基于球状蛋白和葡聚糖自组装制备具有核壳结构的纳米凝胶及其作为药物载体的初步研究
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摘要
随着科学技术的不断进步和发展,各学科知识不断交叉和相互渗透。纳米科技与生命医学的结合,使人类在疾病诊断、治疗等方面获得了新的认识和途径,纳米载药体系就是其中一个很有生命力的研究方向。化学家将生命科学的自组装引入到化学领域,通过分子水平上的自组装来构筑各种组装体已经发展成为制备纳米功能材料的主要手段。在这一背景下,两亲性高分子自组装得到的具有核壳结构的纳米粒子由于具备长循环等特点,在药物载体领域有着广阔的应用前景。当前研究较多的是合成高分子纳米载药体系,但其前体制备繁琐,常常需要使用有机溶剂,还存在成本和使用安全问题。另一方面,蛋白质和多糖等天然高分子来源广泛,具有良好的生物降解性和生物相容性,和很多药物分子存在较强的相互作用,在药物制剂领域已有广泛的应用。但是,目前基于蛋白质和多糖自组装制备具有核壳结构的纳米粒子及其用作药物载体的研究报道尚少。
本文中,我们引入了两个在食品加工中常见的反应——Maillard反应和蛋白质加热凝胶化反应来实现球状蛋白和葡聚糖的组装。蛋白质在加热条件下变性并发生凝胶化,通过Maillard反应共价结合到蛋白质上的葡聚糖抑制了蛋白质宏观聚集形成了纳米凝胶。这种纳米凝胶表面山葡聚糖组成,其核由球状蛋白热交联网络结构组成,在生理pH和离子强度下具有很高的稳定性和储存稳定性。制备过程在全水相环境中进行,不使用有机溶剂、表面活性剂以及其它有毒试剂。此外,我们还利用药物和蛋白质的次价键作用,实现纳米凝胶高载药量和缓释的目的。具体包括了以下四个部分的工作:
第一部分选用溶菌酶和葡聚糖进行组装制备溶菌酶-葡聚糖纳米凝胶,介绍了一种新型的基于球状蛋白和亲水性多糖的具有核壳结构的纳米凝胶的制备方法,并对此类纳米凝胶的形成机理、结构、性质以及药物负载性能进行了研究。我们首先通过溶菌酶与葡聚糖进行Maillard反应制备了溶菌酶-葡聚糖共价结合物,然后通过加热诱导此共价结合物凝胶化得到溶菌酶-葡聚糖纳米凝胶。我们详细考察了制备纳米凝胶过程中的各种影响因素,得到了最佳的制备条件,在最佳制备条件下可以得到单分散的粒径约200 nm的纳米凝胶粒子。溶菌酶-葡聚糖纳米凝胶粒子基本呈球形,具有核壳结构,其核由溶菌酶组成,其壳由葡聚糖组成,其溶胀收缩比为30。溶菌酶-葡聚糖纳米凝胶在很宽pH范围内和高离子强度下都不发生二次聚集或解离,粒径不随pH值的变化而变化。溶菌酶-葡聚糖纳米凝胶溶液很稳定,4℃储存期可达6个月以上,其冻干粉末样品可重新水合分散。我们还选用布洛芬为药物模型,研究了不同pH值下溶菌酶-葡聚糖纳米凝胶对布洛芬的包埋,结果表明溶菌酶-葡聚糖纳米凝胶适合于包埋疏水性药物。此外,我们还发现其它球状蛋白质和葡聚糖也可以通过类似方法组装得到纳米凝胶,证明了这种纳米凝胶制备方法具有普适性。
第二部分选用在生物医药领域广泛应用的牛血清白蛋白和葡聚糖进行组装制备白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶。首先通过白蛋白和葡聚糖进行Maillard反应制备了白蛋白-葡聚糖共价结合物,然后加热白蛋白-葡聚糖共价结合物溶液即可得到白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶。我们详细研究了制备过程中的各种影响因素,得到了白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶的最佳制备条件,在最佳制备条件下可以得到单分散的粒径约200 nm的纳米凝胶粒子。我们还根据文献报道通过去溶剂-热交联法制备了单独白蛋白纳米粒子,并对比了单独白蛋白纳米粒子和白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶在不同pH条件下的聚集行为,发现单独白蛋白纳米粒子在白蛋白等电点附近发生明显的二次聚集,而白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶在白蛋白等电点附近不发生二次聚集。白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶具有核壳结构,其核由白蛋白组成,其壳由葡聚糖组成。白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶溶液很稳定,4℃储存期可达数月以上,其冻干粉末样品可重新水合分散。以芘为探针进行荧光测试,发现白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶具有较强的疏水性。我们选用阿霉素为药物模型,研究了白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶在不同的pH下对阿霉素的包埋性质,其最高包埋量和包埋效率分别可达30%和75%。
第三部分选用布洛芬、白蛋白和葡聚糖制备布洛芬-白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶。首先通过Maillard反应制备白蛋白-葡聚糖共价结合物,然后混合布洛芬和白蛋白-葡聚糖共价结合物形成纳米复合物,再进一步加热得到布洛芬-白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶。我们详细考察了制备布洛芬-白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶过程中的各种影响因素,得到了纳米凝胶的最佳制备条件,在最佳制备条件下可以得到单分散的粒径约60-70 nm的纳米凝胶粒子。研究发现布洛芬-白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶粒子呈球形,具有核壳结构,其壳由葡聚糖组成,核由布洛芬和白蛋白共同组成。布洛芬在纳米凝胶中的最高包埋量和包埋效率可分别达到50%和90%以上。布洛芬-白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶溶液很稳定,其冻干粉末样品可重新水合分散。布洛芬的体外释放研究表明,包载布洛芬的布洛芬-白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶在高离子强度下释放布洛芬的速度较快,在低离子强度下释放速度较慢。
第四部分选用抗肿瘤药物盐酸阿霉素、白蛋白和葡聚糖制备阿霉素-白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶。首先通过Maillard反应制备白蛋白-葡聚糖共价结合物,然后混合阿霉素和白蛋白-葡聚糖共价结合物形成复合物,经过加热组装得到阿霉素-白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶。我们详细考察了制备阿霉素-白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶过程中的各种影响因素,得到了纳米凝胶的最佳制备条件,在最佳制备条件下可以得到单分散的粒径约120 nm的纳米凝胶粒子。纳米凝胶粒子呈球形,具有核壳结构,其壳由葡聚糖组成,其核由阿霉素和白蛋白共同组成。阿霉素在阿霉素-白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶中的最高包埋量和包埋效率可分别达到45%和95%以上。阿霉素的体外释放研究表明,包载阿霉素的阿霉素-白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶具备较好的缓释效果,在pH 7.4缓冲溶液中释放阿霉素较慢,在pH 5.0缓冲溶液中释放阿霉素相对较快。
With the development of science and technology,the knowledge on different subjects is intercrossing and integrating.Nanomedicine that emerges from nanotechnology and medicine shows great potential in diagnosis and therapy. Multifunctional nanocarriers are a particularly hot topic in nanomedicine.The concept of self-assembly in life science was introduced into chemistry,and molecular based self-assembly offers one of the most general strategies for fabricating nanostructure materials.Self-assembled core-shell nanoparticles of amphiphilic polymers with PEG segment show its unique "stealth" properties when they are used as drug carriers.The polymeric nanoparticles based on synthetic polymers have been widely studied; however,they are limited by their high cost,non-green process and health safety.On the other hand,biopolymers such as proteins and polysaccharides with good biocompatibility and biodegradability are extensively used in pharmaceutics fields, because of its natural source and binding abilities with drugs.However,up to now, there are few reports of self-assembled core-shell nanoparticles based on proteins and polysaccharides as well as their biomedical application.
Maillard reaction and protein gelation were introduced into our work to prepare nanogels from globular proteins and polysaccharides(dextran).Upon heating globular proteins tend to be denatured and form aggregates,but dextran that conjugated into the protein prevents the macroscopic aggregates leading to nanogels formation.The shell of the nanogels is composed of dextran and their core is protein gels.The nanogels display good stabilities in physiological conditions.The preparation process is carried out in aqueous solution,avoiding of organic solvent,surfactants and other toxic agents.In addition,non-covalent interactions between proteins and drugs were also introduced into our work to obtain high drug loading capacity and sustained release.This thesis contains the following four parts:
Firstly,lysozyme and dextran,two natural biopolymers,were used to prepare lysozyme-dextran nanogels.A novel method has been developed for preparing nanogels with globular protein core and dextran shell.The method involves Maillard dry-heat process and heat-gelation process.The effects of different factors on the formation of nanogels were studied,and monodispersed nanogels with 200 nm diameter were obtained under optimum conditions.The nanogels have a spherical shape having a lysozyme core and dextran shell structure and swelling ratio of about 30.The nanogel solutions are very stable against long term storage at 4℃,even with pH and ionic strength changes.Besides,the nanogels can be stored as lyophilized powder.As a drug model,ibuprofen can be loaded into the nanogels by virtue of their electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions.The largest loading amount(8.8%) and the best efficiency(43%) of ibuprofen loading were achieved in its protonated form.The knowledge gained from these studies on the mechanism of formation of lysozyme-dextran nanogels is significant and the strategies developed thereby can be effectively applied to prepare other globular protein-dextran nanogels.
Secondly,bovine serum albumin(BSA) and dextran were used to fabricate BSA-dextran nanogels.In general,dextran was first covalent conjugated to albumin by Maillard reaction,and then the conjugate solution was heated to produce BSA-dextran nanogels.Effects of variable parameters of formulation and process on nanogel formation were studied,and monodispersed nanogels with 200 nm diameter were obtained under optimum conditions.TEM and t-potential confirmed a core-shell structure and a spherical shape.The nanogel can be stored for months at 4℃and re-dispersible after lyophilization.In addition,the nanogels are stable in a broad pH range,while unmodified BSA nanoparticles flocculate around the isoelectric point of BSA.A pyrene probe fluorescence measurement shows a relative hydrophobic environment in the nanogels.As a drug model,doxorubicin can be loaded into the nanogels by virtue of their electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions.The largest loading amount(30%) and the best efficiency(75%) of doxorubicin loading were achieved at neutral pH.
Thirdly,ibuprofen,bovine serum albumin(BSA) and dextran were used to fabricate ibuprofen-BSA-dextran nanogels.BSA-dextran conjugates were first synthesized,then ibuprofen and the conjugates were mixed together to produce ibuprofen-BSA-dextran nanocomplexes,finally the nanocomplexes were heated to obtain ibuprofen-BSA-dextran nanogels.Effects of variable parameters of formulation and process on ibuprofen-BSA-dextran nanogel formation were studied, and monodispersed nanogels with 60 - 70 nm diameter were obtained under optimum conditions.Besides,the nanogels can be stored as lyophilized powder.The nanogels have a spherical shape having a BSA and ibuprofen core and dextran shell structure. The technique used can produce a high loading capacity for ibuprofen,the largest loading amount and efficiency of ibuprofen in the nanogels is above 50%and 90%, respectively.In vitro release study showed a sustained release of ibuprofen from the nanogels in a low ionic strength solution,and a rapid release of ibuprofen from the nanogels in a high ionic strength solution.
Finally,doxorubicin,bovine serum albumin(BSA) and dextran were used to fabricate doxorubicin-BSA-dextran nanogels.BSA-dextran conjugates were first synthesized,then doxorubicin and the conjugates were mixed to produce doxorubicin-BSA-dextran soluble complexes,finally the complexes were further heated to obtain doxorubicin-BSA-dextran nanogels.Effects of variable parameters of formulation and process on doxorubicin-BSA-dextran nanogel formation were studied, and monodispersed nanogels with 120 nm diameter were obtained under optimum conditions.The nanogels have a spherical shape having a BSA and doxorubicin core and dextran shell structure.The technique used can produce a high loading capacity for doxorubicin,the largest loading amount and efficiency of doxorubicin in the nanogels is 45%and 95%,respectively.In vitro release study shows a sustained release of doxorubicin from the nanogels,and a relatively rapider release of doxorubicin at pH 5.0 than that of at pH 7.4.
本文中,我们引入了两个在食品加工中常见的反应——Maillard反应和蛋白质加热凝胶化反应来实现球状蛋白和葡聚糖的组装。蛋白质在加热条件下变性并发生凝胶化,通过Maillard反应共价结合到蛋白质上的葡聚糖抑制了蛋白质宏观聚集形成了纳米凝胶。这种纳米凝胶表面山葡聚糖组成,其核由球状蛋白热交联网络结构组成,在生理pH和离子强度下具有很高的稳定性和储存稳定性。制备过程在全水相环境中进行,不使用有机溶剂、表面活性剂以及其它有毒试剂。此外,我们还利用药物和蛋白质的次价键作用,实现纳米凝胶高载药量和缓释的目的。具体包括了以下四个部分的工作:
第一部分选用溶菌酶和葡聚糖进行组装制备溶菌酶-葡聚糖纳米凝胶,介绍了一种新型的基于球状蛋白和亲水性多糖的具有核壳结构的纳米凝胶的制备方法,并对此类纳米凝胶的形成机理、结构、性质以及药物负载性能进行了研究。我们首先通过溶菌酶与葡聚糖进行Maillard反应制备了溶菌酶-葡聚糖共价结合物,然后通过加热诱导此共价结合物凝胶化得到溶菌酶-葡聚糖纳米凝胶。我们详细考察了制备纳米凝胶过程中的各种影响因素,得到了最佳的制备条件,在最佳制备条件下可以得到单分散的粒径约200 nm的纳米凝胶粒子。溶菌酶-葡聚糖纳米凝胶粒子基本呈球形,具有核壳结构,其核由溶菌酶组成,其壳由葡聚糖组成,其溶胀收缩比为30。溶菌酶-葡聚糖纳米凝胶在很宽pH范围内和高离子强度下都不发生二次聚集或解离,粒径不随pH值的变化而变化。溶菌酶-葡聚糖纳米凝胶溶液很稳定,4℃储存期可达6个月以上,其冻干粉末样品可重新水合分散。我们还选用布洛芬为药物模型,研究了不同pH值下溶菌酶-葡聚糖纳米凝胶对布洛芬的包埋,结果表明溶菌酶-葡聚糖纳米凝胶适合于包埋疏水性药物。此外,我们还发现其它球状蛋白质和葡聚糖也可以通过类似方法组装得到纳米凝胶,证明了这种纳米凝胶制备方法具有普适性。
第二部分选用在生物医药领域广泛应用的牛血清白蛋白和葡聚糖进行组装制备白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶。首先通过白蛋白和葡聚糖进行Maillard反应制备了白蛋白-葡聚糖共价结合物,然后加热白蛋白-葡聚糖共价结合物溶液即可得到白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶。我们详细研究了制备过程中的各种影响因素,得到了白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶的最佳制备条件,在最佳制备条件下可以得到单分散的粒径约200 nm的纳米凝胶粒子。我们还根据文献报道通过去溶剂-热交联法制备了单独白蛋白纳米粒子,并对比了单独白蛋白纳米粒子和白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶在不同pH条件下的聚集行为,发现单独白蛋白纳米粒子在白蛋白等电点附近发生明显的二次聚集,而白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶在白蛋白等电点附近不发生二次聚集。白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶具有核壳结构,其核由白蛋白组成,其壳由葡聚糖组成。白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶溶液很稳定,4℃储存期可达数月以上,其冻干粉末样品可重新水合分散。以芘为探针进行荧光测试,发现白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶具有较强的疏水性。我们选用阿霉素为药物模型,研究了白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶在不同的pH下对阿霉素的包埋性质,其最高包埋量和包埋效率分别可达30%和75%。
第三部分选用布洛芬、白蛋白和葡聚糖制备布洛芬-白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶。首先通过Maillard反应制备白蛋白-葡聚糖共价结合物,然后混合布洛芬和白蛋白-葡聚糖共价结合物形成纳米复合物,再进一步加热得到布洛芬-白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶。我们详细考察了制备布洛芬-白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶过程中的各种影响因素,得到了纳米凝胶的最佳制备条件,在最佳制备条件下可以得到单分散的粒径约60-70 nm的纳米凝胶粒子。研究发现布洛芬-白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶粒子呈球形,具有核壳结构,其壳由葡聚糖组成,核由布洛芬和白蛋白共同组成。布洛芬在纳米凝胶中的最高包埋量和包埋效率可分别达到50%和90%以上。布洛芬-白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶溶液很稳定,其冻干粉末样品可重新水合分散。布洛芬的体外释放研究表明,包载布洛芬的布洛芬-白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶在高离子强度下释放布洛芬的速度较快,在低离子强度下释放速度较慢。
第四部分选用抗肿瘤药物盐酸阿霉素、白蛋白和葡聚糖制备阿霉素-白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶。首先通过Maillard反应制备白蛋白-葡聚糖共价结合物,然后混合阿霉素和白蛋白-葡聚糖共价结合物形成复合物,经过加热组装得到阿霉素-白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶。我们详细考察了制备阿霉素-白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶过程中的各种影响因素,得到了纳米凝胶的最佳制备条件,在最佳制备条件下可以得到单分散的粒径约120 nm的纳米凝胶粒子。纳米凝胶粒子呈球形,具有核壳结构,其壳由葡聚糖组成,其核由阿霉素和白蛋白共同组成。阿霉素在阿霉素-白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶中的最高包埋量和包埋效率可分别达到45%和95%以上。阿霉素的体外释放研究表明,包载阿霉素的阿霉素-白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶具备较好的缓释效果,在pH 7.4缓冲溶液中释放阿霉素较慢,在pH 5.0缓冲溶液中释放阿霉素相对较快。
With the development of science and technology,the knowledge on different subjects is intercrossing and integrating.Nanomedicine that emerges from nanotechnology and medicine shows great potential in diagnosis and therapy. Multifunctional nanocarriers are a particularly hot topic in nanomedicine.The concept of self-assembly in life science was introduced into chemistry,and molecular based self-assembly offers one of the most general strategies for fabricating nanostructure materials.Self-assembled core-shell nanoparticles of amphiphilic polymers with PEG segment show its unique "stealth" properties when they are used as drug carriers.The polymeric nanoparticles based on synthetic polymers have been widely studied; however,they are limited by their high cost,non-green process and health safety.On the other hand,biopolymers such as proteins and polysaccharides with good biocompatibility and biodegradability are extensively used in pharmaceutics fields, because of its natural source and binding abilities with drugs.However,up to now, there are few reports of self-assembled core-shell nanoparticles based on proteins and polysaccharides as well as their biomedical application.
Maillard reaction and protein gelation were introduced into our work to prepare nanogels from globular proteins and polysaccharides(dextran).Upon heating globular proteins tend to be denatured and form aggregates,but dextran that conjugated into the protein prevents the macroscopic aggregates leading to nanogels formation.The shell of the nanogels is composed of dextran and their core is protein gels.The nanogels display good stabilities in physiological conditions.The preparation process is carried out in aqueous solution,avoiding of organic solvent,surfactants and other toxic agents.In addition,non-covalent interactions between proteins and drugs were also introduced into our work to obtain high drug loading capacity and sustained release.This thesis contains the following four parts:
Firstly,lysozyme and dextran,two natural biopolymers,were used to prepare lysozyme-dextran nanogels.A novel method has been developed for preparing nanogels with globular protein core and dextran shell.The method involves Maillard dry-heat process and heat-gelation process.The effects of different factors on the formation of nanogels were studied,and monodispersed nanogels with 200 nm diameter were obtained under optimum conditions.The nanogels have a spherical shape having a lysozyme core and dextran shell structure and swelling ratio of about 30.The nanogel solutions are very stable against long term storage at 4℃,even with pH and ionic strength changes.Besides,the nanogels can be stored as lyophilized powder.As a drug model,ibuprofen can be loaded into the nanogels by virtue of their electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions.The largest loading amount(8.8%) and the best efficiency(43%) of ibuprofen loading were achieved in its protonated form.The knowledge gained from these studies on the mechanism of formation of lysozyme-dextran nanogels is significant and the strategies developed thereby can be effectively applied to prepare other globular protein-dextran nanogels.
Secondly,bovine serum albumin(BSA) and dextran were used to fabricate BSA-dextran nanogels.In general,dextran was first covalent conjugated to albumin by Maillard reaction,and then the conjugate solution was heated to produce BSA-dextran nanogels.Effects of variable parameters of formulation and process on nanogel formation were studied,and monodispersed nanogels with 200 nm diameter were obtained under optimum conditions.TEM and t-potential confirmed a core-shell structure and a spherical shape.The nanogel can be stored for months at 4℃and re-dispersible after lyophilization.In addition,the nanogels are stable in a broad pH range,while unmodified BSA nanoparticles flocculate around the isoelectric point of BSA.A pyrene probe fluorescence measurement shows a relative hydrophobic environment in the nanogels.As a drug model,doxorubicin can be loaded into the nanogels by virtue of their electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions.The largest loading amount(30%) and the best efficiency(75%) of doxorubicin loading were achieved at neutral pH.
Thirdly,ibuprofen,bovine serum albumin(BSA) and dextran were used to fabricate ibuprofen-BSA-dextran nanogels.BSA-dextran conjugates were first synthesized,then ibuprofen and the conjugates were mixed together to produce ibuprofen-BSA-dextran nanocomplexes,finally the nanocomplexes were heated to obtain ibuprofen-BSA-dextran nanogels.Effects of variable parameters of formulation and process on ibuprofen-BSA-dextran nanogel formation were studied, and monodispersed nanogels with 60 - 70 nm diameter were obtained under optimum conditions.Besides,the nanogels can be stored as lyophilized powder.The nanogels have a spherical shape having a BSA and ibuprofen core and dextran shell structure. The technique used can produce a high loading capacity for ibuprofen,the largest loading amount and efficiency of ibuprofen in the nanogels is above 50%and 90%, respectively.In vitro release study showed a sustained release of ibuprofen from the nanogels in a low ionic strength solution,and a rapid release of ibuprofen from the nanogels in a high ionic strength solution.
Finally,doxorubicin,bovine serum albumin(BSA) and dextran were used to fabricate doxorubicin-BSA-dextran nanogels.BSA-dextran conjugates were first synthesized,then doxorubicin and the conjugates were mixed to produce doxorubicin-BSA-dextran soluble complexes,finally the complexes were further heated to obtain doxorubicin-BSA-dextran nanogels.Effects of variable parameters of formulation and process on doxorubicin-BSA-dextran nanogel formation were studied, and monodispersed nanogels with 120 nm diameter were obtained under optimum conditions.The nanogels have a spherical shape having a BSA and doxorubicin core and dextran shell structure.The technique used can produce a high loading capacity for doxorubicin,the largest loading amount and efficiency of doxorubicin in the nanogels is 45%and 95%,respectively.In vitro release study shows a sustained release of doxorubicin from the nanogels,and a relatively rapider release of doxorubicin at pH 5.0 than that of at pH 7.4.
引文
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