电力市场环境下的输电价格机理及实证研究
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摘要
近年来，我国的电力工业得到了迅猛发展并取得了巨大的成就，为国民经济的发展做出了重要贡献。时至今日，中国电力工业重组方案的确定和实施，标志我国进入了电力市场改革的新时期，改革的总体目标是：打破垄断，引入竞争，提高效率，降低成本，健全电价机制，优化资源配置，促进电力发展，推进全国联网，构建政府监管下的政企分开、公平竞争、开放有序、健康发展的电力市场体系。其核心就在于使电网走向市场，实行商业化运营。为适应输电网开放使用和建立电力市场的大趋势，输电定价问题，已经成为各国竞相研究的新问题之一。
国外对输电价格及其相应的形成机制、管制措施的研究有一些成果，但是，我国的电力工业改革有其特殊性，不能照搬国外的成功经验，必须探索出适合我国国情的输电价格形成机制及其管制措施，才能确保我国电力工业市场化改革不断推向前进。
本文将立足于中国电力工业改革的现状，分析传统输电费用计算方法的优缺点及各自的适用范围；吸收借鉴目前国内外的成功经验，对于如何确立合理的输电价格形成机制，给出了一些建议；最后，结合三峡电力市场的建设，进行了一些实证研究，给出了一种适合三峡电力市场的新的输电费用分配计算方法。
Our electricity industry has gained great achievement in recent years. In the new century, our electricity industry paced into a new period. The core purpose of reform is to make the power grid can be run in power market environment. So how to calculate the charge of electricity transmission is a corner stone. Only when we calculate it correctly, can we run the power grid and improve it properly.
In this thesis, based on the present methods of calculating transmission charge inside our nation and in broad, the author analyses and compares the advantage and shortcoming of each method detailed, then determines the applied field of each method. The calculating equations of each method for multinomial functions, the most common functions in power system analysis, are deduced, and some useful conclusions are deduced. Successful experiences of the system in establishing the transmission charge and the control methods all over the world are all considered. Moreover, some suggestions are given to the construction of power market in our nation.
At the end of the thesis, the author carried out a few demonstration research where a new method to calculate transmission charge, fitting to the truly circumstance of SanXia power market, is presented, which can be accomplished in real time.
国外对输电价格及其相应的形成机制、管制措施的研究有一些成果，但是，我国的电力工业改革有其特殊性，不能照搬国外的成功经验，必须探索出适合我国国情的输电价格形成机制及其管制措施，才能确保我国电力工业市场化改革不断推向前进。
本文将立足于中国电力工业改革的现状，分析传统输电费用计算方法的优缺点及各自的适用范围；吸收借鉴目前国内外的成功经验，对于如何确立合理的输电价格形成机制，给出了一些建议；最后，结合三峡电力市场的建设，进行了一些实证研究，给出了一种适合三峡电力市场的新的输电费用分配计算方法。
Our electricity industry has gained great achievement in recent years. In the new century, our electricity industry paced into a new period. The core purpose of reform is to make the power grid can be run in power market environment. So how to calculate the charge of electricity transmission is a corner stone. Only when we calculate it correctly, can we run the power grid and improve it properly.
In this thesis, based on the present methods of calculating transmission charge inside our nation and in broad, the author analyses and compares the advantage and shortcoming of each method detailed, then determines the applied field of each method. The calculating equations of each method for multinomial functions, the most common functions in power system analysis, are deduced, and some useful conclusions are deduced. Successful experiences of the system in establishing the transmission charge and the control methods all over the world are all considered. Moreover, some suggestions are given to the construction of power market in our nation.
At the end of the thesis, the author carried out a few demonstration research where a new method to calculate transmission charge, fitting to the truly circumstance of SanXia power market, is presented, which can be accomplished in real time.
引文
曾鸣.电力市场理论及应用. 中国电力出版社，2000
言茂松，辛洁晴. 电能价值当量分析与分时电价预测. 中国电力出版社，1998
言茂松.当量电价与融资重组.中国电力出版社，2000
英国电力系统.中国电力出版社，2002
2002中国电力市场报告.中国电力出版社，2002
夏清，等.电力市场运营及其软件开发.中国电力出版社，2002
于尔铿.电力市场.中国水利电力出版社，1995
谢开，刘广一，于尔铿，等.电力市场中的输电服务（四）——输电费用分配方法.电网技术,1997,21(7)：66-68.
李卫东,魏立明,孙辉.计及功率实际分布与转运服务影响的输电服务分摊方案研究.2002,22(10).
赵九斤.英国新电力交易系统.国际电力,2001(2):4-7.
荆朝霞,等.函数值分摊理论及其在电力市场中的应用.中国电机工程学报,2003,23(2):9-14.
马斌.世界电力行业政府管制变革及启示.中国工商经济,1999(4) :38-41
周永兴,黄洁纲.输电网固定成本分摊原理.中国电力,1999,32(8).
任震，等.电力市场中计算输电电价的一种新方法.中国电机工程学报.2003,23(1).
穆钢，等.基于费用流法的输电网节点电力成本分析.中国电机工程学报.2002,22(12).
C.W.Yu，A.K.David. Access，Costing，and Pricing of Transmission Services. Pacific and Asian Journal of Energy. 1995，Vol. 5 (No. 2，Dec.)：p211—221
H.H.Happ. Cost of Wheeling Methodologies. IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems. 1994，Vol. 9 (No. 1，Feb.)：p147—156
B.L.P.P.Perera，E.D.Farmer，B.J.Cory. Revenue Reconciled Optimum Pricing of Transmission Services. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 1996，Vol.11 (No. 3，Aug.)：p1419—1426
Hyde M.Merrill，Bruce W.Erickson. Wheeling Rates Based on Marginal Cost Theroy. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 1989，Vol .4(No. 4，Oct.)：p1445—1451
M.C.Caramanis，N.Boukos，F.C.Schweppe. WRATES：A Tool for Evaluating the Marginal Cost Wheeling. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 1989，Vol. 4(No. 2，May.)：p594—605
E.D.Farmer，B.J.Cory，B.L.P.P.Perera. Optimal Pricing of Transmission and Distribution Services in Electricity Supply. IEE Proc.— Gener. Transm. Distrib. 1995，Vol. 142 (No. 1)：p1—8
C.W.Yu，A.K.David. Pricing Transmission Services in the Context of Industry Deregulation. 96WM 321-0 PWRS
H.Rudnick，R.Palma，J.E.Fernandez. Marginal Pricing and Supplement Cost Allocation in Transmission Open Access. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 1995，Vol. 10 (No. 2，May.)：p1125—1132
R.R.Austria，X.Y.Chao，N.D.Reppen，D.E.Welsh. Intergrated Approach to Transfer Limit Calculations. IEEE Computer Applications in Power. 1995，(No. 1)：p48—52
W.Y.Ng. Generalized Generation Distribution Factors for Power Systems Security Evaluation. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems. 1981，Vol. 100 (No. 3)：p1001—1005
Anon. Exploring the Limits of Power Transfer. Energy. 1988，Vol. 13 (No. 5)：p11—13
言茂松，辛洁晴. 电能价值当量分析与分时电价预测. 中国电力出版社，1998
言茂松.当量电价与融资重组.中国电力出版社，2000
英国电力系统.中国电力出版社，2002
2002中国电力市场报告.中国电力出版社，2002
夏清，等.电力市场运营及其软件开发.中国电力出版社，2002
于尔铿.电力市场.中国水利电力出版社，1995
谢开，刘广一，于尔铿，等.电力市场中的输电服务（四）——输电费用分配方法.电网技术,1997,21(7)：66-68.
李卫东,魏立明,孙辉.计及功率实际分布与转运服务影响的输电服务分摊方案研究.2002,22(10).
赵九斤.英国新电力交易系统.国际电力,2001(2):4-7.
荆朝霞,等.函数值分摊理论及其在电力市场中的应用.中国电机工程学报,2003,23(2):9-14.
马斌.世界电力行业政府管制变革及启示.中国工商经济,1999(4) :38-41
周永兴,黄洁纲.输电网固定成本分摊原理.中国电力,1999,32(8).
任震，等.电力市场中计算输电电价的一种新方法.中国电机工程学报.2003,23(1).
穆钢，等.基于费用流法的输电网节点电力成本分析.中国电机工程学报.2002,22(12).
C.W.Yu，A.K.David. Access，Costing，and Pricing of Transmission Services. Pacific and Asian Journal of Energy. 1995，Vol. 5 (No. 2，Dec.)：p211—221
H.H.Happ. Cost of Wheeling Methodologies. IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems. 1994，Vol. 9 (No. 1，Feb.)：p147—156
B.L.P.P.Perera，E.D.Farmer，B.J.Cory. Revenue Reconciled Optimum Pricing of Transmission Services. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 1996，Vol.11 (No. 3，Aug.)：p1419—1426
Hyde M.Merrill，Bruce W.Erickson. Wheeling Rates Based on Marginal Cost Theroy. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 1989，Vol .4(No. 4，Oct.)：p1445—1451
M.C.Caramanis，N.Boukos，F.C.Schweppe. WRATES：A Tool for Evaluating the Marginal Cost Wheeling. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 1989，Vol. 4(No. 2，May.)：p594—605
E.D.Farmer，B.J.Cory，B.L.P.P.Perera. Optimal Pricing of Transmission and Distribution Services in Electricity Supply. IEE Proc.— Gener. Transm. Distrib. 1995，Vol. 142 (No. 1)：p1—8
C.W.Yu，A.K.David. Pricing Transmission Services in the Context of Industry Deregulation. 96WM 321-0 PWRS
H.Rudnick，R.Palma，J.E.Fernandez. Marginal Pricing and Supplement Cost Allocation in Transmission Open Access. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 1995，Vol. 10 (No. 2，May.)：p1125—1132
R.R.Austria，X.Y.Chao，N.D.Reppen，D.E.Welsh. Intergrated Approach to Transfer Limit Calculations. IEEE Computer Applications in Power. 1995，(No. 1)：p48—52
W.Y.Ng. Generalized Generation Distribution Factors for Power Systems Security Evaluation. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems. 1981，Vol. 100 (No. 3)：p1001—1005
Anon. Exploring the Limits of Power Transfer. Energy. 1988，Vol. 13 (No. 5)：p11—13