战术互联网移动子网路由协议研究
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摘要
战术互联网中的移动子网,采用无线信道作为媒介,具有灵活、机动、组网迅速、易于扩展等特点,是战术互联网的重要组成部分。未来战术互联网移动子网将主要采用移动自组织网络(MANET:Mobile Ad Hoc Network)技术,实现快速多跳组网,自动适应网络拓扑的变化,确保可靠的信息传递。论文从性能评估、能量有效性、单向链路等方面对自组织路由协议在移动子网中的应用进行了研究。
论文设计了一种战术互联网中的移动子网应用场景,根据具体的性能需求,详细地仿真与评测了目前移动子网中常用的多种路由协议性能,分析和研究了网络带宽、节点移动速度、覆盖范围、跳数等各种因素对移动子网性能的影响并提出了一些相应的自组网方案设计思想。
针对移动子网对于低功耗的特殊需求,基于能量有效性研究了移动自组网路由协议。对于单个节点,基于信道增益双向性原理,在AODV协议基础上提出了一种跨层功率控制路由协议PBAODV,理论分析和仿真实验表明在不损害原AODV路由协议性能的基础上,该协议有效地节省了能量消耗;对于整体网络来说,不仅要考虑单节点的能量有效性,还要考虑整体网络的负载均衡。因此论文还研究和仿真测试了多径路由协议在负载均衡条件下的性能,在此基础上提出了一种改进的负载均衡传输方案,理论研究和仿真表明有效提高了TCP传输时的性能。
战场环境下各种电台的节点覆盖范围一般是不同的,这造成了大量的单向链路,因此移动子网的路由协议必须支持单向链路。论文研究了解决反应式路由协议单向链路问题的黑名单、反转路径搜索、EUDA等技术,提出了一种黑名单混合反转路径搜索技术,研究与仿真表明,与纯粹的黑名单方法和反转路径搜索技术相比,论文所提出的黑名单混合反转路径搜索技术显著提高了分组递交率等协议性能。
The mobile subnet in tactical internet chooses the wireless channel as the media and has many characteristics such as agility, mobility, organizing quickly, extending easily, and so on; it is an important part of tactical internet. Mobile subnet will mainly adopt Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) technique in the future. It can set up multi-hop network quickly, adapt well to the changes of topology, and insure the information transmission. The thesis has researched on MANET routings in mobile subnet from different viewpoints, including performance evaluation, energy usefulness, and unidirectional links. Some improved routing and effective schemes are brought forward.
The thesis designs a mobile subnet application scene in tactical internet. Some familiar routing protocols in MANET are simulated and evaluated detailedly according to idiographic performance demand in mobile subnet. Some factors that influence the performance of mobile subnet such as bandwidth, speed, and coverage area is analyzed and summarized. At last some correlative suggestions about designing mobile wireless subnet are given.
Aiming at the energy conserving need of mobile wireless subnet, this thesis studies the routing protocols from the energy usefulness. For the individual node, a cross-layer power-controlled routing protocol that needn’t the help of geographical position information is designed based on symmetry of channel gain and AODV protocol. Simulation shows that the improved protocol has good effect on saving power and doesn’t impair the performance. For the whole network, load balancing of the network must be considered. The thesis detailedly evaluates the performance of multipath routing protocols for the purpose of load balancing. Then, an improved transmitting scheme of load balancing is brought forward. The simulation shows that the scheme increases the throughput of TCP protocol.
The radios’coverage area is usually different in battlefield and there are many unidirectional links, so routing protocols in mobile subnet must support unidirectional links. Several techniques that fit for reactive routing protocols to solve unidirectional problems such as blacklist, reverse path search and EUDA are introduced and analyzed. A blacklist mixed with reverse path search method is designed. Simulation shows that this method evidently increases the packet delivery ratio and has superiority compared with blacklist and reverse path search.
论文设计了一种战术互联网中的移动子网应用场景,根据具体的性能需求,详细地仿真与评测了目前移动子网中常用的多种路由协议性能,分析和研究了网络带宽、节点移动速度、覆盖范围、跳数等各种因素对移动子网性能的影响并提出了一些相应的自组网方案设计思想。
针对移动子网对于低功耗的特殊需求,基于能量有效性研究了移动自组网路由协议。对于单个节点,基于信道增益双向性原理,在AODV协议基础上提出了一种跨层功率控制路由协议PBAODV,理论分析和仿真实验表明在不损害原AODV路由协议性能的基础上,该协议有效地节省了能量消耗;对于整体网络来说,不仅要考虑单节点的能量有效性,还要考虑整体网络的负载均衡。因此论文还研究和仿真测试了多径路由协议在负载均衡条件下的性能,在此基础上提出了一种改进的负载均衡传输方案,理论研究和仿真表明有效提高了TCP传输时的性能。
战场环境下各种电台的节点覆盖范围一般是不同的,这造成了大量的单向链路,因此移动子网的路由协议必须支持单向链路。论文研究了解决反应式路由协议单向链路问题的黑名单、反转路径搜索、EUDA等技术,提出了一种黑名单混合反转路径搜索技术,研究与仿真表明,与纯粹的黑名单方法和反转路径搜索技术相比,论文所提出的黑名单混合反转路径搜索技术显著提高了分组递交率等协议性能。
The mobile subnet in tactical internet chooses the wireless channel as the media and has many characteristics such as agility, mobility, organizing quickly, extending easily, and so on; it is an important part of tactical internet. Mobile subnet will mainly adopt Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) technique in the future. It can set up multi-hop network quickly, adapt well to the changes of topology, and insure the information transmission. The thesis has researched on MANET routings in mobile subnet from different viewpoints, including performance evaluation, energy usefulness, and unidirectional links. Some improved routing and effective schemes are brought forward.
The thesis designs a mobile subnet application scene in tactical internet. Some familiar routing protocols in MANET are simulated and evaluated detailedly according to idiographic performance demand in mobile subnet. Some factors that influence the performance of mobile subnet such as bandwidth, speed, and coverage area is analyzed and summarized. At last some correlative suggestions about designing mobile wireless subnet are given.
Aiming at the energy conserving need of mobile wireless subnet, this thesis studies the routing protocols from the energy usefulness. For the individual node, a cross-layer power-controlled routing protocol that needn’t the help of geographical position information is designed based on symmetry of channel gain and AODV protocol. Simulation shows that the improved protocol has good effect on saving power and doesn’t impair the performance. For the whole network, load balancing of the network must be considered. The thesis detailedly evaluates the performance of multipath routing protocols for the purpose of load balancing. Then, an improved transmitting scheme of load balancing is brought forward. The simulation shows that the scheme increases the throughput of TCP protocol.
The radios’coverage area is usually different in battlefield and there are many unidirectional links, so routing protocols in mobile subnet must support unidirectional links. Several techniques that fit for reactive routing protocols to solve unidirectional problems such as blacklist, reverse path search and EUDA are introduced and analyzed. A blacklist mixed with reverse path search method is designed. Simulation shows that this method evidently increases the packet delivery ratio and has superiority compared with blacklist and reverse path search.
引文
[1] D A Hall. Tactical Internet System Architecture for Task Force XXI. TACCOM’96, 1996.
[2] Air Land Sea Application (ALSA) Center. TACTICAL RADIOS: Multiservice Communications Procedures for Tactical Radios in a Joint Environment. June 2002.
[3] R. Ruppe, S. Griswald, P. Walsh, R. Martin. Near Term Digital Radio (NTDR) System. MIL-COM’97, Nov. 1997.
[4] MIL-STD-188-220B 1998, Military standard interoperability standard for digital message transfer device sub systems.
[5] MIL-STD-188-220B 1998, Military standard appendices interoperability standard for digital message transfer device sub systems.
[6] 谭齐, 分组无线网的介质访问控制分析及 220B 的 MAC 协议仿真.西南交通大学硕士研究生学位论文. 2003, 5.
[7] 王杉,战场通信环境中移动自组网路由协议研究,国防科学技术大学博士学位论文.2006.
[8] J.P.Macker, M.S.Corson. Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and the IETF. Mobile Computing and communications Review, Vol.2, Number 4, October 1998.
[9] FORD, FULKERSON D. Flows in networks. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1962.
[10] MCQUILLAN J, RICHER I, ROSEN E. The new routing algorithm for the ARPANET. IEEE Trans. on Commun, 1980, COM-28(5):711-719.
[11] 史美林,英春.自组网路由协议综述.通信学报,2001,Vol.22(11): 93-103.
[12] C.E. Perkins and P. Bhagwat. Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) for Mobile Computers. Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM’94, London, UK, Sep. 1994.
[13] MURTHY S, GARCIA-LUNES_ACEVES J. An efficient routing protocol for wireless networks. ACM Balzer Mobile Networks and Applications Journal, Special issue on Routing in Mobile Communications Networks, 1996, 1(2): 183-197.
[14] GARCIA-LUNES-ACEVES J, MURTHY S. A path-finding algorithm for loop-free routing. IEEE ACM Transactions on Networking, 1997, 5(1):148-160.
[15] G. Pei, M. Gerla and T.-W.Chen. Fisheye State Routing: A Routing Scheme for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. Proceedings of ICC 2000, New Orleans, Jun 2000.
[16] G. Pei, M. Gerla, and T.-W.Chen. Fisheye State Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of Workshop on Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing, Taipei, Taiwan, Apr 2000.
[17] GUPTA P, KUMAR P. A system and traffic dependent adaptive routing algorithmfor Ad Hoc networks. The 36th Conference on Decision and Control, San Diego, California, Dec 1997, 2375-2380.
[18] D. Johnson, D. Maltz, and Y.-C. Hu. The dynamic source routing protocol for mobile Ad Hoc networks (DSR). IEEE Internet Draft, Apr. 2003.
[19] C. Perkins, E. Belding-Royer, and S. Das. Ad Hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing. IETF, RFC 3561, July 2003.
[20] PARK V, CORSON M. A highly adaptive distributed routing algorithm for mobile wireless networks. IEEE Infocom’97, Kobe, Japan, Apr 1997, 1405-1413
[21] GAFNI E, BERTSEKAS D. Distributed algorithms for generating loop-free routes in networks with frequently changing topology. IEEE Transactions on Communication, 1981, C-29(1):11-18.
[22] CORSON M, PAPADEMETRIOU S, PAPADOPOULOS P, et al. An Internet MANET encapsulation protocol (IMEP) specification. http://www.ietf.org/proceedings/99mar/I- D/draft-ietf-manet-imep-spec-01.txt, 1999-08-07.
[23] BROCH J, MALTZ D, JOHNSON D, et al. A performance comparison of multi-hop wireless Ad Hoc network routing protocols. The fourth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, Dallas, Oct 1998, 85-97.
[24] CHIANG C, WU H, LIU W, et al. Routing in clustered multihop mobile wireless networks with fading channel. IEEE Singapore International Conference on Networks, Singapore, 1997, 197-211.
[25] SINHA P, SIVAKUMAR R, and BHARGHAVAN V. Cedar: a core-extraction distributed Ad Hoc routing algorithm. IEEE INFOCOM’99, 1999, New York, 202-209.
[26] R. Sivakumar, P. Sinha, and V. Bharghavan. CEDAR: A Core-Extraction Distributed Ad Hoc Routing Algorithm. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Special Issue on Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, August 1999,17(8):1454-1465.
[27] DAS B, BHARGHAVAN V. Routing in ad-hoc networks using minimum connected dominating sets. IEEE International Conference on Communications, 1997, Montreal, Canada, 376-380.
[28] DAS B, SIVAKUMAR R, BHARAGHAVAN V. Routing in ad-hoc networks using a spine. IEEE International Conference on Computers and Communications Networks, Las Vegas, 1997.
[29] DAS B, SIVAKUMAR R, BHARAGHAVAN V. The clade vertebrata: spine and routing in ad-hoc networks. IEEE Symposium on Computer and Communications, Athens, Greece, 1998.
[30] HASS Z, PEARLMAN M. The performance of query control scheme for the zone routing protocol. ACM SIGCOMM’98, Vancouver, Canada, 1998:167-177.
[31] Zygmunt J. Haas, Marc R. Pearlman, and Prince Samar. The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) for Ad Hoc Networks.draft-ietf-manet-zone-zrp-04.txt, July, 2002.
[32] Navas, J.C., Imielinski, T.: Geocast - geographic addressing and routing. Proceedings of the Third Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MOBICOM97):66-76.
[33] KO Y, VAIDYA N. Location aided routing (LAR) in mobile Ad Hoc networks. The fourth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, Dallas, Oct 1998:66-75.
[34] S. Basagni, I. Chlamtac, V.R. Syrotiuk, and B.A. Woodward. A Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility (DREAM). ACMIEEE MobiCom, Dallas, Texas, 1998.
[35] B. Karp and H.T. Kung, GPSR: Greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks, Proc. MOBICOM, August 2000:243-254.
[36] M.Takai, L.Bajaj, R.Bagrodia, and M.Gerla. GloMoSim: A Scalable Network Simulation Environment. Technical Report 990027, UCLA, Computer Science Department, 1999.
[37] S.Corson, J.Macker, Mobile Ad Hoc networking: routing protocol performance Issues and evaluation considerations. http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2501.txt, Jan 1999.
[38] 江元龙, 战术移动自组网络带宽有效算法与路由协议研究. 国防科学技术大学博士学位论文,2004.
[39] 许力,郑宝玉.MANET 环境下基于能量保护的路由策略及其研究进展.电子与信息学报,2005,27(5).
[40] Suresh Singh, Mike Woo, C S Raghavendra.Power Aware Routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks.Proceedings of Mobicom’98 Conference, Dallas, 1998:181-190.
[41] M W Subbarao. Dynamic Power Conscious Routing for MANETs:An Initial Approach.IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, Amsterdam, 1999:1232-1237.
[42] Ram Ramanathan, Regina Rosales-Hain. Topology Control of Multihop Wireless Networks Using Transmit Power Adjustment. IEEE INF0C0M 2000,Tel Aviv,Israe1,2000:354-366.
[43]陈跃泉,郭晓峰,曾庆凯,陈贵海.Ad Hoc 移动网络多路径研究.计算机科学.2005 Vo1.32 (6).
[44] Dong X, Puri A.A DSDV-Based Multipath Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Mobile Networks. ICWN 2002.
[45] S. J. Lee and M. Gerla. Split Multipath Routing with Maximally Disjoint Paths in Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE ICC, 2001:3201–3205.
[46] Marina M K, Das S R. On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing for Ad Hoc Networks. IE EEICNP, Nov.2001.
[47]E Duros, W Dabbous, H Izumiyama. A Link-Layer Tunneling Mechanism for Unidirectional Links. RFC 3077, March 2001.
[48] Ravi Prakash. A Routing Algorithm for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks with Unidirectional Links. ACM/Baltzer Wireless Networks Journal, 2001, 7(6): 617~626.
[49]黄浩,吴礼发,陈道蓄等.一种用于单向链路网络的路由算法.软件学报,1999,10(6).
[50] 齐卫宁,于宏毅. 一种支持单向链路的 QoS 路由协议. 计算机工程与应用,2005,24.
[51] M. K. Marina and S. R. Das. On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing in Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP), 2001:14–23.
[52] M. K. Marina and S. R. Das. Routing performance in the presence of unidirectional links in multihop wireless networks. Proc. of ACM MobiHoc, Lausanne, Switzerland, June 2002:12–23.
[53] Young-Bae Ko, Sung-Ju Lee, and Jun-Beom Lee. Ad Hoc Routing with Early Unidirectionality Detection and Avoidance. PWC, 2004.
[54] Sung-Ju Lee, Young-Bae Ko, and Jun-Beom Lee .EUDA: Detecting and Avoiding Unidirectional Links in Ad Hoc Networks. Mobile Computing and Communications Review, 2004, 8(4): 63-67.
[55] J. Monks, V. Bharghavan, and W.-M. Hwu. A power controlled multiple access protocol for wireless packet networks. Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM, Anchorage, AK, Mar. 2001.
[2] Air Land Sea Application (ALSA) Center. TACTICAL RADIOS: Multiservice Communications Procedures for Tactical Radios in a Joint Environment. June 2002.
[3] R. Ruppe, S. Griswald, P. Walsh, R. Martin. Near Term Digital Radio (NTDR) System. MIL-COM’97, Nov. 1997.
[4] MIL-STD-188-220B 1998, Military standard interoperability standard for digital message transfer device sub systems.
[5] MIL-STD-188-220B 1998, Military standard appendices interoperability standard for digital message transfer device sub systems.
[6] 谭齐, 分组无线网的介质访问控制分析及 220B 的 MAC 协议仿真.西南交通大学硕士研究生学位论文. 2003, 5.
[7] 王杉,战场通信环境中移动自组网路由协议研究,国防科学技术大学博士学位论文.2006.
[8] J.P.Macker, M.S.Corson. Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and the IETF. Mobile Computing and communications Review, Vol.2, Number 4, October 1998.
[9] FORD, FULKERSON D. Flows in networks. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1962.
[10] MCQUILLAN J, RICHER I, ROSEN E. The new routing algorithm for the ARPANET. IEEE Trans. on Commun, 1980, COM-28(5):711-719.
[11] 史美林,英春.自组网路由协议综述.通信学报,2001,Vol.22(11): 93-103.
[12] C.E. Perkins and P. Bhagwat. Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) for Mobile Computers. Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM’94, London, UK, Sep. 1994.
[13] MURTHY S, GARCIA-LUNES_ACEVES J. An efficient routing protocol for wireless networks. ACM Balzer Mobile Networks and Applications Journal, Special issue on Routing in Mobile Communications Networks, 1996, 1(2): 183-197.
[14] GARCIA-LUNES-ACEVES J, MURTHY S. A path-finding algorithm for loop-free routing. IEEE ACM Transactions on Networking, 1997, 5(1):148-160.
[15] G. Pei, M. Gerla and T.-W.Chen. Fisheye State Routing: A Routing Scheme for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. Proceedings of ICC 2000, New Orleans, Jun 2000.
[16] G. Pei, M. Gerla, and T.-W.Chen. Fisheye State Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of Workshop on Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing, Taipei, Taiwan, Apr 2000.
[17] GUPTA P, KUMAR P. A system and traffic dependent adaptive routing algorithmfor Ad Hoc networks. The 36th Conference on Decision and Control, San Diego, California, Dec 1997, 2375-2380.
[18] D. Johnson, D. Maltz, and Y.-C. Hu. The dynamic source routing protocol for mobile Ad Hoc networks (DSR). IEEE Internet Draft, Apr. 2003.
[19] C. Perkins, E. Belding-Royer, and S. Das. Ad Hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing. IETF, RFC 3561, July 2003.
[20] PARK V, CORSON M. A highly adaptive distributed routing algorithm for mobile wireless networks. IEEE Infocom’97, Kobe, Japan, Apr 1997, 1405-1413
[21] GAFNI E, BERTSEKAS D. Distributed algorithms for generating loop-free routes in networks with frequently changing topology. IEEE Transactions on Communication, 1981, C-29(1):11-18.
[22] CORSON M, PAPADEMETRIOU S, PAPADOPOULOS P, et al. An Internet MANET encapsulation protocol (IMEP) specification. http://www.ietf.org/proceedings/99mar/I- D/draft-ietf-manet-imep-spec-01.txt, 1999-08-07.
[23] BROCH J, MALTZ D, JOHNSON D, et al. A performance comparison of multi-hop wireless Ad Hoc network routing protocols. The fourth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, Dallas, Oct 1998, 85-97.
[24] CHIANG C, WU H, LIU W, et al. Routing in clustered multihop mobile wireless networks with fading channel. IEEE Singapore International Conference on Networks, Singapore, 1997, 197-211.
[25] SINHA P, SIVAKUMAR R, and BHARGHAVAN V. Cedar: a core-extraction distributed Ad Hoc routing algorithm. IEEE INFOCOM’99, 1999, New York, 202-209.
[26] R. Sivakumar, P. Sinha, and V. Bharghavan. CEDAR: A Core-Extraction Distributed Ad Hoc Routing Algorithm. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Special Issue on Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, August 1999,17(8):1454-1465.
[27] DAS B, BHARGHAVAN V. Routing in ad-hoc networks using minimum connected dominating sets. IEEE International Conference on Communications, 1997, Montreal, Canada, 376-380.
[28] DAS B, SIVAKUMAR R, BHARAGHAVAN V. Routing in ad-hoc networks using a spine. IEEE International Conference on Computers and Communications Networks, Las Vegas, 1997.
[29] DAS B, SIVAKUMAR R, BHARAGHAVAN V. The clade vertebrata: spine and routing in ad-hoc networks. IEEE Symposium on Computer and Communications, Athens, Greece, 1998.
[30] HASS Z, PEARLMAN M. The performance of query control scheme for the zone routing protocol. ACM SIGCOMM’98, Vancouver, Canada, 1998:167-177.
[31] Zygmunt J. Haas, Marc R. Pearlman, and Prince Samar. The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) for Ad Hoc Networks.draft-ietf-manet-zone-zrp-04.txt, July, 2002.
[32] Navas, J.C., Imielinski, T.: Geocast - geographic addressing and routing. Proceedings of the Third Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MOBICOM97):66-76.
[33] KO Y, VAIDYA N. Location aided routing (LAR) in mobile Ad Hoc networks. The fourth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, Dallas, Oct 1998:66-75.
[34] S. Basagni, I. Chlamtac, V.R. Syrotiuk, and B.A. Woodward. A Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility (DREAM). ACMIEEE MobiCom, Dallas, Texas, 1998.
[35] B. Karp and H.T. Kung, GPSR: Greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks, Proc. MOBICOM, August 2000:243-254.
[36] M.Takai, L.Bajaj, R.Bagrodia, and M.Gerla. GloMoSim: A Scalable Network Simulation Environment. Technical Report 990027, UCLA, Computer Science Department, 1999.
[37] S.Corson, J.Macker, Mobile Ad Hoc networking: routing protocol performance Issues and evaluation considerations. http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2501.txt, Jan 1999.
[38] 江元龙, 战术移动自组网络带宽有效算法与路由协议研究. 国防科学技术大学博士学位论文,2004.
[39] 许力,郑宝玉.MANET 环境下基于能量保护的路由策略及其研究进展.电子与信息学报,2005,27(5).
[40] Suresh Singh, Mike Woo, C S Raghavendra.Power Aware Routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks.Proceedings of Mobicom’98 Conference, Dallas, 1998:181-190.
[41] M W Subbarao. Dynamic Power Conscious Routing for MANETs:An Initial Approach.IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, Amsterdam, 1999:1232-1237.
[42] Ram Ramanathan, Regina Rosales-Hain. Topology Control of Multihop Wireless Networks Using Transmit Power Adjustment. IEEE INF0C0M 2000,Tel Aviv,Israe1,2000:354-366.
[43]陈跃泉,郭晓峰,曾庆凯,陈贵海.Ad Hoc 移动网络多路径研究.计算机科学.2005 Vo1.32 (6).
[44] Dong X, Puri A.A DSDV-Based Multipath Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Mobile Networks. ICWN 2002.
[45] S. J. Lee and M. Gerla. Split Multipath Routing with Maximally Disjoint Paths in Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE ICC, 2001:3201–3205.
[46] Marina M K, Das S R. On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing for Ad Hoc Networks. IE EEICNP, Nov.2001.
[47]E Duros, W Dabbous, H Izumiyama. A Link-Layer Tunneling Mechanism for Unidirectional Links. RFC 3077, March 2001.
[48] Ravi Prakash. A Routing Algorithm for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks with Unidirectional Links. ACM/Baltzer Wireless Networks Journal, 2001, 7(6): 617~626.
[49]黄浩,吴礼发,陈道蓄等.一种用于单向链路网络的路由算法.软件学报,1999,10(6).
[50] 齐卫宁,于宏毅. 一种支持单向链路的 QoS 路由协议. 计算机工程与应用,2005,24.
[51] M. K. Marina and S. R. Das. On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing in Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP), 2001:14–23.
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