产业集群竞争优势形成机理与湖南的发展战略
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摘要
当前我国特别是沿海地区正处于工业化进程的起飞阶段，作为内陆省份的湖南已经落后，因此如何加快工业化进程，也就是工业化的路径选择问题，就成为省内各级政府和相关人士非常关心和共同探讨的问题。
本文认为，由于产业集群能获得规模经济和范围经济的好处、降低企业的交易费用、具有学习效应和极化效应、有利于创新、能够适应市场需求的变化、有利于创立区域品牌和实施区域营销，因而能有效促进区域产业竞争力的提高和区域经济的长期增长。因此，实施产业集群发展战略是湖南省推进工业化进程的最佳路径选择。
通过对湖南省的产业发展现状和潜力进行实证分析和比较，笔者认为湖南省应该优先实施集群发展战略的产业是普通机械制造业、电气机械及器材制造业、电子及通信设备制造业、生物医药制造业、交通运输设备及专用设备制造业、造纸印刷和记录媒介的复制等文化出版业、食品饮料加工业以及旅游业等。
实施产业集群发展战略必须采取相应的政策和措施，比如区分产业集群和产业政策观点，实施鼓励集群发展的政策；以长株潭地区发展知识或资金密集型产业为主，其他市州县发展劳动或资源密集型产业为主，培育和发展我省多层次产业集群体系；实施优惠政策，进行制度创新，改善区域软硬环境；积极引进人才，提升企业家素质，建设一支具有国际战略眼光的企业家队伍；塑造信任、合作、创新的区域和集群文化；加大专业市场建设力度，努力打造区域品牌，推进区域营销等。
Now, our country, especially the region in the sea coast, is at the stage that industrialization process is faster and faster. Industrialization process of Hunan province has already situated after other provinces'. So, how to speed the process of industrialization, e.t. which of ways should we select to realize industrialization, becomes the problem that states and related men concern very much and are researching together.
Author believe that industrial clusters can strengthen industrially competitive power of a region and promote long-run growth of the regional economy for it can gain the advantage of economics of scale and scope economy, lower transaction cost of enterprises, possess learning effect and polarization effect, benefit innovation, adapt to the variation of market demand, favour to construct regional brand and implement region marketing. So, to carry out industrial clusters' development strategy is the best way to realize industrialization.
Through positive studying and comparing to developmental reality and latent capacity of all Hunan province's industries author suggest the industries that Hunan province should be prior to implement clusteral development strategy are ordinary machinery, electric equipment and machinery, electronic and telecommunications, medical and pharmaceutical products, transport equipment and special purposes equipment, papermaking and printing and record medium reproduction, food processing and beverage production and tourism etc.
To carry out development strategy of industrial clusters must adopt relative policy or measures. For example, differ industrial clusters concept from industrial policy concept and implement the policy to encourage development of clusters. By Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan developing knowledge intensive industries or capital intensive industries mainly, the other regions developing labor intensive industries or natural resource intensive industries mainly, cultivate mul-layer industrial clusters system of our province. Implement favourable policy and carry out institutional innovation so as to improve regional soft and hard settings. Introduce managers hard, exalt entrepreneur's quality and construct an entrepreneur team who
take on internationally strategic eye-sight. Mould confident, collaboral, innovatory region and clusters culture. Construct special markets and regional brands hard and propel region marketing etc...
本文认为，由于产业集群能获得规模经济和范围经济的好处、降低企业的交易费用、具有学习效应和极化效应、有利于创新、能够适应市场需求的变化、有利于创立区域品牌和实施区域营销，因而能有效促进区域产业竞争力的提高和区域经济的长期增长。因此，实施产业集群发展战略是湖南省推进工业化进程的最佳路径选择。
通过对湖南省的产业发展现状和潜力进行实证分析和比较，笔者认为湖南省应该优先实施集群发展战略的产业是普通机械制造业、电气机械及器材制造业、电子及通信设备制造业、生物医药制造业、交通运输设备及专用设备制造业、造纸印刷和记录媒介的复制等文化出版业、食品饮料加工业以及旅游业等。
实施产业集群发展战略必须采取相应的政策和措施，比如区分产业集群和产业政策观点，实施鼓励集群发展的政策；以长株潭地区发展知识或资金密集型产业为主，其他市州县发展劳动或资源密集型产业为主，培育和发展我省多层次产业集群体系；实施优惠政策，进行制度创新，改善区域软硬环境；积极引进人才，提升企业家素质，建设一支具有国际战略眼光的企业家队伍；塑造信任、合作、创新的区域和集群文化；加大专业市场建设力度，努力打造区域品牌，推进区域营销等。
Now, our country, especially the region in the sea coast, is at the stage that industrialization process is faster and faster. Industrialization process of Hunan province has already situated after other provinces'. So, how to speed the process of industrialization, e.t. which of ways should we select to realize industrialization, becomes the problem that states and related men concern very much and are researching together.
Author believe that industrial clusters can strengthen industrially competitive power of a region and promote long-run growth of the regional economy for it can gain the advantage of economics of scale and scope economy, lower transaction cost of enterprises, possess learning effect and polarization effect, benefit innovation, adapt to the variation of market demand, favour to construct regional brand and implement region marketing. So, to carry out industrial clusters' development strategy is the best way to realize industrialization.
Through positive studying and comparing to developmental reality and latent capacity of all Hunan province's industries author suggest the industries that Hunan province should be prior to implement clusteral development strategy are ordinary machinery, electric equipment and machinery, electronic and telecommunications, medical and pharmaceutical products, transport equipment and special purposes equipment, papermaking and printing and record medium reproduction, food processing and beverage production and tourism etc.
To carry out development strategy of industrial clusters must adopt relative policy or measures. For example, differ industrial clusters concept from industrial policy concept and implement the policy to encourage development of clusters. By Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan developing knowledge intensive industries or capital intensive industries mainly, the other regions developing labor intensive industries or natural resource intensive industries mainly, cultivate mul-layer industrial clusters system of our province. Implement favourable policy and carry out institutional innovation so as to improve regional soft and hard settings. Introduce managers hard, exalt entrepreneur's quality and construct an entrepreneur team who
take on internationally strategic eye-sight. Mould confident, collaboral, innovatory region and clusters culture. Construct special markets and regional brands hard and propel region marketing etc...
引文
[1] 迈克尔·波特．竞争论。北京：中信出版社，2003
[2] 魏守华，王缉慈，赵雅沁．产业集群：新型区域经济发展理论．经济经纬，2002，(2)：18～21
[3] 王缉慈．创新的空间——企业集群与区域发展．北京：北京大学出版社，2001
[4] 徐康宁．当代西方产业集群理论的兴起、发展和启示．经济学动态，2003，(3)：70～74
[5] 陈振汉，厉以宁．工业区位理论．北京：人民出版社，1982
[6] Boudeville JR. Problems of Regional Planning. Edingburgh: Edingburgh University Press, 1996
[7] Gore C. Regions in Question: Space, Development Theory and Regional Policy. New York: Mathuen, 1984
[8] 王缉慈．现代工业地理学．北京：中国科学技术出版社，1994
[9] Myrdal G. Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions. London: Duckworth, 1957
[10] 周起业，刘再兴，祝诚，等．区域经济学．北京：中国人民大学出版社，1989
[11] Becattini G. The Industrial District as a Creative Melieu. In Benko G. and Dunford M(eds). Industrial Change and Regional Development. London: Belhaven, 1991
[12] Piore M.J, Sabel C.F. The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity. New York: Basic Books, 1984
[13] Harrison B. Industrial District: Old Wine in New Bottle?. Regional Studies,1992, (26):469～483
[14] Park SU and Markuson A. Generalizing new industrial districts: a theoretical agenda and an application from a non-Western economy. Environment and Planning A,1995,(27):84～104
[15] Markusen A. Sticky places in slippery space: a typology of industrial districts. Economic Geography, 1996, (72): 293～313
[16] Storper M and Walker R. the capitalist imperative: Territory, technology and industrial growth. New York: Basil Blackwell,1989
[17] Storper M. The transition to flexible snecialization in industry: External economies,
the division of labor and the crossing of industrial divides. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1989, (3): 273～305
[18] 盖文启．创新网络——区域经济发展新思维．北京：北京大学出版社，2002
[19] Ratti R, Bramanti A,Gordon R. The Dynamics of Innovative Regions: The GREMI approach. Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 1997
[20] 冯之浚主编．国家创新系统的理论与政策．北京：经济科学出版社，1999
[21] Porter M.E. Clusters and New Economics of Competition.Harvard Business Review, 1998, (11): 65～70
[22] 李新春．企业家协调与企业集群．战略管理，2002，(3)：49～55
[23] 池仁勇．意大利中小企业集群的形成条件与特征．外国经济与管理，2001，(8)：27～31
[24] 陈雪梅，赵珂．南海中小企业集群的发展轨迹与共同规律．特区经济，2002，(6)：47～50
[25] 林思达．浙江省中小企业集群发展的主流模式研究．技术经济与管理研究，2001，(6)：30～32
[26] 王缉慈，童昕．论全球化背景下的地方产业群．国民经济管理，2002，(3)：91～97
[27] Ellison, Glenn and Glaeser, Edward L. Geographic Concentration in U. S. Manufacturing Industries: A Dartboard Approach. Journal of Political Economy, 1997, (10): 889～927
[28] Krugman, Paul. Increasing Returns and Economic Geography. Journal of Political Economy, 1991, (6): 483～499
[29] Hubert Schmitz. Does Local Co-operation Matter? Evidence from Industrial Clusters in South Asia and Latin America. Oxford Development Studies, 2000, (3): 28～32
[30] 朱善利．微观经济学．北京：北京大学出版社，1997
[31] 平狄克，鲁宾费尔德．微观经济学．第四版．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2000
[32] 张五常．经济解释．北京：商务印刷馆，2000
[33] 思拉恩·埃格特森．新制度经济学．北京：商务印刷馆，1996
[34] 王询．人际关系模式与经济组织的交易成本．经济研究，1994，(8)：67～71
[35] 朱英明．长江三角洲地区外商投资企业空间集群与地区增长．中国工业经济，2002，(1)：66～72
[36] 王缉慈．地方企业群生命在特色．中国经济信息，2002，(10)：10～12
[37] 汪文明，范阳东．发展企业集群加快工业化进程．湖南商学院学报，2003，(2)：36～37
[38] 胡晓玉．透视浙江产业集群．中国经济信息，2002，(10)：7～9
[39] 菲利普·科特勒．营销管理．上海：上海人民出版社，1999
[40] Conti S, Malecki E.J, Onias E The Industrial Enterprise and Its Environment: Spatial Perspective. Ashgate Publishing Ltd,1995
[41] 迈克尔·波特．国家竞争优势．北京：华夏出版社，2002
[42] 王方华，吕巍主编．企业战略管理．上海：复旦大学出版社，2002
[43] 魏守华，石碧华．论企业集群的竞争优势．中国工业经济，2002，(1)：59～65
[44] 陈甬军，陈爱民主编．中国城市化：实证分析与对策研究．厦门：厦门大学出版社，2002
[45] 郝寿义，安虎森主编．区域经济学．北京：经济科学出版社，1999
[46] 王良健．构建大湘西黄金旅游带的宏观思考．(未刊稿)
[47] 王良健．确立新世纪湖南“西线”经济优先发展带的思考．湖南社会科学，2001，(4)：63～66
[48] Doeringer, P.B, and D.G.Terkla. Business strategy and cross-industry clusters. Economic Development Quarterly,1995,(9):225～37
[49] Rosenfeld, Stuart A. Bringing Business Clusters into the Mainstream of Economic Development. European Planning Studies,1997,(5):3～23
[50] 鲁开垠，胡军．广东实施产业集群战略模式与对策研究．南方经济，2003，(6)：30～32
[51] 赵中伟，邵来安．小企业集群竞争优势形成机理与地方政府促进其发展的措施．经济问题探索，2002，(10)：23～29
[2] 魏守华，王缉慈，赵雅沁．产业集群：新型区域经济发展理论．经济经纬，2002，(2)：18～21
[3] 王缉慈．创新的空间——企业集群与区域发展．北京：北京大学出版社，2001
[4] 徐康宁．当代西方产业集群理论的兴起、发展和启示．经济学动态，2003，(3)：70～74
[5] 陈振汉，厉以宁．工业区位理论．北京：人民出版社，1982
[6] Boudeville JR. Problems of Regional Planning. Edingburgh: Edingburgh University Press, 1996
[7] Gore C. Regions in Question: Space, Development Theory and Regional Policy. New York: Mathuen, 1984
[8] 王缉慈．现代工业地理学．北京：中国科学技术出版社，1994
[9] Myrdal G. Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions. London: Duckworth, 1957
[10] 周起业，刘再兴，祝诚，等．区域经济学．北京：中国人民大学出版社，1989
[11] Becattini G. The Industrial District as a Creative Melieu. In Benko G. and Dunford M(eds). Industrial Change and Regional Development. London: Belhaven, 1991
[12] Piore M.J, Sabel C.F. The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity. New York: Basic Books, 1984
[13] Harrison B. Industrial District: Old Wine in New Bottle?. Regional Studies,1992, (26):469～483
[14] Park SU and Markuson A. Generalizing new industrial districts: a theoretical agenda and an application from a non-Western economy. Environment and Planning A,1995,(27):84～104
[15] Markusen A. Sticky places in slippery space: a typology of industrial districts. Economic Geography, 1996, (72): 293～313
[16] Storper M and Walker R. the capitalist imperative: Territory, technology and industrial growth. New York: Basil Blackwell,1989
[17] Storper M. The transition to flexible snecialization in industry: External economies,
the division of labor and the crossing of industrial divides. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1989, (3): 273～305
[18] 盖文启．创新网络——区域经济发展新思维．北京：北京大学出版社，2002
[19] Ratti R, Bramanti A,Gordon R. The Dynamics of Innovative Regions: The GREMI approach. Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 1997
[20] 冯之浚主编．国家创新系统的理论与政策．北京：经济科学出版社，1999
[21] Porter M.E. Clusters and New Economics of Competition.Harvard Business Review, 1998, (11): 65～70
[22] 李新春．企业家协调与企业集群．战略管理，2002，(3)：49～55
[23] 池仁勇．意大利中小企业集群的形成条件与特征．外国经济与管理，2001，(8)：27～31
[24] 陈雪梅，赵珂．南海中小企业集群的发展轨迹与共同规律．特区经济，2002，(6)：47～50
[25] 林思达．浙江省中小企业集群发展的主流模式研究．技术经济与管理研究，2001，(6)：30～32
[26] 王缉慈，童昕．论全球化背景下的地方产业群．国民经济管理，2002，(3)：91～97
[27] Ellison, Glenn and Glaeser, Edward L. Geographic Concentration in U. S. Manufacturing Industries: A Dartboard Approach. Journal of Political Economy, 1997, (10): 889～927
[28] Krugman, Paul. Increasing Returns and Economic Geography. Journal of Political Economy, 1991, (6): 483～499
[29] Hubert Schmitz. Does Local Co-operation Matter? Evidence from Industrial Clusters in South Asia and Latin America. Oxford Development Studies, 2000, (3): 28～32
[30] 朱善利．微观经济学．北京：北京大学出版社，1997
[31] 平狄克，鲁宾费尔德．微观经济学．第四版．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2000
[32] 张五常．经济解释．北京：商务印刷馆，2000
[33] 思拉恩·埃格特森．新制度经济学．北京：商务印刷馆，1996
[34] 王询．人际关系模式与经济组织的交易成本．经济研究，1994，(8)：67～71
[35] 朱英明．长江三角洲地区外商投资企业空间集群与地区增长．中国工业经济，2002，(1)：66～72
[36] 王缉慈．地方企业群生命在特色．中国经济信息，2002，(10)：10～12
[37] 汪文明，范阳东．发展企业集群加快工业化进程．湖南商学院学报，2003，(2)：36～37
[38] 胡晓玉．透视浙江产业集群．中国经济信息，2002，(10)：7～9
[39] 菲利普·科特勒．营销管理．上海：上海人民出版社，1999
[40] Conti S, Malecki E.J, Onias E The Industrial Enterprise and Its Environment: Spatial Perspective. Ashgate Publishing Ltd,1995
[41] 迈克尔·波特．国家竞争优势．北京：华夏出版社，2002
[42] 王方华，吕巍主编．企业战略管理．上海：复旦大学出版社，2002
[43] 魏守华，石碧华．论企业集群的竞争优势．中国工业经济，2002，(1)：59～65
[44] 陈甬军，陈爱民主编．中国城市化：实证分析与对策研究．厦门：厦门大学出版社，2002
[45] 郝寿义，安虎森主编．区域经济学．北京：经济科学出版社，1999
[46] 王良健．构建大湘西黄金旅游带的宏观思考．(未刊稿)
[47] 王良健．确立新世纪湖南“西线”经济优先发展带的思考．湖南社会科学，2001，(4)：63～66
[48] Doeringer, P.B, and D.G.Terkla. Business strategy and cross-industry clusters. Economic Development Quarterly,1995,(9):225～37
[49] Rosenfeld, Stuart A. Bringing Business Clusters into the Mainstream of Economic Development. European Planning Studies,1997,(5):3～23
[50] 鲁开垠，胡军．广东实施产业集群战略模式与对策研究．南方经济，2003，(6)：30～32
[51] 赵中伟，邵来安．小企业集群竞争优势形成机理与地方政府促进其发展的措施．经济问题探索，2002，(10)：23～29