多载波系统峰均比技术的研究
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摘要
多载波通信技术由于具有抗频率选择衰落和频谱效率高等优点，是一种适于无线环境下高速数据传输的技术；多天线的多入多出系统结构为增大系统容量，提高数据传输速率和传输质量提供了可能，二者均是新一代移动通信中的核心技术。采用多入多出的多载波通信系统结构能够提供更大的覆盖范围，更好的传输质量，更高的数据速率和频谱效率。多载波通信技术所存在的高峰值平均功率比(Peak-to-Average Power Ratio，PAPR)的问题严重影响了其应用，因此对这个问题进行了简单的研究。
本文首先介绍了多载波系统的基本原理，给出了正交频分复用(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing，OFDM)系统及其模型，以及OFDM系统相应的优缺点，并分析了现有峰均比抑制技术的性能。其次，介绍了基于概率类技术抑制峰均比的方案，并在传统的部分传输序列(Partial Transmit Sequence，PTS)方案上作了一些修改。修改后的方案比传统的方案性能好，搜索次数少，无须遍历所有的值，但系统较为复杂。对非线性压缩扩张技术抑制峰均比的方案进行了分析，分析了传统的压缩扩张技术的不足，并对多载波信号干扰技术进行了简单地介绍。针对多载波干扰中载波等间隔和非等间隔这两种情况，分别采用Narahashis相位方案、时间掩模法和一种基于利用补偿信号的修改方案及牛顿寻优法来降低峰均比。最后，对全文进行总结，并展望了将所研究的技术实用化的进一步工作及方向。
Multicarrier communication technology is usually applied to the high speed data transmission in the telecommunication system. It can resist frequency selective fading and is high frequeccy efficiency. Meanwhile, multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system architecture makes it possible to increase system capacity and improve data transmission speed and system transmission quality. Consequently, they become key technologies in the new generation telecommunication system. Multicarrier communication system with MIMO technology can provide wider covering area, better transmission quality and achieve higher data transmission speed and frequency efficiency. However, the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) problem of multicarrier communication technology seriously affected its realization and this problem was studied.
At first, the basic principle of multi-carrier systems was introduced, the model of the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing system and the advantages and disadvantages of the system were given, and the conventional PAPR reduction of methods was introducted in the dissertation. Secondly, the technical program that using probability technology to reduce the PAPR was analyzed, and some changes to the traditional partial transmit sequence (PTS) program was made. Compared with traditional method, the method was better, number was less in searching, not all the values needed been traversed, but the system was more complex. The program that used the technology of the nonlinear compression and expansion to inhibit PAPR was analyzed, the deficience of the traditional technology of the compression and expansion was analyzed, and briefly introduction to the multi-carrier jamming technology was conducted. In order to reduce the multicarrier signal PAPR in the situations of equal gap relations and the unequal gap relations in multi-carrier jamming carrier, the Narahashi program and the revision plan that based on compensated the signal and the method of Newton and the method of masking time were separately uesd. Finally, the relative research and simulation about the whole paper is summarized, meanwhile, the further practical research is expected.
本文首先介绍了多载波系统的基本原理，给出了正交频分复用(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing，OFDM)系统及其模型，以及OFDM系统相应的优缺点，并分析了现有峰均比抑制技术的性能。其次，介绍了基于概率类技术抑制峰均比的方案，并在传统的部分传输序列(Partial Transmit Sequence，PTS)方案上作了一些修改。修改后的方案比传统的方案性能好，搜索次数少，无须遍历所有的值，但系统较为复杂。对非线性压缩扩张技术抑制峰均比的方案进行了分析，分析了传统的压缩扩张技术的不足，并对多载波信号干扰技术进行了简单地介绍。针对多载波干扰中载波等间隔和非等间隔这两种情况，分别采用Narahashis相位方案、时间掩模法和一种基于利用补偿信号的修改方案及牛顿寻优法来降低峰均比。最后，对全文进行总结，并展望了将所研究的技术实用化的进一步工作及方向。
Multicarrier communication technology is usually applied to the high speed data transmission in the telecommunication system. It can resist frequency selective fading and is high frequeccy efficiency. Meanwhile, multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system architecture makes it possible to increase system capacity and improve data transmission speed and system transmission quality. Consequently, they become key technologies in the new generation telecommunication system. Multicarrier communication system with MIMO technology can provide wider covering area, better transmission quality and achieve higher data transmission speed and frequency efficiency. However, the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) problem of multicarrier communication technology seriously affected its realization and this problem was studied.
At first, the basic principle of multi-carrier systems was introduced, the model of the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing system and the advantages and disadvantages of the system were given, and the conventional PAPR reduction of methods was introducted in the dissertation. Secondly, the technical program that using probability technology to reduce the PAPR was analyzed, and some changes to the traditional partial transmit sequence (PTS) program was made. Compared with traditional method, the method was better, number was less in searching, not all the values needed been traversed, but the system was more complex. The program that used the technology of the nonlinear compression and expansion to inhibit PAPR was analyzed, the deficience of the traditional technology of the compression and expansion was analyzed, and briefly introduction to the multi-carrier jamming technology was conducted. In order to reduce the multicarrier signal PAPR in the situations of equal gap relations and the unequal gap relations in multi-carrier jamming carrier, the Narahashi program and the revision plan that based on compensated the signal and the method of Newton and the method of masking time were separately uesd. Finally, the relative research and simulation about the whole paper is summarized, meanwhile, the further practical research is expected.
引文
[1] 尹长川．多载波宽带无线通信技术．北京：北京邮电大学出版社，2004
[2] 张磊，张银华．不断发展的无线移动通信技术．电子机械工程，2002，18(5)：5～10
[3] 付贵阳，贾怀义．三种无线通信技术基本原理和性能比较．移动通信，2004，S3：32～35
[4] 佟学俭等．OFDM移动通信技术原理与应用．北京：人民邮电出版社，2003
[5] Chow P S, Tu J C, Cioffi J M. Performance evaluation of a multi-channel transceiver system for ADSL and VHDSL services. IEEE JSAC in Conununications, 1991, 9(8): 909～912
[6] ETSI. Digital video broadcasting: Framing digital terrestrial television. European structure, channel coding and modulation for communication standard, EN, 1999, 2(1): 300～744
[7] ETSI. Radio broadcasting systems: Digital audio broadcasting to mobile, portable and fixed receivers. European telecommunication standard, ETS, 1995:300-401
[8] EEE 802.11. IEEE standard for wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications, 1997
[9] Richard D J, Van Nee, Ramjee Prasad. OFDM for wireless Multimedia communications. London: Artech house, 2000
[10] Banelli P, Cancopardi S. Therortical analysis and performamce of OFDM signals in nonlinear AWGN channels. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2000, 48(3): 430～441
[11] 肖建华，张平．基于多相补码的OFDM 峰均功率比抑制．电视技术，2002，12：7～9，15
[12] 黄晓，陆建华，郑君里．低复杂度OFDM信号峰均功率比压缩技术．电子学报，2003，31(3)：398～401
[13] Paterson, Kenneth G. Generalized reed-muller codes and power control in OFDM Modulation. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2000, 46(1): 104～120
[14] Ahn H J, Im S. A block coding scheme for peak to average power ratio reduction in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system. IEEE VTC'2000, 2000, 1(5): 56～60
[15] Chert H, Pottle G J. An orthogonal projection based approach for PAR reduction in OFDM, IEEE Commmunication Letters, 2002, 6(5): 169～171
[16] Hill G R, Faulkner M, Singh J. A novel low complexity technique to reduce non-linear distortion effects in OFDM Systems. Electronics Letters, 2000, 36(6): 560～561
[17] 魏克军，益晓新．一种采用乐扩算法来降低OFDM信号PAPR的新方法．电视技术，2003，2：14～15，18
[18] Schmidt H, Kammeyer K D. Reducing the peak to average power ratio of multicarrier signals by adaptive subcarrier selection. IEEE ICUPC' 1998, 2:933～937
[19] Lawrey E, Kikker C J. Peak to average power ratio reduction of OFDM signals using peak reduction carriers. Signals processing and its applications, 1999. ISSPA 99. proceedings of the Fifth international symposium on, 1999, 2: 727～740.
[20] Chart Soo Hwang. A peak power reduction method for multicarrier transmission. IEEE International Coference on, 2001, 5:1496～1500
[21] 谢显中．基于TDD的第四代移动通信技术．北京：电子工业出版社，2005
[22] Slimance S B. Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction of OFDM Signals using Pulse Shaping. IEEE GLOBECOM'2000, 3(3): 1412～1416
[23] Palomar D P, Cioffi J M, Lagunas M A. Joint Yx-Rx beamforming design for multicarrier MIMO channels: A unified framework for convex optimization, IEEE Transmission Signal Processing, 2003, 51 (9): 2381～2401
[24] Hojin Kim, Jun Qiang Li, Yong Suk Lee. The cross partitioning scheme for an OFDM signal in multiple transmit antenna systems, IEEE ICC'2003, 5(5): 3408～3412
[25] 雷霞．多载波通信系统中峰值平均功率比抑制技术研究：[博十学位论文]．成都：电子科技大学，2005
[26] 彭林．第三代移动通信技术．北京：电子工业工业出版社，2003
[27] Hans H, Lee J H. An overview of peak to average power ratio reduction techniques for muticarrier Transmission. IEEE Wireless Communications, 2005, 12(2): 56～65
[28] 刘鹏，李兵兵．高速无线通信中的正交多载波调制技术OFDM．今日电子，2002，12：14～15，19
[29] 胡乐．多载波系统降低峰均比技术的研究：[硕士学位论文]．南昌：南昌大学，2007
[30] 王文博．宽带无级通信OFDM技术．北京：人民邮电出版社，2003
[31] 王乃顺．降低OFDM系统的峰均比方法的研究：[硕士学位论文]．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学，2005
[32] Shelswell E The COFDM modulation system: the heart of digital audio broadcasting. Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal, 1995, 7(3): 127～136
[33] Koetter R, Vardy A. Algebraic soft-decision decoding of Reed Solomon codes Information Theory. IEEE Transactions on, 2003, 49(11): 2809～2825
[34] Yao Chen, Aktas E, Tureli U. Optimal space frequency group codes for MIMO OFDM system. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2006, 54(3): 553～562
[35] Jungpil Yu, Boucheret M L, Vallet R, Duverdier A, Mesnager G. Interleaver design for turbo codes from convergence analysis. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2006, 54(4): 619～624
[36] Bottomley G E, Wilhelmsson L R. Recycling the cyclic prefix in an OFDM system vehicular. technology conference, 2006. VTC-2006 Fall. 2006 IEEE 64~(th), 2006, 9:1～5
[37] Jong Bu Lim, Chan Ho Choi, Gi Hong Im. MIMO OFDM with insufficient cyclic prefix. IEEE Communications Letters, 2006, 10(5): 356～358
[38] Hideki O, Hideki I. On the Distribution of the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in OFDM Signals, IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2001, 49(2): 282～289
[39] Seungsoo Yoo, Seokho Yoon, Sun Yong Kim, lickho Song. A novel PAPR reduction scheme for OFDM systems: selective mapping of partial tones (SMOPT). IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 2006, 52(2): 40～43
[40] Dinis R, Gusmao A. Performance evaluation of a multicarrier modulation technique allowing strongly nonlinear amplification. IEEE Interational Conference on Communications, 1998, 2(7): 791～796
[41] Xiaodong Li, Cimini L J. Effects of clipping and filtering on the performance of OFDM. IEEE Communication Letters, 1998, 2 (5): 131～133
[42] 魏克军，益晓新．一种基于SLM算法的峰均功率比减小方案．系统仿真学报，2003，15(4)：557～559
[43] 谭泽富．减小OFDM信号出现人峰平比的研究方法PTS法．中国有线电视，2004，9：10～12
[44] Tellambura C. Improved phase factor computation for the PAR reduction of an OFDM signal using PTS. IEEE Communications Letters. 2001, 5(4): 135～137
[45] Kwon O J, Ha Y H. Multi-carrier PAP reduction method using sub-opitmal PTS With threshold. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, 2003, 49(2): 232～236
[46] 孙妍．OFDM系统仿真与关键技术的研究：[硕士学位论文]．长春：吉林大学，2005
[47] Xiao Wang, Jian hua Lu, Jun Li Zheng, Chuang J, Jun Gu. Reduction in peak-to-average power ratio of OFDM signals with companding transform. Electronics Letters, 2001, 37(4): 506～507
[48] Gimlin D R. On minimizing the peak to average power ratio for the sum of sinusoids. IEEE Transactions Communications, 1993, 41 (4): 631～635
[49] Narahashi S, Nojirna T. New Phasing Scheme of N-multiple Carriers for reducing peak-to-average power ratio. Electronics Letters, 1994, 30(17): 1382～1383
[50] 武林俊，朱世华，冯兴乐．利用单频时间掩模函数降低OFDM的方法．哈尔滨工业大学学报，2005，37(9)：1209～1212
[51] Michael A Komara. Reducing peak-to-average variance of a composite transmitted signal via out-of-band artifact signaling, American patent, 5490172, 1996
[52] Sh Li En. Minimization of the peak amplitude of a waveform. Signal Processing, 1998, 14(1):91～93
[2] 张磊，张银华．不断发展的无线移动通信技术．电子机械工程，2002，18(5)：5～10
[3] 付贵阳，贾怀义．三种无线通信技术基本原理和性能比较．移动通信，2004，S3：32～35
[4] 佟学俭等．OFDM移动通信技术原理与应用．北京：人民邮电出版社，2003
[5] Chow P S, Tu J C, Cioffi J M. Performance evaluation of a multi-channel transceiver system for ADSL and VHDSL services. IEEE JSAC in Conununications, 1991, 9(8): 909～912
[6] ETSI. Digital video broadcasting: Framing digital terrestrial television. European structure, channel coding and modulation for communication standard, EN, 1999, 2(1): 300～744
[7] ETSI. Radio broadcasting systems: Digital audio broadcasting to mobile, portable and fixed receivers. European telecommunication standard, ETS, 1995:300-401
[8] EEE 802.11. IEEE standard for wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications, 1997
[9] Richard D J, Van Nee, Ramjee Prasad. OFDM for wireless Multimedia communications. London: Artech house, 2000
[10] Banelli P, Cancopardi S. Therortical analysis and performamce of OFDM signals in nonlinear AWGN channels. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2000, 48(3): 430～441
[11] 肖建华，张平．基于多相补码的OFDM 峰均功率比抑制．电视技术，2002，12：7～9，15
[12] 黄晓，陆建华，郑君里．低复杂度OFDM信号峰均功率比压缩技术．电子学报，2003，31(3)：398～401
[13] Paterson, Kenneth G. Generalized reed-muller codes and power control in OFDM Modulation. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2000, 46(1): 104～120
[14] Ahn H J, Im S. A block coding scheme for peak to average power ratio reduction in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system. IEEE VTC'2000, 2000, 1(5): 56～60
[15] Chert H, Pottle G J. An orthogonal projection based approach for PAR reduction in OFDM, IEEE Commmunication Letters, 2002, 6(5): 169～171
[16] Hill G R, Faulkner M, Singh J. A novel low complexity technique to reduce non-linear distortion effects in OFDM Systems. Electronics Letters, 2000, 36(6): 560～561
[17] 魏克军，益晓新．一种采用乐扩算法来降低OFDM信号PAPR的新方法．电视技术，2003，2：14～15，18
[18] Schmidt H, Kammeyer K D. Reducing the peak to average power ratio of multicarrier signals by adaptive subcarrier selection. IEEE ICUPC' 1998, 2:933～937
[19] Lawrey E, Kikker C J. Peak to average power ratio reduction of OFDM signals using peak reduction carriers. Signals processing and its applications, 1999. ISSPA 99. proceedings of the Fifth international symposium on, 1999, 2: 727～740.
[20] Chart Soo Hwang. A peak power reduction method for multicarrier transmission. IEEE International Coference on, 2001, 5:1496～1500
[21] 谢显中．基于TDD的第四代移动通信技术．北京：电子工业出版社，2005
[22] Slimance S B. Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction of OFDM Signals using Pulse Shaping. IEEE GLOBECOM'2000, 3(3): 1412～1416
[23] Palomar D P, Cioffi J M, Lagunas M A. Joint Yx-Rx beamforming design for multicarrier MIMO channels: A unified framework for convex optimization, IEEE Transmission Signal Processing, 2003, 51 (9): 2381～2401
[24] Hojin Kim, Jun Qiang Li, Yong Suk Lee. The cross partitioning scheme for an OFDM signal in multiple transmit antenna systems, IEEE ICC'2003, 5(5): 3408～3412
[25] 雷霞．多载波通信系统中峰值平均功率比抑制技术研究：[博十学位论文]．成都：电子科技大学，2005
[26] 彭林．第三代移动通信技术．北京：电子工业工业出版社，2003
[27] Hans H, Lee J H. An overview of peak to average power ratio reduction techniques for muticarrier Transmission. IEEE Wireless Communications, 2005, 12(2): 56～65
[28] 刘鹏，李兵兵．高速无线通信中的正交多载波调制技术OFDM．今日电子，2002，12：14～15，19
[29] 胡乐．多载波系统降低峰均比技术的研究：[硕士学位论文]．南昌：南昌大学，2007
[30] 王文博．宽带无级通信OFDM技术．北京：人民邮电出版社，2003
[31] 王乃顺．降低OFDM系统的峰均比方法的研究：[硕士学位论文]．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学，2005
[32] Shelswell E The COFDM modulation system: the heart of digital audio broadcasting. Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal, 1995, 7(3): 127～136
[33] Koetter R, Vardy A. Algebraic soft-decision decoding of Reed Solomon codes Information Theory. IEEE Transactions on, 2003, 49(11): 2809～2825
[34] Yao Chen, Aktas E, Tureli U. Optimal space frequency group codes for MIMO OFDM system. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2006, 54(3): 553～562
[35] Jungpil Yu, Boucheret M L, Vallet R, Duverdier A, Mesnager G. Interleaver design for turbo codes from convergence analysis. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2006, 54(4): 619～624
[36] Bottomley G E, Wilhelmsson L R. Recycling the cyclic prefix in an OFDM system vehicular. technology conference, 2006. VTC-2006 Fall. 2006 IEEE 64~(th), 2006, 9:1～5
[37] Jong Bu Lim, Chan Ho Choi, Gi Hong Im. MIMO OFDM with insufficient cyclic prefix. IEEE Communications Letters, 2006, 10(5): 356～358
[38] Hideki O, Hideki I. On the Distribution of the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in OFDM Signals, IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2001, 49(2): 282～289
[39] Seungsoo Yoo, Seokho Yoon, Sun Yong Kim, lickho Song. A novel PAPR reduction scheme for OFDM systems: selective mapping of partial tones (SMOPT). IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 2006, 52(2): 40～43
[40] Dinis R, Gusmao A. Performance evaluation of a multicarrier modulation technique allowing strongly nonlinear amplification. IEEE Interational Conference on Communications, 1998, 2(7): 791～796
[41] Xiaodong Li, Cimini L J. Effects of clipping and filtering on the performance of OFDM. IEEE Communication Letters, 1998, 2 (5): 131～133
[42] 魏克军，益晓新．一种基于SLM算法的峰均功率比减小方案．系统仿真学报，2003，15(4)：557～559
[43] 谭泽富．减小OFDM信号出现人峰平比的研究方法PTS法．中国有线电视，2004，9：10～12
[44] Tellambura C. Improved phase factor computation for the PAR reduction of an OFDM signal using PTS. IEEE Communications Letters. 2001, 5(4): 135～137
[45] Kwon O J, Ha Y H. Multi-carrier PAP reduction method using sub-opitmal PTS With threshold. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, 2003, 49(2): 232～236
[46] 孙妍．OFDM系统仿真与关键技术的研究：[硕士学位论文]．长春：吉林大学，2005
[47] Xiao Wang, Jian hua Lu, Jun Li Zheng, Chuang J, Jun Gu. Reduction in peak-to-average power ratio of OFDM signals with companding transform. Electronics Letters, 2001, 37(4): 506～507
[48] Gimlin D R. On minimizing the peak to average power ratio for the sum of sinusoids. IEEE Transactions Communications, 1993, 41 (4): 631～635
[49] Narahashi S, Nojirna T. New Phasing Scheme of N-multiple Carriers for reducing peak-to-average power ratio. Electronics Letters, 1994, 30(17): 1382～1383
[50] 武林俊，朱世华，冯兴乐．利用单频时间掩模函数降低OFDM的方法．哈尔滨工业大学学报，2005，37(9)：1209～1212
[51] Michael A Komara. Reducing peak-to-average variance of a composite transmitted signal via out-of-band artifact signaling, American patent, 5490172, 1996
[52] Sh Li En. Minimization of the peak amplitude of a waveform. Signal Processing, 1998, 14(1):91～93