上海大学生网络使用调查及网络成瘾个案研究
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摘要
“网络成瘾”是指由于过度使用因特网，导致个体明显的心理、社会功能损害这一现象，其实质是一种包含人机交互的非生化(行为)成瘾。现在，大学生活已经离不开因特网，但部分大学生对网络的过度使用，使其学习、生活受到了严重影响，这一现象必须引起关注。
本论文以上海市大学生为研究对象，采用问卷调查、单独访谈、个案研究等形式，对上海市大学生上网行为及网络成瘾现象进行了研究。旨在了解上海市大学生网络使用的一些特征，找出导致大学生网络成瘾的因素，并尝试了治疗网络成瘾的心理干预方法。结果发现：1、网络的一些特征，如匿名性、互动性、即时性、娱乐性等是网络成瘾的一个重要促发因素；2、绝大多数学生把因特网作为一个学习、娱乐、生活的辅助工具，仅有2.17％的大学生存在网络成瘾现象；3、成瘾大学生的学业为此受到严重影响，通过个案研究显示他们具有自卑、自控力弱等心理特征；4、通过认知、行为疗法对成瘾个体进行心理干预，可以明显缓解个体停止网络使用时产生的焦虑，促进他们摆脱网络成瘾的困扰，回复到正常的学习生活中来。
根据个案研究并结合单独访谈，我们提出了一个导致网络成瘾的因素模型：网络特征、成瘾个体的交往障碍、学业及其它方面的压力是导致成瘾的表面因素，内在约束力弱、自卑等心理问题或个性特征是导致成瘾的内在或本质因素，内在或本质因素通过表面因素起作用；导致成瘾的几个途径，并没有主次之分，不同个体成瘾的主要途径存在差异。本研究根据这个因素模型，从加强学生的内在约束力、提高学生对网络的认知水平两个方面，运用行为疗法和认知疗法对网络成瘾个体进行了心理干预，取得了较好的效果。本研究对高校网络建设提出了建议：重视大学生中存在的网络成瘾问题，及时开设相关的课程，同时加强心理辅导，对那些已经上瘾的学生，充分发挥学校心理辅导和咨询的作用，帮助他们摆脱对网络的依赖。
Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD), which is a non-biochemical addiction, refers to the phenomenon that leads to the obvious damage to the person's psychological and social function because of the excessive use of Internet. Nowadays, Internet has gradually played an important role in students' everyday life. However, the excessive use of Internet brings serious unfavorable influence to some undergraduates.
Take undergraduates in Shanghai as subjects, the paper makes a study of those students who are in the habit of netsurfmg and their IAD phenomenon by questionnaire surveys, interviews, case studies, etc. The purpose of questionnaire surveys and case studies is to comprehend the students' characteristics of Internet using, to find out the factors that lead to Internet Addiction Disorder, and to attempt some effective psychological intervention ways. The study discovers that: 1. Some characteristics of Internet like anonymity, entertainment, exchanging information promptly are important inducible factors that lead to IAD. 2. Most of the students take Internet as a supplementary tool for study and job-hunting, while 2.17 percent of students become Internet addiction. 3. IAD has seriously influenced the addicted students' study. Case studies show that those students commonly have the sense of inferiority, and also have less inside restraints. 4. Intervening the addicted by the cognitive therapies and behavior therapies can obviously relieve the anxiety of those students who stop netsurfing and let them return to a normalcy.
According to the surveys and case studies, we have raised a factor model that leads to IAD: the characteristics of Internet, the social impediment and study pressure of the addicted students are all the superficial factors that lead to IAD. The essential factors are those psychological factors such as inside restraints, inferiority complex, etc. And the essential factors influence the addicted students by the superficial factors. For the ways that lead to IAD, we cannot differentiate what is primary from what is secondary. Different addicted students have the different addiction way. With the factor model, we have intervened the addicted individual through the cognitive therapies and behavior therapies to strengthen the undergraduates' inside restraints and to let them make a further understanding of Internet using, thus attempting to help them return to a normalcy. The paper also gives some suggestions to the higher schools' network construction: The school should pay more attention to the Internet addiction phenomenon, offer some related courses and give more psychological guidance to improve the students' immunity to IAD. For those addicted students, the school should bring the psychological guidance's initiative into full play to help those students extricate themselves from the dependent mentality to Internet.
本论文以上海市大学生为研究对象，采用问卷调查、单独访谈、个案研究等形式，对上海市大学生上网行为及网络成瘾现象进行了研究。旨在了解上海市大学生网络使用的一些特征，找出导致大学生网络成瘾的因素，并尝试了治疗网络成瘾的心理干预方法。结果发现：1、网络的一些特征，如匿名性、互动性、即时性、娱乐性等是网络成瘾的一个重要促发因素；2、绝大多数学生把因特网作为一个学习、娱乐、生活的辅助工具，仅有2.17％的大学生存在网络成瘾现象；3、成瘾大学生的学业为此受到严重影响，通过个案研究显示他们具有自卑、自控力弱等心理特征；4、通过认知、行为疗法对成瘾个体进行心理干预，可以明显缓解个体停止网络使用时产生的焦虑，促进他们摆脱网络成瘾的困扰，回复到正常的学习生活中来。
根据个案研究并结合单独访谈，我们提出了一个导致网络成瘾的因素模型：网络特征、成瘾个体的交往障碍、学业及其它方面的压力是导致成瘾的表面因素，内在约束力弱、自卑等心理问题或个性特征是导致成瘾的内在或本质因素，内在或本质因素通过表面因素起作用；导致成瘾的几个途径，并没有主次之分，不同个体成瘾的主要途径存在差异。本研究根据这个因素模型，从加强学生的内在约束力、提高学生对网络的认知水平两个方面，运用行为疗法和认知疗法对网络成瘾个体进行了心理干预，取得了较好的效果。本研究对高校网络建设提出了建议：重视大学生中存在的网络成瘾问题，及时开设相关的课程，同时加强心理辅导，对那些已经上瘾的学生，充分发挥学校心理辅导和咨询的作用，帮助他们摆脱对网络的依赖。
Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD), which is a non-biochemical addiction, refers to the phenomenon that leads to the obvious damage to the person's psychological and social function because of the excessive use of Internet. Nowadays, Internet has gradually played an important role in students' everyday life. However, the excessive use of Internet brings serious unfavorable influence to some undergraduates.
Take undergraduates in Shanghai as subjects, the paper makes a study of those students who are in the habit of netsurfmg and their IAD phenomenon by questionnaire surveys, interviews, case studies, etc. The purpose of questionnaire surveys and case studies is to comprehend the students' characteristics of Internet using, to find out the factors that lead to Internet Addiction Disorder, and to attempt some effective psychological intervention ways. The study discovers that: 1. Some characteristics of Internet like anonymity, entertainment, exchanging information promptly are important inducible factors that lead to IAD. 2. Most of the students take Internet as a supplementary tool for study and job-hunting, while 2.17 percent of students become Internet addiction. 3. IAD has seriously influenced the addicted students' study. Case studies show that those students commonly have the sense of inferiority, and also have less inside restraints. 4. Intervening the addicted by the cognitive therapies and behavior therapies can obviously relieve the anxiety of those students who stop netsurfing and let them return to a normalcy.
According to the surveys and case studies, we have raised a factor model that leads to IAD: the characteristics of Internet, the social impediment and study pressure of the addicted students are all the superficial factors that lead to IAD. The essential factors are those psychological factors such as inside restraints, inferiority complex, etc. And the essential factors influence the addicted students by the superficial factors. For the ways that lead to IAD, we cannot differentiate what is primary from what is secondary. Different addicted students have the different addiction way. With the factor model, we have intervened the addicted individual through the cognitive therapies and behavior therapies to strengthen the undergraduates' inside restraints and to let them make a further understanding of Internet using, thus attempting to help them return to a normalcy. The paper also gives some suggestions to the higher schools' network construction: The school should pay more attention to the Internet addiction phenomenon, offer some related courses and give more psychological guidance to improve the students' immunity to IAD. For those addicted students, the school should bring the psychological guidance's initiative into full play to help those students extricate themselves from the dependent mentality to Internet.
引文
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[2] 同[1]：200．
[3] 瑞．科塞 毒品、社会与人的行为 夏建中、孙屹等译 中国人民大学出版社 2001．10：7．
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[10] 同[1]：42
[11] 瑞．科塞 毒品、社会与人的行为 夏建中、孙屹等译 中国人民大学
出版社 2001．10：41．
[12] 师建国 成瘾医学 科学出版社 2002．
[13] 谢泽明 网络社会学 中国时代经济出版社 2002．5：354
[14] 朱美燕 朱凌云 重视青少年“网络成瘾综合症” 中国青年研究 2002，6：20
[15] Morahan-Martin J Incidence and correlates of pathological internet use among college student, Computer in Human Behavior,2000,16:15
[16] 同[5]：192
[17] Griffiths,M.D. Thchnologycal addictions. Clinical Psychology Forum, 1995.1
[18] Goode, E. Theories of Drug Use. In Goode,E.Drugs in American Society. New York: McGraw-Hill,Inc.1989:58
[19] 同[5]：197
[20] 同[17]：63
[21] 赵秉志 主编 毒品犯罪研究 中国人民公安大学出版社 1993．7
[22] 同[5]：194
[23] Dole.V & Nyswander. M Heroin addiction: A metabolic disease. Arch of International Medicine,120:19-24,July 1967
[24] 王文甫、陈列 吸毒的危害与戒毒 人民军医出版社 1996．1
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[26] 同[3]：348
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[39] Kimberly Young毛英明 毛巧明译 网瘾的症状与策略 上海译文出版社 2000．9
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[42] Kimberly Young毛英明 毛巧明译 网瘾的症状与策略 上海译文出版社 2000．9
[43] 陈猛．网络成瘾的剖析 from the http://www.psychapeo.com
[44] 林选辉 网络成瘾现象概述 中国临床心理学杂志 2002．10．1
[45] 杨治良 主编 人类的天罗地网 2000．5
[46] Kimberly S. Young Psychology of Computer Use: XL.Addictive use of the Internet: A case that Breaks the Stereotype From the http://wwww.netaddicton.com
[47] Patricia Wallace 互联网心理学 中国轻工业出版社 2001．1：192
[48] Jayne Gackenbach Psychology and the Internet Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Transpersona limplications Academic Press. 1998
[49] 刘建银 互联网成瘾症研究的新进展 社会心理研究 2001．2：51
[50] John Suler Intervention for Pathological and Deviant Behavior within an on-line Community From the http://www.netaddiction.com
[51] Patricia Wallace 互联网心理学 中国轻工业出版社 2001．1
[52] 同[49]
[53] 同[6]
[54] 潘琼 消水源 病理性互联网使用研究进展 中国临床心理学杂志 2002．10：237—239
[55] Weitzman, Geri Dawn; Family and individual functioning and computer/Internet addiction State university of new york at Albany.
[56] Anderson KJ. Internet use among college students. An exploratoty study. The journal of American College Health,2001.50(1).
[57] Kimberly Young 毛英明 毛巧明译 网瘾的症状与策略 上海译文出版社 2000．9
[58] 刘建银 互联网成瘾症研究的新进展 社会心理研究 2001．2：51
[59] Scherer, K. Internet use patterns: Is there internet dependency on campus? Paper of 105th Annual Convention of the APA, Chicago, Illinois.
[60] Kimberly S. Young What Makes the Internet Additive: Potential Explanations for Pathological Internet Use Paper presented at the 105th annual conference of the American Psychologycal Association, August
15,1997,Chicago,IL.
[61] Kimberly S. Young Internet Addiction: Symptoms, Evaluation, And Treatment Innovations in Clinical Practice: A Source Book Vol 17:19-31.
[62] Storm A. King Is the Internet Addictive, or Are Addicts Using the Internet? From the http://www.netaddiction.com
[63] 同[39]
[64] Kimberly S. Young & Robert C. Rodgers The Relationship Between Depression and Internet Addiction CyberPsychology & Behavior 1998.1.1
[65] Kimberly S. Young & Robert C. Rodgers Internet Addition: Personality Traits Associated with its Development Paper presented at the 69th annual meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association in April 1998.
[66] 李宏利 雷雳等 互联网对人的心理影响 心理学动态 2001．5：376-380．
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[71] Morahan-Martin,J.& Schumacker, P. Incidence and correlates of pathological internet use Paper presented at the 105th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Chicago,Illinois.
[72] 刘建银 互联网成瘾症研究的新进展 社会心理研究 2001．2
[73] 朱美燕 朱凌云 重视青少年“网络成瘾综合症” 中国青年研究 2002，6．
[74] 吴新辉 “网络成瘾症”大学生人格特征初探 社会心理研究 2002．2：6
[75] 任家瑜 论网络对大学生心理健康的负面影响 鲍宗豪主编 网络与当代社会文化 上海三联书店 2001．7：371．
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[77] 中国互联网络信息中心(CNNIC) 中国互联网络发展状况统计报告(2003／1) from the http://www.cnnic.com.cn
[78] 心理卫生评定手册 中国心理卫生杂志社 1999．12：235．
[2] 同[1]：200．
[3] 瑞．科塞 毒品、社会与人的行为 夏建中、孙屹等译 中国人民大学出版社 2001．10：7．
[4] 同[1]：306
[5] 郭建安 李荣文主编．吸毒违法行为的预防与矫治 法律出版社．2000：10．
[6] 陈猛．网络成瘾的剖析 from the http://www.psychapeo.com
[7] 同[3]：53．
[8] 陈赞文 新的心理疾病：网络成瘾症 社会 2000．6：22
[9] Griffiths,M.Technological addictions:Looking to the future.paper presented st the 105th convention of the APA.
[10] 同[1]：42
[11] 瑞．科塞 毒品、社会与人的行为 夏建中、孙屹等译 中国人民大学
出版社 2001．10：41．
[12] 师建国 成瘾医学 科学出版社 2002．
[13] 谢泽明 网络社会学 中国时代经济出版社 2002．5：354
[14] 朱美燕 朱凌云 重视青少年“网络成瘾综合症” 中国青年研究 2002，6：20
[15] Morahan-Martin J Incidence and correlates of pathological internet use among college student, Computer in Human Behavior,2000,16:15
[16] 同[5]：192
[17] Griffiths,M.D. Thchnologycal addictions. Clinical Psychology Forum, 1995.1
[18] Goode, E. Theories of Drug Use. In Goode,E.Drugs in American Society. New York: McGraw-Hill,Inc.1989:58
[19] 同[5]：197
[20] 同[17]：63
[21] 赵秉志 主编 毒品犯罪研究 中国人民公安大学出版社 1993．7
[22] 同[5]：194
[23] Dole.V & Nyswander. M Heroin addiction: A metabolic disease. Arch of International Medicine,120:19-24,July 1967
[24] 王文甫、陈列 吸毒的危害与戒毒 人民军医出版社 1996．1
[25] 同[5]
[26] 同[3]：348
[27] 全国禁毒展览办公室 主编 珍爱生命拒绝毒品 经济科学出版社 1998．5
[28] 同[5]：303
[29] 陈强 叶兵 陈(羽中)编著 Intenet基础与使用 人民邮电出版社 1997．10：5
[30] 同[29]：9
[31] 尹继佐 主编 2002上海社会报告书 上海社会科学院出版社 2002．4：368
[32] 中国互联网络信息中心(CNNIC) 中国互联网网络发展大事记 From the http://www.cnnic.com.cn
[33] 同[31]
[34] 同[14]
[35] 中国互联网络信息中心(CNNIC) 中国互联网络发展状况计报告 2003．1 From the http://www.cnnic.com.cn
[36] 同[29]
[37] 中国互联网络信息中心(CNNIC) 中国互联网络发展大事记 From the http//www.cnnic.com.cn
[38] 中国互联网络信息中心(CNNIC) 中国互联网络发展大事记 From the http://www.cnnic.com.cn
[39] Kimberly Young毛英明 毛巧明译 网瘾的症状与策略 上海译文出版社 2000．9
[40] 同[3]
[41] Kimberly Young Surfing not Studying: Dealing with Internet Addiction on Campus from the http://www.netaddiction.com
[42] Kimberly Young毛英明 毛巧明译 网瘾的症状与策略 上海译文出版社 2000．9
[43] 陈猛．网络成瘾的剖析 from the http://www.psychapeo.com
[44] 林选辉 网络成瘾现象概述 中国临床心理学杂志 2002．10．1
[45] 杨治良 主编 人类的天罗地网 2000．5
[46] Kimberly S. Young Psychology of Computer Use: XL.Addictive use of the Internet: A case that Breaks the Stereotype From the http://wwww.netaddicton.com
[47] Patricia Wallace 互联网心理学 中国轻工业出版社 2001．1：192
[48] Jayne Gackenbach Psychology and the Internet Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Transpersona limplications Academic Press. 1998
[49] 刘建银 互联网成瘾症研究的新进展 社会心理研究 2001．2：51
[50] John Suler Intervention for Pathological and Deviant Behavior within an on-line Community From the http://www.netaddiction.com
[51] Patricia Wallace 互联网心理学 中国轻工业出版社 2001．1
[52] 同[49]
[53] 同[6]
[54] 潘琼 消水源 病理性互联网使用研究进展 中国临床心理学杂志 2002．10：237—239
[55] Weitzman, Geri Dawn; Family and individual functioning and computer/Internet addiction State university of new york at Albany.
[56] Anderson KJ. Internet use among college students. An exploratoty study. The journal of American College Health,2001.50(1).
[57] Kimberly Young 毛英明 毛巧明译 网瘾的症状与策略 上海译文出版社 2000．9
[58] 刘建银 互联网成瘾症研究的新进展 社会心理研究 2001．2：51
[59] Scherer, K. Internet use patterns: Is there internet dependency on campus? Paper of 105th Annual Convention of the APA, Chicago, Illinois.
[60] Kimberly S. Young What Makes the Internet Additive: Potential Explanations for Pathological Internet Use Paper presented at the 105th annual conference of the American Psychologycal Association, August
15,1997,Chicago,IL.
[61] Kimberly S. Young Internet Addiction: Symptoms, Evaluation, And Treatment Innovations in Clinical Practice: A Source Book Vol 17:19-31.
[62] Storm A. King Is the Internet Addictive, or Are Addicts Using the Internet? From the http://www.netaddiction.com
[63] 同[39]
[64] Kimberly S. Young & Robert C. Rodgers The Relationship Between Depression and Internet Addiction CyberPsychology & Behavior 1998.1.1
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[66] 李宏利 雷雳等 互联网对人的心理影响 心理学动态 2001．5：376-380．
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