陕南公路边坡地质灾害监测预警研究
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摘要
陕南地区公路边坡地质灾害的诱发因素较多,且不同的地质环境,不同的降雨条件下,公路边坡发生灾害的规模和类型也不同。目前山区公路的快速发展促进了区域经济的发展,但公路建设及运营也对周围环境的稳定性造成了一定的影响,公路灾害发生率越来越高,尤其是汛期降雨集中的时候,灾害的发生直接到了影响交通通畅和行车安全。因此,研究陕南公路边坡在降雨期间边坡稳定性的影响因素,建立降雨预警模型,制定应急预案和抢险措施,对公路建设和管理部门的防灾减灾工作有重要意义。
首先,本文从地貌特征、岩性及地质构造、水文地质和降水等方面分析了陕南的自然环境概况,并通过历史灾害资料统计和实地调查,在分析公路地质灾害的基础上,总结陕南G316路段的主要地质灾害类型为崩塌、滑坡、泥石流。同时,文章针对不同的灾害类型提出了不同的监测方法。
其次,分析了影响公路边坡的因素主要有地质因素(地形地貌、地质构造和新构造活动、地下水、边坡结构)和非地质因素(降雨因素、地震因素、人类不合理的工程经济活动),指出在众多影响因素中,降雨和边坡结构是最主要的影响因素。通过信息量预测法结合实地经验对陕南山区进行危险性分区,对公路灾害进行空间预测；通过降雨量的历史资料统计,建立有效降雨量预警模型,分析公路边坡的抗灾能力,对公路灾害进行时间预测；可以将时间预测和空间预测的结果进行耦合,进行区域内公路灾害的时空预测。
最后,按照公路边坡地质灾害发生的规模及类型对其进行预警分级,根据不同的预警级别制定不同级别的应急响应程序。制定应急预案及应急抢险措施,为灾害发生时公路管理部门应急抢险提供依据。
There are many factors can cause highway slope geological disasters in the southern of Shanxi, and different geological environments, different rainfall conditions, the size and type of the slope disasters are also different. The rapid development of mountain road is promoting the economic development, but also affecting the stability of the surrounding environment. The increasing of road hazards affect the traffic smoothly and driving safety, especially in the rainy season. Therefore, studying on the factors about stability of the highway slope in the rainy season, establishing the early warning model, developing contingency plans and emergency measures are important for the disaster prevention and reduction.
First, this paper analysis the natural environment of the south of Shanxi from geomorphology, lithology and geological structure, hydrogeological and rainfall, combining the data analysis and the field survey, based on the analysis on the highway geological hazards, the main geological hazards on the G316 of the south Shanxi are collapse, landslide and debris flow. At the same time, this paper made for different types of disasters of different monitoring methods.
Second, it analyzes the main factors which affect the highway slope are geological factors(topography, geological structure and new construction activities, groundwater, slope structure) and non-geological factors (rainfall factor, seismic factors, the human irrational economic activities of the project), and among these factors,the rainfall and slope structure are the most important factor. Divided risk zoning through the information and field experience, and make the spatial prediction to the south of Shanxi. Establishing the early warning model, analyzing the slope of the resilience through the rainfall data, make the time prediction of the highway disaster. And then, combined with the time prediction and space prediction could make the space-time prediction of the region highway disaster.
Finally, divided the warning grade accordance with the size and type of the geological disasters, and according the different warning levels for different levels of emergency response procedures. Development of contingency plans and emergency rescue measures as the basis to the road management department for emergency rescue.
首先,本文从地貌特征、岩性及地质构造、水文地质和降水等方面分析了陕南的自然环境概况,并通过历史灾害资料统计和实地调查,在分析公路地质灾害的基础上,总结陕南G316路段的主要地质灾害类型为崩塌、滑坡、泥石流。同时,文章针对不同的灾害类型提出了不同的监测方法。
其次,分析了影响公路边坡的因素主要有地质因素(地形地貌、地质构造和新构造活动、地下水、边坡结构)和非地质因素(降雨因素、地震因素、人类不合理的工程经济活动),指出在众多影响因素中,降雨和边坡结构是最主要的影响因素。通过信息量预测法结合实地经验对陕南山区进行危险性分区,对公路灾害进行空间预测；通过降雨量的历史资料统计,建立有效降雨量预警模型,分析公路边坡的抗灾能力,对公路灾害进行时间预测；可以将时间预测和空间预测的结果进行耦合,进行区域内公路灾害的时空预测。
最后,按照公路边坡地质灾害发生的规模及类型对其进行预警分级,根据不同的预警级别制定不同级别的应急响应程序。制定应急预案及应急抢险措施,为灾害发生时公路管理部门应急抢险提供依据。
There are many factors can cause highway slope geological disasters in the southern of Shanxi, and different geological environments, different rainfall conditions, the size and type of the slope disasters are also different. The rapid development of mountain road is promoting the economic development, but also affecting the stability of the surrounding environment. The increasing of road hazards affect the traffic smoothly and driving safety, especially in the rainy season. Therefore, studying on the factors about stability of the highway slope in the rainy season, establishing the early warning model, developing contingency plans and emergency measures are important for the disaster prevention and reduction.
First, this paper analysis the natural environment of the south of Shanxi from geomorphology, lithology and geological structure, hydrogeological and rainfall, combining the data analysis and the field survey, based on the analysis on the highway geological hazards, the main geological hazards on the G316 of the south Shanxi are collapse, landslide and debris flow. At the same time, this paper made for different types of disasters of different monitoring methods.
Second, it analyzes the main factors which affect the highway slope are geological factors(topography, geological structure and new construction activities, groundwater, slope structure) and non-geological factors (rainfall factor, seismic factors, the human irrational economic activities of the project), and among these factors,the rainfall and slope structure are the most important factor. Divided risk zoning through the information and field experience, and make the spatial prediction to the south of Shanxi. Establishing the early warning model, analyzing the slope of the resilience through the rainfall data, make the time prediction of the highway disaster. And then, combined with the time prediction and space prediction could make the space-time prediction of the region highway disaster.
Finally, divided the warning grade accordance with the size and type of the geological disasters, and according the different warning levels for different levels of emergency response procedures. Development of contingency plans and emergency rescue measures as the basis to the road management department for emergency rescue.
引文
[1]王川,刘勇等.陕西省地质灾害预报预警研究[J].陕西气象,2006.
[2](孙果梅,况明生等.陕西秦巴山区地质灾害研究[J].水土保持研究.2005年10月,第12卷第5期.)
[3](第26届中国气象学会年会灾害天气事件的预警、预报及防灾减灾分会场论文集[C].2009.)
[4]Brand E.W. Landslide risk assessment in Hong Kong [J], Landslide,1988.。
[5]Wieczorek G.F.Landslide warning system in the San Francisco Bay region California [J],Landslide news,1990.
[6]徐峻龄,廖小平等.黄茨大型滑坡的检查预报[C].滑坡文集.北京：人民铁道出版社,第13集.
[7]于远忠.崩塌滑坡地质灾害宏观前兆机理研究[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1996,7
[8]文宝萍.滑坡预测预报研究现状与发展趋势[J].地学前缘,1996.
[9]杨忠.边坡变形监测与滑坡预报[J].露天采矿技术2003.
[10]王俊卿,刘振红,石守亮.东苗家滑坡体变形监测系统设计[J].华北水利水电学报,2004
[11]任幼蓉,陈鹏,张军,等.重庆南川市甑子岩W12#危岩崩塌预警分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2005.
[12]乔晓霞.基于GIS的复杂山区高速公路沿线地质灾害危险性评价研究——以G240高速公路安康至紫阳山区段为例[D].西安：长安大学,2006
[13]谈小龙.GIS支持下的大型高边坡安全检查预警模型研究[J].水利学报,2007年10月.
[14]殷坤龙著.滑坡灾害预测预报[M].武汉：中国地质大学出版社.2004.
[15]殷坤龙等.基于Web-GIS的浙江省地质灾害实时预警预报系统[J].水文地质工程地质.2003年3月.
[16]Sheko A.E.,Theoretical principles of regional temporary prediction of landslides activation[J].Bulletin of IAEG,Prague,No.16,1977.
[17]Ilievil,On the compilation of an engineering geological map of slope movements in Europe[J].Bull of IAEG,Prague,No.16,1977.
[18]Kyunttsel V.V.,Experience of a regional prediction of some exogenic geologic processes [C]. Conference of IAEG, Section 1,1978
[19]Einstein H.,Landslide overview map of the conterminous United States,USGS[J] Prof. Paper 1183.
[20]殷坤龙,晏同珍.汉江河谷旬阳段区域滑坡规律及斜坡不稳定性预测[J].地球科学.1987.
[21]刘希林,唐川.泥石流危险性评价[M].北京：科学出版社,1995
[22]Guidicini G. Tentative correlation between rainfall and landslides in a humid tropical environment [J], Bulletin of IAEG,Prague,No.16,1977.
[23]山田刚二等,滑坡和斜坡崩坍及其防治[M].北京：科学出版社,1980
[24]杨有辉,郑智.公路滑坡预测预报研究现状及前景展望[J].公路交通技术,2006年12月.
[25]文宝萍,滑坡预测预报研究现状及发展趋势[J],地学前缘,1996.
[26]李秀珍.滑坡灾害的时间预测预报研究[D].成都理工大学,2004.
[27]张超.地理信息系统[M].北京：高等教育出版社,1995：1-18.
[28]钟荫乾.滑坡与降雨关系及其预报[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1998,9(4)：81-86.
[29]于德海,彭建兵.陕西秦巴山去公路斜坡灾害发育规律的研究[J].公路.2008(8)：136-140.
[30]周海辉,刘佑荣,周丽珍,等.西部地区公路地质灾害监测方法[J].土工基础,2006,20(2)：47-51
[31]刘东.滑坡地质灾害监测方法综述[J].采矿技术,2009年5月.
[32]刘传正.中国地质灾害监测预警站网建设构想[J].地质通报,2002
[33]肖国强等.环渤海湾典型地区地质灾害及其监测预警系统构想[J].水文地质工程地质.2009.
[34]刘传正.重大地质灾害防治理论与实践[M].北京：科学出版社,2009
[35]刘传正,温铭生等.中国地质灾害气象预警初步研究[J].地质通报.2004.
[36]黄润秋,徐强,戚国庆著.降雨及水库诱发滑坡的评价与预测[M].北京：科学出版社,2007.
[37]张梁.地质灾害风险评价理论与方法[J].北京：中国地质矿产经济,1996.。
[38]薛强.地质灾害风险评价研究[J].太原：山西建筑,2007.。
[39]向喜琼.地质灾害风险评价与风险管理[J].成都：地质灾害与环境保护,2000。
[2](孙果梅,况明生等.陕西秦巴山区地质灾害研究[J].水土保持研究.2005年10月,第12卷第5期.)
[3](第26届中国气象学会年会灾害天气事件的预警、预报及防灾减灾分会场论文集[C].2009.)
[4]Brand E.W. Landslide risk assessment in Hong Kong [J], Landslide,1988.。
[5]Wieczorek G.F.Landslide warning system in the San Francisco Bay region California [J],Landslide news,1990.
[6]徐峻龄,廖小平等.黄茨大型滑坡的检查预报[C].滑坡文集.北京：人民铁道出版社,第13集.
[7]于远忠.崩塌滑坡地质灾害宏观前兆机理研究[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1996,7
[8]文宝萍.滑坡预测预报研究现状与发展趋势[J].地学前缘,1996.
[9]杨忠.边坡变形监测与滑坡预报[J].露天采矿技术2003.
[10]王俊卿,刘振红,石守亮.东苗家滑坡体变形监测系统设计[J].华北水利水电学报,2004
[11]任幼蓉,陈鹏,张军,等.重庆南川市甑子岩W12#危岩崩塌预警分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2005.
[12]乔晓霞.基于GIS的复杂山区高速公路沿线地质灾害危险性评价研究——以G240高速公路安康至紫阳山区段为例[D].西安：长安大学,2006
[13]谈小龙.GIS支持下的大型高边坡安全检查预警模型研究[J].水利学报,2007年10月.
[14]殷坤龙著.滑坡灾害预测预报[M].武汉：中国地质大学出版社.2004.
[15]殷坤龙等.基于Web-GIS的浙江省地质灾害实时预警预报系统[J].水文地质工程地质.2003年3月.
[16]Sheko A.E.,Theoretical principles of regional temporary prediction of landslides activation[J].Bulletin of IAEG,Prague,No.16,1977.
[17]Ilievil,On the compilation of an engineering geological map of slope movements in Europe[J].Bull of IAEG,Prague,No.16,1977.
[18]Kyunttsel V.V.,Experience of a regional prediction of some exogenic geologic processes [C]. Conference of IAEG, Section 1,1978
[19]Einstein H.,Landslide overview map of the conterminous United States,USGS[J] Prof. Paper 1183.
[20]殷坤龙,晏同珍.汉江河谷旬阳段区域滑坡规律及斜坡不稳定性预测[J].地球科学.1987.
[21]刘希林,唐川.泥石流危险性评价[M].北京：科学出版社,1995
[22]Guidicini G. Tentative correlation between rainfall and landslides in a humid tropical environment [J], Bulletin of IAEG,Prague,No.16,1977.
[23]山田刚二等,滑坡和斜坡崩坍及其防治[M].北京：科学出版社,1980
[24]杨有辉,郑智.公路滑坡预测预报研究现状及前景展望[J].公路交通技术,2006年12月.
[25]文宝萍,滑坡预测预报研究现状及发展趋势[J],地学前缘,1996.
[26]李秀珍.滑坡灾害的时间预测预报研究[D].成都理工大学,2004.
[27]张超.地理信息系统[M].北京：高等教育出版社,1995：1-18.
[28]钟荫乾.滑坡与降雨关系及其预报[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1998,9(4)：81-86.
[29]于德海,彭建兵.陕西秦巴山去公路斜坡灾害发育规律的研究[J].公路.2008(8)：136-140.
[30]周海辉,刘佑荣,周丽珍,等.西部地区公路地质灾害监测方法[J].土工基础,2006,20(2)：47-51
[31]刘东.滑坡地质灾害监测方法综述[J].采矿技术,2009年5月.
[32]刘传正.中国地质灾害监测预警站网建设构想[J].地质通报,2002
[33]肖国强等.环渤海湾典型地区地质灾害及其监测预警系统构想[J].水文地质工程地质.2009.
[34]刘传正.重大地质灾害防治理论与实践[M].北京：科学出版社,2009
[35]刘传正,温铭生等.中国地质灾害气象预警初步研究[J].地质通报.2004.
[36]黄润秋,徐强,戚国庆著.降雨及水库诱发滑坡的评价与预测[M].北京：科学出版社,2007.
[37]张梁.地质灾害风险评价理论与方法[J].北京：中国地质矿产经济,1996.。
[38]薛强.地质灾害风险评价研究[J].太原：山西建筑,2007.。
[39]向喜琼.地质灾害风险评价与风险管理[J].成都：地质灾害与环境保护,2000。
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