基于形式化的软件测试复用若干关键技术的研究
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摘要
软件测试作为直接获取软件基本度量和发现软件缺陷的最重要手段之一,日益受到人们的重视。在软件的发展过程中,测试逐步从软件研发过程中分离,成为独立的业务和社会分工。在整个软件生命周期内,软件测试成本已经占到软件研发总成本的40%,在安全关键领域甚至占到60%,由于缺乏充分测试而导致的软件质量问题成为制约我国软件产业发展的重要因素。测试用例的复用在提高软件测试质量,缩短测试周期,提高软件测试的覆盖率,均起着十分重要的作用,对软件测试复用的研究已成为软件测试工程化研究的趋势之一。课题的研究对于提高企业测试水平和过程能力,促进我国软件产业的发展具有极其重要的指导意义。
目前国内外在软件测试用例复用方面的研究,往往集中在某特定环节的复用技术,缺乏能够综合测试用例的来源、组织和存储、检索、复用的完整复用体系。测试能力成熟度模型提供了良好的软件测试过程的指导,但缺少有效的建模和仿真手段,过程改进成本高,测试用例的描述缺少语义关联,来源缺乏系统化,严重地制约了测试用例的复用,因此开展测试用例的复用研究具有重要的理论价值和广阔的应用前景。基于上述原因,本文在测试流程建模和仿真,测试用例的生成,测试用例的描述、组织和检索,测试用例复用的支撑环境等方面进行了深入的研究。所做的工作和成果主要体现在以下几个方面:
I提出了基于层次赋时着色Petri网的测试流程模型,实现了软件流程的仿真与复用。利用经典Petri网对测试计划、测试设计、测试执行、修故缺陷、测试评估、测试结束等环节构成的测试流程进行仿真和分析。在此基础上,根据测试流程的基本要素,进一步采用HTCPN工具,依照自顶向下的模式,开展软件过程的复杂建模和流程的动态仿真,实现了事前高效的软件测试过程优化和资源调度,避免了传统软件测试过程在事后实施改进周期长、成本高的缺点。
I提出了基于Z语言的Web页面序列及浏览器交互测试覆盖准则。Web系统的无状态、多入口、流程不确定等特点给Web软件的测试带来了新的挑战,本文依据Web应用的页面关系提出了Web应用的页面序列覆盖准则,分析了准则之间的包含关系,根据Web应用和浏览器按钮之间的交互提出了交互状态覆盖和迁移覆盖准则。解决了目前Web应用存在覆盖准则复杂、应用不直观的现状,提高了Web应用测试的可复用程度。
I提出并实现了可复用的基于遗传算法的两两组合测试用例的自动生成算法GACT。求解满足两两组合覆盖的最小测试用例集是NP完全问题,该算法能够生成满足两两组合的测试用例集的满意解,和国外相似算法相比,在组合数目较大时,GACT测试用例数量减少的优势比较明显。
I提出了面向复用的测试用例描述模型。引入测试本体和软件测试用例分类本体,讨论了测试用例本体的匹配的相似度计算方法和测试用例的检索过程。采用形式化方法描述了固定属性字段测试、状态分解、和测试模板框架等可复用测试用例的来源,提高了软件测试用例的复用能力。
I在调查软件测试质量情况和企业软件配置情况的基础上,分析了软件测试质量和软件测试配置之间的联系。结合本文研究成果,实现了基于本文研究成果的测试用例复用支撑环境-软件测试管理平台STMP,并应用于实际的第三方测试组织,取得了较为明显的效果,根据过去2年约1000个软件测试项目的统计,测试效率平均提高了20%,项目的部分研究应用成果获得上海市科技进步三等奖。
With the rapid growth of the application of information technology, computer soft-ware system has been penetrated into all fields of social life. The losses caused by soft-ware defects extend from the military, aviation, medical and other fields gradually toeveryday life. Software testing, as one of the most important means to acquire the qual-ity metric and to find software defects, constantly catches people’s attention. Softwaretesting gradually becomes an independent business and social division of labor,alongwith the rapid development of software engineering. Software testing accounts for morethan forty percent of the entire cost in software life cycle,even sixty percent of theentire cost in the Safety-critical field. The poor software product quality caused by inad-equate testing of the software has become one of the important factors which constrainChina’s software industry development. Reuse of test cases plays a very important role inimproving software quality, shortening the testing cycle,improving the testing coverage.The research on software testing reuse has become a vital branch of testing engineeringresearch.The research project in this paper has significance in improving the testing skilland process capability maturity, promoting the development of China’s software industry.
Software testing cases reuse research at home and abroad, tends to focus on specificstage of the reuse process, either on the generation of test cases or on the organization andstorage of test cases. The Testing Capability Maturity provides a guidance for the soft-ware testing process, but the process improvement cost is very high because of the lack ofeffective means of modeling and simulation before the practice. The lack of semantic de-scription of test cases and systemize research impact testing cases reuse. The research onreuse of test cases has great theoretical value and broad application prospects. In this pa-per,we will carry out deep research on the test process modeling and simulation, reusabletest cases generation, the description of test case based on ontology. The achievementsand main works in this dissertation are listed as following:
I The testing process model based on Hierarchical Timed Colored PetriNets(HTCPN) was presented in this paper, and the simulation and reuse was im-plemented. According to the basic elements of the testing process, we used classicpetri net to simulate and analyze all the stages of testing process including test plan,test design, test execution, defect repair, testing result evaluation and other aspects.On this basis,software process modeling and the dynamic simulation process was implemented by HTCPN tools in accordance with the model of top-down. Thetesting process optimization and resource schedule was achieved by adjusting thevarious process parameters, avoiding the time and economic loss caused by lowtesting process.
I The web browser page sequence testing coverage criteria and interaction testingcoverage criteria was proposed and described in Z Notation. The web applicationhas a non-status, multi-entrance uncertain ?ow characteristics,which has broughtnew challenges for web application testing. The web sequence coverage criteriawas proposed based on the sequence of different web page according to applica-tion logic. This paper also discuss interaction coverage between web applicationand browser in Z Notation. The subsumption of these coverage criteria was ana-lyzed. These coverage criteria is very usable to reduce complication, to improvethe accuracy of criteria description and reusability.
I Anewautomatictestcasegenerationalgorithmbasedongeneticalgorithmforpair-wise testing was put forward. The algorithm is called GACT. To find the smallestset of testing cases which satisfies the pairwise combination is non-deterministicpolynomial complete problem. The tool based on GACT can generate satisfactorytest case set. Compared to the similar algorithm abroad, GACT can decrease thenumber of test cases when the number of combination is very large.
I Thedescriptionmodel,usedforreuseoftestcase,wasproposed. Thetestingontol-ogy and software classification ontology were introduced to describe the semanticrelationship between the test cases. Test cases ontology similarity matching calcu-lation methods and retrieval process of test cases were discussed after building testcases ontology. Formal method was used to describe three sources of the reusablesoftware test case to increase the reuse capacity of test cases. These source are thefixed properties field test, the state decomposition and state comparison, and thetest template framework of reusable test cases.
I Aftersurveyingofthequalityofsoftwaretestingandenterprisesoftwareconfigura-tion, the causal relation between testing software quality and the test configurationwas analyzed. On this basis, a test case reuse support environment - SoftwareTesting Management Platform(STMP) was implemented according to the achieve-ment of this paper. This support environment was applied in a actual third-party testing organization, according to statistics over the past year,the testing efficiencyincreased by 20% on average. Part of the research results of this paper won thethird prize for Progress of Science and Technology of Shanghai.
目前国内外在软件测试用例复用方面的研究,往往集中在某特定环节的复用技术,缺乏能够综合测试用例的来源、组织和存储、检索、复用的完整复用体系。测试能力成熟度模型提供了良好的软件测试过程的指导,但缺少有效的建模和仿真手段,过程改进成本高,测试用例的描述缺少语义关联,来源缺乏系统化,严重地制约了测试用例的复用,因此开展测试用例的复用研究具有重要的理论价值和广阔的应用前景。基于上述原因,本文在测试流程建模和仿真,测试用例的生成,测试用例的描述、组织和检索,测试用例复用的支撑环境等方面进行了深入的研究。所做的工作和成果主要体现在以下几个方面:
I提出了基于层次赋时着色Petri网的测试流程模型,实现了软件流程的仿真与复用。利用经典Petri网对测试计划、测试设计、测试执行、修故缺陷、测试评估、测试结束等环节构成的测试流程进行仿真和分析。在此基础上,根据测试流程的基本要素,进一步采用HTCPN工具,依照自顶向下的模式,开展软件过程的复杂建模和流程的动态仿真,实现了事前高效的软件测试过程优化和资源调度,避免了传统软件测试过程在事后实施改进周期长、成本高的缺点。
I提出了基于Z语言的Web页面序列及浏览器交互测试覆盖准则。Web系统的无状态、多入口、流程不确定等特点给Web软件的测试带来了新的挑战,本文依据Web应用的页面关系提出了Web应用的页面序列覆盖准则,分析了准则之间的包含关系,根据Web应用和浏览器按钮之间的交互提出了交互状态覆盖和迁移覆盖准则。解决了目前Web应用存在覆盖准则复杂、应用不直观的现状,提高了Web应用测试的可复用程度。
I提出并实现了可复用的基于遗传算法的两两组合测试用例的自动生成算法GACT。求解满足两两组合覆盖的最小测试用例集是NP完全问题,该算法能够生成满足两两组合的测试用例集的满意解,和国外相似算法相比,在组合数目较大时,GACT测试用例数量减少的优势比较明显。
I提出了面向复用的测试用例描述模型。引入测试本体和软件测试用例分类本体,讨论了测试用例本体的匹配的相似度计算方法和测试用例的检索过程。采用形式化方法描述了固定属性字段测试、状态分解、和测试模板框架等可复用测试用例的来源,提高了软件测试用例的复用能力。
I在调查软件测试质量情况和企业软件配置情况的基础上,分析了软件测试质量和软件测试配置之间的联系。结合本文研究成果,实现了基于本文研究成果的测试用例复用支撑环境-软件测试管理平台STMP,并应用于实际的第三方测试组织,取得了较为明显的效果,根据过去2年约1000个软件测试项目的统计,测试效率平均提高了20%,项目的部分研究应用成果获得上海市科技进步三等奖。
With the rapid growth of the application of information technology, computer soft-ware system has been penetrated into all fields of social life. The losses caused by soft-ware defects extend from the military, aviation, medical and other fields gradually toeveryday life. Software testing, as one of the most important means to acquire the qual-ity metric and to find software defects, constantly catches people’s attention. Softwaretesting gradually becomes an independent business and social division of labor,alongwith the rapid development of software engineering. Software testing accounts for morethan forty percent of the entire cost in software life cycle,even sixty percent of theentire cost in the Safety-critical field. The poor software product quality caused by inad-equate testing of the software has become one of the important factors which constrainChina’s software industry development. Reuse of test cases plays a very important role inimproving software quality, shortening the testing cycle,improving the testing coverage.The research on software testing reuse has become a vital branch of testing engineeringresearch.The research project in this paper has significance in improving the testing skilland process capability maturity, promoting the development of China’s software industry.
Software testing cases reuse research at home and abroad, tends to focus on specificstage of the reuse process, either on the generation of test cases or on the organization andstorage of test cases. The Testing Capability Maturity provides a guidance for the soft-ware testing process, but the process improvement cost is very high because of the lack ofeffective means of modeling and simulation before the practice. The lack of semantic de-scription of test cases and systemize research impact testing cases reuse. The research onreuse of test cases has great theoretical value and broad application prospects. In this pa-per,we will carry out deep research on the test process modeling and simulation, reusabletest cases generation, the description of test case based on ontology. The achievementsand main works in this dissertation are listed as following:
I The testing process model based on Hierarchical Timed Colored PetriNets(HTCPN) was presented in this paper, and the simulation and reuse was im-plemented. According to the basic elements of the testing process, we used classicpetri net to simulate and analyze all the stages of testing process including test plan,test design, test execution, defect repair, testing result evaluation and other aspects.On this basis,software process modeling and the dynamic simulation process was implemented by HTCPN tools in accordance with the model of top-down. Thetesting process optimization and resource schedule was achieved by adjusting thevarious process parameters, avoiding the time and economic loss caused by lowtesting process.
I The web browser page sequence testing coverage criteria and interaction testingcoverage criteria was proposed and described in Z Notation. The web applicationhas a non-status, multi-entrance uncertain ?ow characteristics,which has broughtnew challenges for web application testing. The web sequence coverage criteriawas proposed based on the sequence of different web page according to applica-tion logic. This paper also discuss interaction coverage between web applicationand browser in Z Notation. The subsumption of these coverage criteria was ana-lyzed. These coverage criteria is very usable to reduce complication, to improvethe accuracy of criteria description and reusability.
I Anewautomatictestcasegenerationalgorithmbasedongeneticalgorithmforpair-wise testing was put forward. The algorithm is called GACT. To find the smallestset of testing cases which satisfies the pairwise combination is non-deterministicpolynomial complete problem. The tool based on GACT can generate satisfactorytest case set. Compared to the similar algorithm abroad, GACT can decrease thenumber of test cases when the number of combination is very large.
I Thedescriptionmodel,usedforreuseoftestcase,wasproposed. Thetestingontol-ogy and software classification ontology were introduced to describe the semanticrelationship between the test cases. Test cases ontology similarity matching calcu-lation methods and retrieval process of test cases were discussed after building testcases ontology. Formal method was used to describe three sources of the reusablesoftware test case to increase the reuse capacity of test cases. These source are thefixed properties field test, the state decomposition and state comparison, and thetest template framework of reusable test cases.
I Aftersurveyingofthequalityofsoftwaretestingandenterprisesoftwareconfigura-tion, the causal relation between testing software quality and the test configurationwas analyzed. On this basis, a test case reuse support environment - SoftwareTesting Management Platform(STMP) was implemented according to the achieve-ment of this paper. This support environment was applied in a actual third-party testing organization, according to statistics over the past year,the testing efficiencyincreased by 20% on average. Part of the research results of this paper won thethird prize for Progress of Science and Technology of Shanghai.
引文
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