大学生感恩品质现状调查与研究
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摘要
感恩(Gratitude)作为一种积极的人格特质,有利于和谐人际关系的建立,在构建和谐社会的时代背景下,具有特殊意义。有关大学生感恩缺失的报道,引发了社会各界对此越来越多的讨论。然而,只有通过实证性的研究,才能反映出大学生感恩状况的真实情况。
本研究在总结中西方有关感恩的内涵研究成果的基础上,结合中国文化特色,将感恩界定为一种品质,即个体在识恩、记恩、谢恩、报恩,乃至施恩的过程中所表现出的一种心理品质。并在借鉴品德心理结构的基础上,对感恩认知、感恩情感及感恩行为三个维度的二阶因子进行了探索。
本研究在包括重庆、广州、上海、西安、昆明、洛阳、无锡、南昌、呼和浩特在内的9个城市共15所大学发放调查问卷850份,回收有效问卷716份,问卷回收率为84.24%。通过对调查数据的描述性统计、独立样本T检验、方差分析等,本研究得到如下结果:
(1)不同性别的大学生被试在报恩、记恩、珍惜感、谢恩、识恩五个因子上呈现显著差异,且女生在各因子上的得分均高于男生。
(2)在居住地变量上存在显著差异,分别是报恩、感恩父母、感恩老师、识恩和亏欠感,且在前三个因子上的差异是极其显著的。且在五个因子上,来自农村的大学生被试的得分都高于来自城市的大学生被试。
(3)独生子女与非独生子女在报恩、感恩父母以及亏欠感三个因子上存在显著差异,且非独生子女在这三个因子上的得分要高于独生子女的得分。
(4)接受支助与未接受支助的大学生被试只在施恩因子上存在显著差异,且接受支助的大学生被试的得分更高。而在谢恩、报恩这两个因子上,并没有出现本研究所预计的显著性差异。
(5)不同专业之间在感恩老师因子上存在显著差异。艺体类被试与其他三类专业之间存在显著差异,且得分高于其他三类专业的被试。
(6)不同年级的大学生之间在报恩、感恩父母、珍惜感、施恩四个因子上存在显著差异。在四个因子上的得分,大一、大二两个年级更为接近,大三、大四两个年级比较接近,而低年级与高年级之间则存在较大差别。
(7)居住地与独生/非独生子女两个变量在感恩父母因子上存在显著的交互作用。
(8)大学生感恩品质总体情况处于中等偏上水平,各因子的均值都在3以上。其中,均值最大的因子是感恩父母,最小的是亏欠感。就感恩品质的内容而言,相比之下,表现较弱的依次为报恩、记恩、施恩、亏欠感四个因子。而在感恩对象上,对于父母的感恩程度明显高于对老师的感恩。
本研究对感恩的界定是综合西方学者与我国学者研究成果的结果,更加全面地揭示了感恩的真正内涵;同时,对于感恩品质心理结构二阶因子的探讨是首次尝试,并据此编制出《大学生感恩品质调查问卷》,具有创新意义;本研究的调查结果反映了社会各界关注的大学生感恩现状,对于高效如何开展感恩教育有一定启发意义。
Gratitude is one trait discussed from ancient times on. It is not only a favor of oneself, but of the relationship between one another. So, it is also one important character researched by Positive-Psychology. At the period of constructing Harmonious-Society , gratitude has its special significance. As the constructer, the college students' personal trait is followed by all social circles. Along with the negative reports on the current situation of college students' gratitude, it appears that more discussion on this theme. However, there were a few empirical studies on it. If we want to find out the veritable situation, empirical study is our inevitable choice.
Based on the achievements of other investigators, "gratitude" as one personal trait defined as follows: the trait put up in the process of recognizing, remembering, thanking, reciprocate on others' benefits, and even obliging. Based on the contents of this study, the questionnaire was adapted as follows;
We investigated 15 universities in Chongqing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Xian, Luoyang, Wuxi, Nanchang and Hohhot. We send out 850 pieces of questionnaires, and recovered 716 pieces. The results of this study are as follows:
(1) Boys and girls are distinctly different on the factors such as recognizing, remembering, thanking, reciprocate on others' benefits, and cherishment. The girls' scores were all higher than boys'.
(2) The college students came from cities and rural areas which are distinctly different on the factors such as recognizing, reciprocate on others' benefits, owe-feeling, and the gratitude to parents and teachers. Still, the scores of girls were still higher than their counterparts' boys.
(3) The only children in their families and children born with siblings are distinctly different on three factors which include; reciprocate on others' benefits, owe-feeling, and the gratitude to parents. On this variable, boys scored more than girls.
(4) To be provided with financial aid or not has an influence on the standard of obliging. And the children who didn't have financial aid scored higher than those who had. But the difference on thanking, reciprocate on others' benefits expected by the author did not appear.
(5) The college students in different majors are distinctly different. The students in Arts and Sports scored higher than students from other majors.
(6) The students on different grades are distinctly different on factors which consist of; reciprocate on others' benefits, obliging, cherishment and the gratitude to parents. The scores between first form and sophomore are similar to each other and the scores between junior class and senior class is closer.
(7) The factors of ghetto and the only child/ children born with siblings are mutually influenced by one another on the gratitude to parents.
(8) As a whole, the standard of college students' gratitude situation is higher than medium level. Concretely, the mean on the gratitude to parents is highest, and the lowest one is the owe-feeling.
The definition of gratitude is the results of the composite of ancestors' achievements, so it reflects the connotation of gratitude more roundly. At the same time, the discussion about the content of gratitude is the first attempt, and the establishment of "The Questionnaires on the Trait of Gratitude of College Students", also possess innovative significance. The results of this study reflect the situation of the trait of gratitude of college students', and it enlightens the gratitude-education in college.
本研究在总结中西方有关感恩的内涵研究成果的基础上,结合中国文化特色,将感恩界定为一种品质,即个体在识恩、记恩、谢恩、报恩,乃至施恩的过程中所表现出的一种心理品质。并在借鉴品德心理结构的基础上,对感恩认知、感恩情感及感恩行为三个维度的二阶因子进行了探索。
本研究在包括重庆、广州、上海、西安、昆明、洛阳、无锡、南昌、呼和浩特在内的9个城市共15所大学发放调查问卷850份,回收有效问卷716份,问卷回收率为84.24%。通过对调查数据的描述性统计、独立样本T检验、方差分析等,本研究得到如下结果:
(1)不同性别的大学生被试在报恩、记恩、珍惜感、谢恩、识恩五个因子上呈现显著差异,且女生在各因子上的得分均高于男生。
(2)在居住地变量上存在显著差异,分别是报恩、感恩父母、感恩老师、识恩和亏欠感,且在前三个因子上的差异是极其显著的。且在五个因子上,来自农村的大学生被试的得分都高于来自城市的大学生被试。
(3)独生子女与非独生子女在报恩、感恩父母以及亏欠感三个因子上存在显著差异,且非独生子女在这三个因子上的得分要高于独生子女的得分。
(4)接受支助与未接受支助的大学生被试只在施恩因子上存在显著差异,且接受支助的大学生被试的得分更高。而在谢恩、报恩这两个因子上,并没有出现本研究所预计的显著性差异。
(5)不同专业之间在感恩老师因子上存在显著差异。艺体类被试与其他三类专业之间存在显著差异,且得分高于其他三类专业的被试。
(6)不同年级的大学生之间在报恩、感恩父母、珍惜感、施恩四个因子上存在显著差异。在四个因子上的得分,大一、大二两个年级更为接近,大三、大四两个年级比较接近,而低年级与高年级之间则存在较大差别。
(7)居住地与独生/非独生子女两个变量在感恩父母因子上存在显著的交互作用。
(8)大学生感恩品质总体情况处于中等偏上水平,各因子的均值都在3以上。其中,均值最大的因子是感恩父母,最小的是亏欠感。就感恩品质的内容而言,相比之下,表现较弱的依次为报恩、记恩、施恩、亏欠感四个因子。而在感恩对象上,对于父母的感恩程度明显高于对老师的感恩。
本研究对感恩的界定是综合西方学者与我国学者研究成果的结果,更加全面地揭示了感恩的真正内涵;同时,对于感恩品质心理结构二阶因子的探讨是首次尝试,并据此编制出《大学生感恩品质调查问卷》,具有创新意义;本研究的调查结果反映了社会各界关注的大学生感恩现状,对于高效如何开展感恩教育有一定启发意义。
Gratitude is one trait discussed from ancient times on. It is not only a favor of oneself, but of the relationship between one another. So, it is also one important character researched by Positive-Psychology. At the period of constructing Harmonious-Society , gratitude has its special significance. As the constructer, the college students' personal trait is followed by all social circles. Along with the negative reports on the current situation of college students' gratitude, it appears that more discussion on this theme. However, there were a few empirical studies on it. If we want to find out the veritable situation, empirical study is our inevitable choice.
Based on the achievements of other investigators, "gratitude" as one personal trait defined as follows: the trait put up in the process of recognizing, remembering, thanking, reciprocate on others' benefits, and even obliging. Based on the contents of this study, the questionnaire was adapted as follows;
We investigated 15 universities in Chongqing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Xian, Luoyang, Wuxi, Nanchang and Hohhot. We send out 850 pieces of questionnaires, and recovered 716 pieces. The results of this study are as follows:
(1) Boys and girls are distinctly different on the factors such as recognizing, remembering, thanking, reciprocate on others' benefits, and cherishment. The girls' scores were all higher than boys'.
(2) The college students came from cities and rural areas which are distinctly different on the factors such as recognizing, reciprocate on others' benefits, owe-feeling, and the gratitude to parents and teachers. Still, the scores of girls were still higher than their counterparts' boys.
(3) The only children in their families and children born with siblings are distinctly different on three factors which include; reciprocate on others' benefits, owe-feeling, and the gratitude to parents. On this variable, boys scored more than girls.
(4) To be provided with financial aid or not has an influence on the standard of obliging. And the children who didn't have financial aid scored higher than those who had. But the difference on thanking, reciprocate on others' benefits expected by the author did not appear.
(5) The college students in different majors are distinctly different. The students in Arts and Sports scored higher than students from other majors.
(6) The students on different grades are distinctly different on factors which consist of; reciprocate on others' benefits, obliging, cherishment and the gratitude to parents. The scores between first form and sophomore are similar to each other and the scores between junior class and senior class is closer.
(7) The factors of ghetto and the only child/ children born with siblings are mutually influenced by one another on the gratitude to parents.
(8) As a whole, the standard of college students' gratitude situation is higher than medium level. Concretely, the mean on the gratitude to parents is highest, and the lowest one is the owe-feeling.
The definition of gratitude is the results of the composite of ancestors' achievements, so it reflects the connotation of gratitude more roundly. At the same time, the discussion about the content of gratitude is the first attempt, and the establishment of "The Questionnaires on the Trait of Gratitude of College Students", also possess innovative significance. The results of this study reflect the situation of the trait of gratitude of college students', and it enlightens the gratitude-education in college.
引文
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[2]庄端.感恩教育对和谐社会建设的意义探讨[J].福建医科大学学报(社会科学版)2006.12,7(4)
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[2]庄端.感恩教育对和谐社会建设的意义探讨[J].福建医科大学学报(社会科学版)2006.12,7(4)
[3]马克思.马克思思格斯选集.第1卷[M].北京:人民出版社,1972.18.
[4]E.P Seligman.Building human strength:psychology's forgotten mission APA monitor,1998,29(1).
[5]任俊.积极心理学.上海:上海教育出版社,2006.7.21
[6]Sheldon M,King L.Why Positive Psychology Is Necessary.American Psychologist,2001,56(3):216-217
[7]Seligrnan M E,Csikszentmihalyi M.Positive Psychology:an Introduction,American Psychologist,2000,55(1):5-14
[8]Snyder C D,Michael M.A positive psychology field of dreams:"If you build,it,they will come".Journal of Social and ClinicalPsychology,2000,19(1):151-160)
[9]马甜语.积极心理学:理念、视野及动向[J].赣南师范学院学报.2006(1)
[10]全国政协委员张倩红:高校要教学生懂得感恩[EB/OL].河南省教育网
[11]谢敬东.大学生感恩意识的缺失及培养[J].思想教育研究.2006(8)
[12]俞文德.加强大学生感恩教育[J].当代青年研究.2005(8)
[13]陈昌兴,刘利才.当代社会感恩意识缺失的根源、危害及其对策思考[J].青海社会科学.2006(11)
[14]周华琼.大学生感恩意识的分析与引导.思想教育研究[J].2006(10)
[15]林若红.感恩教育--高职德育生活化的有效途径[J].职大学报,2005.(3):132-134
[16]Seneca LA.On benefits.In Moral essays,with an English translation by John W Basore:Vol.Ⅲ[Loeb Classical Library].Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press.1935
[17]刘建岭.感恩:心理学研究的一个新领域:河南大学硕士研究生学位论文.开封:河南大学,2005
[18](英)亚当·斯密,谢祖钧 译.道德情感论[M].西安:陕西人民出版社:2003:74
[19]Kant Ⅰ.The metaphysical principles of virtue:Part Ⅱ of The metaphysics of morals (J.Ellington,Trans.).Indianapolis,IN:Bobbs-Merrill.1964(Original work
[20]Simmel G.The sociology of Georg Simmel.Glencoe,IL:Free Press.195
[21]Gouldner A W.The norm of reciprocity:A preliminary statement.American
[22]Schwartz B.The social psychology of the gift.American Journal Sociology,
[23]Trivers R L.The evolution of reciprocal altruism.Quarterly Review of Biology,
[24]Heider F.The psychology of interpersonal relations.New York:Wiley.1958
[25]Solomon R C.The passions.Garden City,NY:Anchor Books.1977
[26]Hamed D B.Patience:How we wait upon the world.Cambridge,MA:Cowley.1997
[27]Bertocci PA,Millard R M.Personality and the good:Psychological and ethical perspectives.New York:David McKay.1963
[28]Emmons,R.A.,& McCullough,M.E.(2003a).Counting blessings versus burdens:An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,84,377-389.
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