一种无线自组织网络通信节点的协议栈设计与实现
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摘要
移动Ad hoc网络(Mobile Ad hoc Network, MANET)是一种无中心的自组织网络,它由无线节点组成。本文以实现分级无线自组织网络课题中的无线节点协议栈为背景,提出分裂协议栈的节点结构模型:网络层及以上由数据终端完成,链路层和物理层驻留在通信设备中,两者由数据接口连接形成一个通信节点。分裂协议栈结构具有很好的灵活性,但在实现过程中也带来了新的设计问题。针对这些问题,本文从通用的角度出发,建立以下三个模型加以解决。
首先,需由接口协议将分裂的协议栈融合为一个整体。此时的接口协议相当于协议栈的一个层间接口,直接影响通信节点的整体效率,因此接口协议模型主要从性能的角度出发,设计了适合分裂协议栈结构的流控和差控机制,同时兼顾多种通信设备的共性,得到一个通用、高效、灵活的接口协议模型。
通信设备控制模型解决协议栈上层对通信设备的控制问题。本文以Linux为平台进行研究,总结出虚拟网络接口技术,它将通信设备抽象为数据终端中的一个虚拟网络接口,并通过桥接的以太网络接口传递控制信息。
在完成对通信设备的控制后,数据终端可能还需要插入新的协议层来附加通信功能。本文在Linux中设计了协议栈纵向扩展模式,提供了一种简单快捷地添加协议层的方法,提升了Linux协议栈的可扩展性。它以虚拟网络接口技术为基础,发现并解决了其中过多的上下文切换带来的性能下降。
笔者以Linux操作系统为基础将以上模型编程实现,并通过测试验证了其设计和实现的正确性,对类似的应用具有指导意义。本文所提出的模型最终应用到课题中无线节点协议栈的开发中。
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a kind of self-organizing network composed of wireless nodes. This thesis presents a node structure with split protocol stack, where data link layer and physical layer reside in communication device while upper layers in control device. The two devices are connected into one node using data interface. The split protocol stack structure is flexible but brings in new design issues, which in this thesis are solved by building three models in general prospective.
First of all, an interface protocol is required to integrate the split stack. As high efficiency is the first concern of interface protocol model, flow control and error control mechanism suitable for split protocol stack are designed with common characteristics of communication devices.
Secondly, a control model is designed, which turns communication device into a virtual network interface of the control device. The control information is exchanged through real network interfaces (Ethernet, etc.) which bridge the virtual network interfaces.
The third model, vertical extension pattern of Linux protocol stack, is introduced to insert new protocol layer to add communication functions, enhancing the extensibility of Linux protocol stack. Based on virtual network interface, it solved the problem of performance reduction caused by frequently context switching.
The above models are applicable and provide guidance to resembling applications. They are applied ultimately in the development of protocol stack of wireless node in the project and proved to be valid through tests.
首先,需由接口协议将分裂的协议栈融合为一个整体。此时的接口协议相当于协议栈的一个层间接口,直接影响通信节点的整体效率,因此接口协议模型主要从性能的角度出发,设计了适合分裂协议栈结构的流控和差控机制,同时兼顾多种通信设备的共性,得到一个通用、高效、灵活的接口协议模型。
通信设备控制模型解决协议栈上层对通信设备的控制问题。本文以Linux为平台进行研究,总结出虚拟网络接口技术,它将通信设备抽象为数据终端中的一个虚拟网络接口,并通过桥接的以太网络接口传递控制信息。
在完成对通信设备的控制后,数据终端可能还需要插入新的协议层来附加通信功能。本文在Linux中设计了协议栈纵向扩展模式,提供了一种简单快捷地添加协议层的方法,提升了Linux协议栈的可扩展性。它以虚拟网络接口技术为基础,发现并解决了其中过多的上下文切换带来的性能下降。
笔者以Linux操作系统为基础将以上模型编程实现,并通过测试验证了其设计和实现的正确性,对类似的应用具有指导意义。本文所提出的模型最终应用到课题中无线节点协议栈的开发中。
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a kind of self-organizing network composed of wireless nodes. This thesis presents a node structure with split protocol stack, where data link layer and physical layer reside in communication device while upper layers in control device. The two devices are connected into one node using data interface. The split protocol stack structure is flexible but brings in new design issues, which in this thesis are solved by building three models in general prospective.
First of all, an interface protocol is required to integrate the split stack. As high efficiency is the first concern of interface protocol model, flow control and error control mechanism suitable for split protocol stack are designed with common characteristics of communication devices.
Secondly, a control model is designed, which turns communication device into a virtual network interface of the control device. The control information is exchanged through real network interfaces (Ethernet, etc.) which bridge the virtual network interfaces.
The third model, vertical extension pattern of Linux protocol stack, is introduced to insert new protocol layer to add communication functions, enhancing the extensibility of Linux protocol stack. Based on virtual network interface, it solved the problem of performance reduction caused by frequently context switching.
The above models are applicable and provide guidance to resembling applications. They are applied ultimately in the development of protocol stack of wireless node in the project and proved to be valid through tests.
引文
[1] Ram Ramanathan, Martha Steenstrup. Hierarchically-organized, Multihop Mobile Wireless Networks for Quality-of-Service Support. Mobile Networks and applications, 1998, 3:101-119
[2] Kaixin Xu, Xiaoyan Hong, Gerla M. An Ad hoc Network with Mobile Backbones. IEEE ICC, 2002, 5: 3138-3143
[3] 尹正利. 宽带数据电台在战术互联网中的应用. 计算机工程, 2001, 27(6): 123-127
[4] 程为彬, 王光明, 康思明, 等. 基于短波电台的无线数据传输系统的设计与实现. 现代电子技术, 2005, 1: 54-57
[5] 姚予疆. 通信设备接口协议手册. 北京: 人民邮电出版社, 2005, 70-73
[6] Kazunori Akabane, Hiroyuki Nakabase, Eisuke Kudoh. Error Control Schme for TCP packet Radio Systems. IEEE, VTC 1999: 339-342
[7] ChengPeng Fu. TCP/IP & Next Generation. Hong Kong: Veno Cyber, 2005, 83-90
[8] IETF. RFC1700. Assigned Numbers. 1994
[9] Robert Love, Linux Kernel Development, 2nd Edition. Sams Publishing, 2005, 89-114
[10] 倪继利. Linux 内核分析及编程. 北京: 电子工业出版社, 2005, 348-370
[11] Jonathan Corbet, Greg Kroah-Hartman, Alessandro Rubini. Linux Device Drivers, 3rd Edition. NJ: O’Reilly, 2005, 361-606
[12] Klaus Wehrle, Frank Pahlke, Hartmut Ritter, et al. The Linux Networking Architecture: Design and Implementation of Network Protocols in the Linux Kernel. Prentice Hall, 2004, 112-124
[13] 唐续, 刘心松, 杨峰, Linux 下网络协议栈分析及协议添加的实现. 计算机科学, 2003, 30 (2): 130-132
[14] IEEE 802.1ah draft 3.0, Provider Backbone Bridges
[15] C. Benvenuti, Understanding Linux Network Internals. O’Reilly, 2006, 75-84
[16] RFC 3549, Linux Netlink as an IP Services Protocol
[17] 王风涛, 陈榕, 文立, 等, 构件化网络协议栈. 计算机工程与应用, 2004, 36: 154-156
[18] 徐林, 张德运, 孙钦东, 等, 基于 NAPI 的数据包捕获技术研究. 计算机工程与应用, 2004, 40 (26): 138-139
[19] 刘淼, 王田苗, 魏洪兴, 等, 基于 uCOS-II 的嵌入式数控系统实时性分析. 计算机工程, 2006, 22: 222-226
[20] 李旭芳, 浅析 Linux 内核中的 Bottom Half 机制. 现代计算机, 2006, 2: 7-11
[21] 邢东旭, 王静宇, 谭跃生, 等, 一种基于 linux 软中断机制的计费网关系统. 大连理工大学学报, 2005, 45: 95-99
[2] Kaixin Xu, Xiaoyan Hong, Gerla M. An Ad hoc Network with Mobile Backbones. IEEE ICC, 2002, 5: 3138-3143
[3] 尹正利. 宽带数据电台在战术互联网中的应用. 计算机工程, 2001, 27(6): 123-127
[4] 程为彬, 王光明, 康思明, 等. 基于短波电台的无线数据传输系统的设计与实现. 现代电子技术, 2005, 1: 54-57
[5] 姚予疆. 通信设备接口协议手册. 北京: 人民邮电出版社, 2005, 70-73
[6] Kazunori Akabane, Hiroyuki Nakabase, Eisuke Kudoh. Error Control Schme for TCP packet Radio Systems. IEEE, VTC 1999: 339-342
[7] ChengPeng Fu. TCP/IP & Next Generation. Hong Kong: Veno Cyber, 2005, 83-90
[8] IETF. RFC1700. Assigned Numbers. 1994
[9] Robert Love, Linux Kernel Development, 2nd Edition. Sams Publishing, 2005, 89-114
[10] 倪继利. Linux 内核分析及编程. 北京: 电子工业出版社, 2005, 348-370
[11] Jonathan Corbet, Greg Kroah-Hartman, Alessandro Rubini. Linux Device Drivers, 3rd Edition. NJ: O’Reilly, 2005, 361-606
[12] Klaus Wehrle, Frank Pahlke, Hartmut Ritter, et al. The Linux Networking Architecture: Design and Implementation of Network Protocols in the Linux Kernel. Prentice Hall, 2004, 112-124
[13] 唐续, 刘心松, 杨峰, Linux 下网络协议栈分析及协议添加的实现. 计算机科学, 2003, 30 (2): 130-132
[14] IEEE 802.1ah draft 3.0, Provider Backbone Bridges
[15] C. Benvenuti, Understanding Linux Network Internals. O’Reilly, 2006, 75-84
[16] RFC 3549, Linux Netlink as an IP Services Protocol
[17] 王风涛, 陈榕, 文立, 等, 构件化网络协议栈. 计算机工程与应用, 2004, 36: 154-156
[18] 徐林, 张德运, 孙钦东, 等, 基于 NAPI 的数据包捕获技术研究. 计算机工程与应用, 2004, 40 (26): 138-139
[19] 刘淼, 王田苗, 魏洪兴, 等, 基于 uCOS-II 的嵌入式数控系统实时性分析. 计算机工程, 2006, 22: 222-226
[20] 李旭芳, 浅析 Linux 内核中的 Bottom Half 机制. 现代计算机, 2006, 2: 7-11
[21] 邢东旭, 王静宇, 谭跃生, 等, 一种基于 linux 软中断机制的计费网关系统. 大连理工大学学报, 2005, 45: 95-99