high marks in IAD.The purpose of the study is to find out the deep reason for IAD both in theory and in practice, and instruct them to use internet properly to prevent the negative influence of internet.
The author adopts Cateral 16PF, the questionnaire on IAD, and the using of internet to investigate 1,100 college students,which includes 940 valid questionnaires. Among them,there are 401 boy students , 539 girl students,610 city students,330 country students;and 311 first year students,286 second year students,221 third year students;!22 fourth year students;391 science and engineering students,350 liberal art students, and 199 art and sports students.By investigating and analysizing, the following are the results:
First, There are great differents between the group who are of high marks for IAD and the group who are of low marks for IAD. The marks in happiness, cleverness, stability, persistence, boldness and self-discipline for high marks group are lo.wer than that of low marks group;the marks in strengh,doubtfulness,anxiety and nervousness are higher than that of low marks group,which are of notability.
Second, The boys are easier to be IAD than girls ,games addiction disordered like to visit pornographic webs;while girls are easy to be addicted in chatting. The marks in persistence for the boys of higher marks group are lower than those of low markd group,who are short of aim and ideal and can't keep doing anything. The girl students of high marks group tend to be silent,lonely, and less capable in abstraction than those of
low marks group.They are less able in study and understanding, not steady in mood, easy to be worried and frustrated,and short of self-confidence.Then feel inferior and would not like to with strangers.These are very obvious.In the high marks group,the boys feel less pleasant than girls, however the girls feel more worried than boys.Both are very obvious.
Third, The cleveress of country students is the lowest in all students.
Fourth, The marks in strength for the city students of high marks group are higher than those of low marks group,but lower in boldness than those of city student of low marks group,which is very clear,and not clear for the country students who tend to IAD.They are sometimes eager to do well in everything and stubborn, feel proud,but sometime afraid,and short of self-confidence.They are too self-satisfied to notice the important activity in the society.This will cause their IAD and search for sustenance in internet.
Fifth, The marks of psychological health elements for the high marks group are obviously lower than that of low marks group,and their personality is less helpful to promote them to gain achievement.and they are less capable to grow up in a new environment.
Sixth, The time on line and the number of years for the high marks group are higher than that of low marks group.
Seventh, The proportion of science and engineening students are higher in IAD than that of art and sports students.
Finally, The unsound personality is easy to cause IAD, and viceversa.
本研究采用卡特尔16PF、网络成瘾问卷、网络使用情况调查表对西安市1100名大学生进行了调查，有效问卷940份。其中男生401人，女生539人，城市学生610人，农村学生330人，一年级学生311人，二年级学生286人，三年级学生221人，四年级学生122人，理工科学生391人，文科学生350人，艺术体育类学生199人。经过对调查的结果分析，得出如下结论：
1．高分组和低分组学生在人格特质上有广泛的差异：这些特质是：(1)乐群性(2)聪慧性(3)稳定性(4)有恒性(5)敢为性(6)自律性(7)恃强性(8)怀疑性(9)忧虑性(10)紧张性 高分组前六种人格特质得分低于低分组，后四种人格特质得分高于低分组。
2．男生比女生容易网络成瘾，且容易游戏成瘾、浏览黄色网站成瘾，女生容易聊天成瘾。男生有成瘾倾向的人，在有恒性上比没有成瘾倾向的人得分低，缺少高超的目标和理想，做事不能坚持。而有成瘾倾向的女生比没有成瘾倾向的女生在乐群性上，趋向于缄默孤独，不合群，抽象思考能力弱，学习能力与理解能力不强，情绪不稳定易生烦恼，容易受挫，并且畏却退缩缺乏自信心，有强烈的自卑感，不愿意和陌生人交谈。同样具有成瘾倾向，男生的乐群性比女生低，而女生的忧虑性比男生高。
3．有成瘾倾向的农村学生的聪慧性最低。低于其它组群(包括有成瘾倾向的城市大学生，没有成瘾倾向的城市大学生，没有成瘾倾向的农村大学生)
4．高分组城市学生在恃强性上比低分组城市学生高，而在敢为性上比低分组
城市学生低，农村学生则不明显。说明有成病倾向的城市学生具有矛盾的人格特质。
有时好强固执，自以为是，有时又畏却退缩，缺乏自信心，有时由于过分的自我
意识而忽视了社会环境中的重要实物与活动，这些人格特质较容易使他们迷恋网
络，在网络中寻找寄托。
5．高分组的心理健康因子明显低于低分组，且其个性明显不利于促进其
成就，在新的环境中的成长能力差。
6．高分组的上网时问和上网年限显著高于低分组。
7．成病学生中理工类院校学生所占比例显著高于其它两类院校学生。
8．网络成罐和不良的人格特质互为因果关系。
The quick development of the internet has brought forth the great change in people's life.This is positive,but also is negtive.In negtive aspect,the study of Internet Addiction Disorder is the popular focus of psychology in recent years.At present,there are various reasons for IAD both in China and in the world,which can be classified as the following:(l)the IAD in the characteristics of computer and internet.(2) the IAD in the exchange of internet.(3)the medium of IAD for other addictions.(4)one's characteristics.The reasons are not the same for different people.In this paper,the author makes a careful study of the college students in their personality which have high marks in IAD.The purpose of the study is to find out the deep reason for IAD both in theory and in practice, and instruct them to use internet properly to prevent the negative influence of internet.
The author adopts Cateral 16PF, the questionnaire on IAD, and the using of internet to investigate 1,100 college students,which includes 940 valid questionnaires. Among them,there are 401 boy students , 539 girl students,610 city students,330 country students;and 311 first year students,286 second year students,221 third year students;!22 fourth year students;391 science and engineering students,350 liberal art students, and 199 art and sports students.By investigating and analysizing, the following are the results:
First, There are great differents between the group who are of high marks for IAD and the group who are of low marks for IAD. The marks in happiness, cleverness, stability, persistence, boldness and self-discipline for high marks group are lo.wer than that of low marks group;the marks in strengh,doubtfulness,anxiety and nervousness are higher than that of low marks group,which are of notability.
Second, The boys are easier to be IAD than girls ,games addiction disordered like to visit pornographic webs;while girls are easy to be addicted in chatting. The marks in persistence for the boys of higher marks group are lower than those of low markd group,who are short of aim and ideal and can't keep doing anything. The girl students of high marks group tend to be silent,lonely, and less capable in abstraction than those of
low marks group.They are less able in study and understanding, not steady in mood, easy to be worried and frustrated,and short of self-confidence.Then feel inferior and would not like to with strangers.These are very obvious.In the high marks group,the boys feel less pleasant than girls, however the girls feel more worried than boys.Both are very obvious.
Third, The cleveress of country students is the lowest in all students.
Fourth, The marks in strength for the city students of high marks group are higher than those of low marks group,but lower in boldness than those of city student of low marks group,which is very clear,and not clear for the country students who tend to IAD.They are sometimes eager to do well in everything and stubborn, feel proud,but sometime afraid,and short of self-confidence.They are too self-satisfied to notice the important activity in the society.This will cause their IAD and search for sustenance in internet.
Fifth, The marks of psychological health elements for the high marks group are obviously lower than that of low marks group,and their personality is less helpful to promote them to gain achievement.and they are less capable to grow up in a new environment.
Sixth, The time on line and the number of years for the high marks group are higher than that of low marks group.
Seventh, The proportion of science and engineening students are higher in IAD than that of art and sports students.
Finally, The unsound personality is easy to cause IAD, and viceversa.
引文
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[2]Young,KS,what is internet addiction? From the http://www. netaddiction.com/net-compulsion.htm, 1999
[3]Cooper, 1998;Freeman-Longo&Blanchard, 1998
[4]Greenfield,2000
[5]Alvin Cooper&Sylvain C.Boies, 1999
[6]Young, 2000
[7]Brenner,V.The result of an on-line survey for the first thirty days. Paper presented at the 105th annual meeting of the American Psychological Association,August 18,1997,Chicago,IL.
[8]Egger O.Internet and addiction. http://www.ifap bepr.ethz,ch/-egger/ibq/iddres.htm, 1996
[9]Thompson,S.Internet-Addiction-MCSurvey-resalts. http://caclpsu.edu/-sjtl 12/mcnair/journal.html,1996
[10]John Suler. The Psychology of Cyberspace. http://www. rider, edu/users/psycyber/psycyber, html, 1999,1998
[11]Young KS What makes on-line usage stimulating ?-Potential explanation for pathological Internet use. Paper presented at the 105th annual meeting of the American Psychological Association,August 15,1997.Chicago,IL. 1997
[12]John suler. The psychology of cyberspace. http://www. rider.edu/users/psycyber/psycyber. html, 1999,1998
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