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英汉双关的对比与翻译
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摘要
世界上所有的语言都有双关。双关就是利用词的读音及多义来表达两层意思:表面意思和隐含意思。双关的使用是为了达到幽默或讽刺的效果。而且不论是英语还是汉语都人量使用双关这一修辞手法。
     英语双关和汉语双关都经历了很长的历史。早期双关被人们认为是一种高雅的语言,但现在双关随处可见。在文学作品中,如:小说、诗歌、戏剧、对联、相声等中都使用了双关,在应用文中也可以看到双关,如广告、新闻标题等。
     双关的广泛应用引起了语言学家和翻译家的极大兴趣。他们不遗余力地想对双关进行分类以达到对双关的全面了解。英语双关和汉语双关都是建立在词或句子的读音和意思的基础上。此外,语法手段或其他的修辞手段也可用来获得双关。但是英汉语双关也具有各自不同的特点。英语双关就利用了英语的缩略语与名词的单复数形式来创造双关,而汉语则有其独特的歇后语双关。
     由于双关是深深地根植于语言文化中,不同语言有不同的表达方式,因此长期以来人们就一直在讨论双关的可译性。那些认为双关是不可译的人认为所有的词都具有文化的独特性,且每种语言都有其独特的语法,因此双关是不可译的。而那些认为双关是可译的人则指出尽管语言的差异确实存在,但是从人类的生存环境、身体结构、以及精神需求等方面看,语言的相似性大于差异性。因此不同语言之间存在着信息转换渠道。但是双关的可译性是一定程度上的可译。因为只要社会文化间的差异存在,翻泽的障碍也就存在。
     就双关的翻译而言,其困难在于如何在目的语言中既保留双关的双重含义,又不失去其幽默或讽刺的味道。因此许多翻译家竭尽全力地寻找将双关中的不可译成分转化成可译成分的方法。普遍的方法是:用双关译双关、替代法、用谐音来补偿双关、转移法、同时保留表层意思和隐含意思、保留表层意思或隐含意思、用解释翻译法、以及加注。
     翻译是取舍的过程。由于英汉语言文化的不同,有时在翻译过程中,双关的幽默效果会丢失。但是,这不能作为翻译家们逃避问题的借口,相反,应该更加努力地寻找更多、更有效的方法跨越这道鸿沟。
In the world all languages have pun, which is to use a word or words to get two meanings, literal meaning and connotation meaning, to achieve humorous or sarcastic sense. It is commonly employed in both English and Chinese rhetoric.
    English pun, and Chinese pun as well, have experienced a long history. It has once been considered to be the superior use of language, but now it will spring to the eye or ear from formal occasions to the daily usage, from literature, such as novels, poems, plays, couplets, cross-talks, to practical writings, such as news headlines, advertisements.
    Pun is so widespread that it arouses great interest in linguists and translators. They have spared no efforts to classify pun in order to have a full understanding. Both English pun and Chinese pun are based on the pronunciation and semantic meaning of words and sentences. In addition, they also employ grammar and other figures of speech to achieve puns. But they do have their own features. In English pun can be made on abbreviation and the singular and plural forms of English words, which cannot be used in Chinese pun, while the allegorical pun is unique to Chinese.
    Since pun is deep-rooted in culture and language, there has been a heated debate as to whether or not pun is translatable. Those who think pun is untranslatable base their opinion on the fact that all words are culture-specific and each language has its peculiar grammar. Those who believe pun is
    
    
    
    translatable point out that differences of languages may exist, but there are many similarities greater than differences, in respect of mankind's living environment, body structures and physiological needs. And there does exist the channel for message transferring. But pun is to some extent translatable, since as long as the social and culture differences exist, the barriers in translation exist.
    As far as translation of pun is concerned, the difficulty is how to produce the semantic, referential and pragmatic meaning in the target text. So many translators are exerting great efforts to try to convert the untranslatable elements into translatable ones. The common ways are: using pun to translate pun, using substitute, using paronym to compensate pun, using shifting, preserving both the surface meaning and underlying meaning, preserving either the surface meaning or the underlying meaning, using explanatory translation, and the last choice is adding notes.
    Translation is a process of loss, that is, because of the difference in Chinese and English languages and culture, sometimes the punny effect and humorous sense will be lost in the process of translation. However, this does not offer translators an excuse to stop tackling the problem, in contrast, they need to find out more and better methods to overcome this gap effectively.
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