激光传感过程层析成像技术研究
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摘要
过程层析成像(Process Tomography，简称PT)技术是使用层析成像方法处理从远端传感器获得的数据，以得到不可达区域内的物场分布信息。本文所探讨的激光PT技术是一种基于透射模式的新型工业过程层析成像技术。它以医学CT技术为背景，将光的吸收和散射原理与由投影重建图像的理论相结合，通过检测被测物质对光调制作用来重建被测物质的空间分布信息。激光PT具有非侵入性、非接触性、无污染性等优点，具有良好的工业应用前景，如可应用于工业过程的成像，生物组织成像，大气污染监测，材料表面探伤等。目前，这项技术是国内外热点研究课题之一。
本文从激光传感层析成像技术的基本理论出发，首先用仿真的方法研究了多种传感器阵列的特点及图像重建算法，然后在自制的实验装置中开展实验研究。主要内容包括：
1．光学PT技术基本原理、发展现状、所面临的关键问题和技术难点；
2．分析了激光传感的光学模型、传感原理以及由投影重建图像的数学模型。
3．传感器阵列设计：对各种传感阵列的特点尤其是其光学敏感场的灵敏度特性作了详细的分析论述；
4．对各种传感结构所对应的多种图像重建算法进行MATLAB仿真研究，分析了各种算法的重建性能。通过对各种图像重建算法的比较与分析，确定各种传感阵列在不同使用环境和要求下的最佳图像重建算法；
5．实验研究：针对激光PT系统的关键问题，在Visual C++6.0环境下实现了软件控制激光器的并、串行激励方式和多路A/D转换和动态图像重建、显示及记录回放等，并得到了实验物场的重建图像以及系统的性能分析结果。针对石英砂颗粒流场进行了大量的实验，并初步得到了石英砂颗粒流场流型的在线识别以及质量流量与光束投影和之间的关系图。从而证实了激光PT技术在气固两相流质量流量计量中的可应用性。
Process Tomography involves using tomography imaging method to manipulate data from remote sensor in order to obtain object field distribution information from inaccessible location. And the laser PT technique discussed here is a novel industrial process tomography based on a transilluminated mode, which employs the principles of light absorption and scattering together with image reconstruction from projection to reconstruct the spatial distribution data of measured object via measuring light data modulated by it on the background of medical CT. It, as a non-invasive, non-contact and non-contaminative measurement, shows great advantages in industrial application such as industrial process imaging, biological issues imaging, atmosphere pollution monitoring, material surface crack detecting and so on. At present, this technique becomes one of international hot research items.
In this paper, the characteristics of many sensor arrays and the varied algorithms of image reconstruction are studied by means of simulating first, based on the basic principle of laser sense tomography. Next, the experiment researches are brought into execution through self-made experiment equipments, mainly including:
1. Fundamental, present development situation, sixty-four-dollar questions and difficulties of Optical PT.
2. Analysis of optical model, sensing principle of laser sensors and mathematics model of image reconstruction from projections.
3. Several kinds of sensors array have been brought forward and designed. Characters, especially sensitivity characters of their optical sensitivity fields have been also discussed in detail.
4. Simulation researches on several image reconstruction algorithms corresponded to sensors structures in MATLAB have been performed to analyze the reconstruction capability of these algorithms. The best algorithm in various desires and conditions are decided through the comparison among the algorithms.
5. In experiment research, control of parallel and serial drive mode of laser sensors,
multiplex A/D transform and dynamic image reconstruction, display and saving for replaying are realized with soft aiming at the key questions of laser PT. And reconstructed images and analysis results of system capability are successfully obtained. Furthermore, the identify on line of flow model and relationship of quality flux and light projections have been elementarily found through plenty of experiments on quartz particles flow fields. This approved laser PT is applicable to flow quantity measurement in two-phase flow of gas and solid.
本文从激光传感层析成像技术的基本理论出发，首先用仿真的方法研究了多种传感器阵列的特点及图像重建算法，然后在自制的实验装置中开展实验研究。主要内容包括：
1．光学PT技术基本原理、发展现状、所面临的关键问题和技术难点；
2．分析了激光传感的光学模型、传感原理以及由投影重建图像的数学模型。
3．传感器阵列设计：对各种传感阵列的特点尤其是其光学敏感场的灵敏度特性作了详细的分析论述；
4．对各种传感结构所对应的多种图像重建算法进行MATLAB仿真研究，分析了各种算法的重建性能。通过对各种图像重建算法的比较与分析，确定各种传感阵列在不同使用环境和要求下的最佳图像重建算法；
5．实验研究：针对激光PT系统的关键问题，在Visual C++6.0环境下实现了软件控制激光器的并、串行激励方式和多路A/D转换和动态图像重建、显示及记录回放等，并得到了实验物场的重建图像以及系统的性能分析结果。针对石英砂颗粒流场进行了大量的实验，并初步得到了石英砂颗粒流场流型的在线识别以及质量流量与光束投影和之间的关系图。从而证实了激光PT技术在气固两相流质量流量计量中的可应用性。
Process Tomography involves using tomography imaging method to manipulate data from remote sensor in order to obtain object field distribution information from inaccessible location. And the laser PT technique discussed here is a novel industrial process tomography based on a transilluminated mode, which employs the principles of light absorption and scattering together with image reconstruction from projection to reconstruct the spatial distribution data of measured object via measuring light data modulated by it on the background of medical CT. It, as a non-invasive, non-contact and non-contaminative measurement, shows great advantages in industrial application such as industrial process imaging, biological issues imaging, atmosphere pollution monitoring, material surface crack detecting and so on. At present, this technique becomes one of international hot research items.
In this paper, the characteristics of many sensor arrays and the varied algorithms of image reconstruction are studied by means of simulating first, based on the basic principle of laser sense tomography. Next, the experiment researches are brought into execution through self-made experiment equipments, mainly including:
1. Fundamental, present development situation, sixty-four-dollar questions and difficulties of Optical PT.
2. Analysis of optical model, sensing principle of laser sensors and mathematics model of image reconstruction from projections.
3. Several kinds of sensors array have been brought forward and designed. Characters, especially sensitivity characters of their optical sensitivity fields have been also discussed in detail.
4. Simulation researches on several image reconstruction algorithms corresponded to sensors structures in MATLAB have been performed to analyze the reconstruction capability of these algorithms. The best algorithm in various desires and conditions are decided through the comparison among the algorithms.
5. In experiment research, control of parallel and serial drive mode of laser sensors,
multiplex A/D transform and dynamic image reconstruction, display and saving for replaying are realized with soft aiming at the key questions of laser PT. And reconstructed images and analysis results of system capability are successfully obtained. Furthermore, the identify on line of flow model and relationship of quality flux and light projections have been elementarily found through plenty of experiments on quartz particles flow fields. This approved laser PT is applicable to flow quantity measurement in two-phase flow of gas and solid.
引文
[1] 黄志尧，金宁德，李海青．层析成像技术在多相流检测中的应用．化学反应工程与工艺，1996，12(4)：395-396
[2] 刘强，郑莹娜．多相流多参数动态测量技术发展与应用．工业仪表与自动化装置，2000(6)：52-54
[3] 董峰，邓湘，徐立军等．过程层析成像技术综述．仪器仪表用户，2001，8(1)：6-11
[4] 李海青，黄志尧．软测量技术原理及应用．第一版．北京：化学工业出版社，2000．84-95
[5] 庄天戈．CT原理与算法．第一版．上海：上海交通大学出版社，1992．2-6
[6] http://www.vcipt.org.uk/technology.htm, Process Technology Foresight Tomography Project
[7] http://www.vcipt.org.uk/congress/index.htm, 3rd World Congress on Industrial Process Tomography
[8] 邓湘．基于层析成像技术的智能化两相流测量系统研究．天津大学博士学位论文．200l，7：21-22
[9] 刘泽．电磁层析成像技术及系统的研究．天津大学博士学位论文．2002，3：2-4
[10] Tsuchida,Y. Enokizono,M. Fuzzy regularization method for ill-posed problems on ECT with Laplace transform BEM. Magnetics,IEEE Transactions on 36(4): 1158-1162,2000
[11] http://www.tomography.umist.ac.uk/intro.shtml, Introduction to Process Tomography
[12] http://www.tomography.umist.ac.uk/results.shtml,Projects of Process Tomography Recently in UMIST,
[13] Ozanyan,K.B. Carey, S.J. Hindle,F. All-optoelectronic solutions for process tomography. Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe, Conference Digest. Conference on ,Pages (s):1.2000.
[14] 阎春尘，曾楠，赖淑蓉等．光学层析成像技术的研究动态．激光杂志，2001，22(5)：5-7
[15] Turchin,I.v. Dolin,L.S. Kamensky V.A. Reconstruction of in vivo biological characteristics from OCT images by theoretical modeling of light scattering in biotissue. Lasers and Electro-Optics, vol.1:477-478,2002
[16] Hoerauf, H. Wirbelauer, C. Slit-lamp-adapted optical coherence tomography of the anterior segment. Clinical investigation, voi.238(8):8-18,2000
[17] Bernini,R. Pierri,R. Zeni,L. An iterative method for optical reconstruction of graded index profiles in planar dielectric waveguides. Light wave Technology, 18(5):729-736,2000
[18] Carey, SH. McCann,H. et al. Chemical Species tomography by near infra-red absorption. Chemical Engineering Journal, vol.77:111-118,2000
[19] Green,R.G. Sensor system for lightly loaded pneumatic conveyors. Power Technology, vol.95:79-92,1998
[20] Chang-Fu, Wu. Experiment evaluation of a radial beam geometry for mapping air pollutions using optical remote sensing and computed tomography.Atmospheric Environment, vol.33:4709-4716,1999
[21] http://www.tomography.umist.ac.uk/optictom.shtml, Researches on Optical Tomography in UMIST,
[22] S.Ibrahim R.G.Green K.Dutton,etc. Optical Fibres for Process Tomography: A Design Study. 1st World Congress on Industrial Process Tomography, 1999:511-516
[23] S.Ibrahim R.G.Green K.Dutton Ruzairi.Abdul Rahim. Application of Optical Tomography in Industrial Process Control System 2000IEEE, 1-493-498
[24] 李海青，黄志尧．特种检测技术及应用．杭州：浙江大学出版社，2000：1-53
[25] 杨莉松，王桂英，徐至展．光学层析成像机理分析．激光与红外，1997，27(4)：239-241
[26] 杨莉松，王桂英，徐至展．光学层析成像技术的发展现状．激光与光电子学进展，1997(8)：5-7
[27] 郑莹娜，李扬．光学层析成像空间阵列传感器研究．激光与光电子学进展，2001(10)：35-40
[28] 赵荣椿，赵忠明．数字图像处理导论．第一版．西安：西北工业大学出版社，1999，177-183
[29] H．H．巴雷特W．斯温德尔．放射成像—图像形成、检测和处理的理论(第二卷)．北京：科学出版社，1988：397-428
[30] L.Zeni R.Bernini R.Pierri Optical Tomography for Dielectric Profiling in Processing Electronic Materials. 1st World Congress on Industrial Process Tomography, Buxton, Greater Manchester, April 14-17, 1999
[31] Francis Hindle Hugh McCann Krikor B.Ozanyan. First Demonstration of Optical Fluorescence Auto-projection Tomography. Chemical Engineering
Journal 77(2000) 127-135
[32] 岳建华，孔庆林，王泽章．激光粉尘浓度测量技术的研究与应用．内蒙古电力技术，1997(1)：6-8[34] 侯俊杰．深入浅出MFC．第三版．武汉：华中科技大学出版社，2001．81-86
[33] N.Ramli R.G.Green R.Abdul Rahim et al. Fibre Optic Lens Modelling for Optical Tomography 1st World Congress on Industrial Process Tomography, BuxtonGreater Manchester, April, 1999
[34] 侯俊杰．深入浅出MFC．第三版．武汉：华中科技大学出版社，2001．81-86
[35] 韦源．Visual C++6.0自学捷径．第一版．北京：北京大学出版社，1999．49-50
[36] 康晓东编著．现代医学影像技术．第一版．天津：天津科技翻译出版公司，2000．
[37] 钟慧湘，王钲旋，庞云阶．图像重建中的有理逼近方法．中国图像图形学报，2000，5(11)：916-919
[38] 马艺馨，徐苓安．电阻层析成像技术的研究．仪器仪表学报，2001(2)：195-198
[39] 黄志尧，陈珙．两相流离散相浓度测量新方法的研究．仪器仪表学报，1998，19(1)：16-20
[40] 颜华，王玉涛，邵富群等．电容传感器灵敏度分布快速计算法及其应用．东北大学学报，1998(19)：5-8
[41] L.McMackin R.J.Hugo K.P. Bishop et al High Speed Optical Tomography System for Quantitative Measurement and Visualization of Dynamic Features in a Round Jet Experiments in Fluids 26(1999)
[42] S.J.carey, H.McCann, F.P. Hindle. Chemical Species tomography by near infra-red absorption, Chemical Engineering Journal 77(2000):111-118
[43] R G Green, M F Rahmat, W A Barraclough, K Evans, A Goude, M Henry,& B D Naylor & T P Pridmore. Further Results on Tomographic Imaging Using Optical Fibres for Pneumatic Conveyors. Measurement Science and Technology, Vol7 pp419-422, 1996
[44] 李介谷，驰鹏飞．图像处理技术．上海交通大学出版社，1988．6：179-184
[45] 颜华，邵富群，王师．电容层析成像传感器的优化设计．仪器仪表学报，2000(21)：2-5
[46] Andreas H. Hielscher Alexander Klose Image Reconstruction Schemes for Optical Tomography. Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Vol.20, No 2,1998
[47] R.Abdul Rahim, Green R G. Further Development of a Tomographic Imaging System Using Optical Fibres for Pnenmatic Conveyors, SCI, Technol
7(3)419-422，1996
[48] 蔡小舒，潘咏志，吴伟亮等．电厂煤粉粒径、浓度和速度的在线测量技术研究．动力工程，1999，19(6)：466-470
[49] 何振江，杨冠玲，吴开华等．激光烟气粉尘排放量检测系统的浓度测量问题研究．华南师范大学学报(自然科学版)，2000(2)：1-5
[2] 刘强，郑莹娜．多相流多参数动态测量技术发展与应用．工业仪表与自动化装置，2000(6)：52-54
[3] 董峰，邓湘，徐立军等．过程层析成像技术综述．仪器仪表用户，2001，8(1)：6-11
[4] 李海青，黄志尧．软测量技术原理及应用．第一版．北京：化学工业出版社，2000．84-95
[5] 庄天戈．CT原理与算法．第一版．上海：上海交通大学出版社，1992．2-6
[6] http://www.vcipt.org.uk/technology.htm, Process Technology Foresight Tomography Project
[7] http://www.vcipt.org.uk/congress/index.htm, 3rd World Congress on Industrial Process Tomography
[8] 邓湘．基于层析成像技术的智能化两相流测量系统研究．天津大学博士学位论文．200l，7：21-22
[9] 刘泽．电磁层析成像技术及系统的研究．天津大学博士学位论文．2002，3：2-4
[10] Tsuchida,Y. Enokizono,M. Fuzzy regularization method for ill-posed problems on ECT with Laplace transform BEM. Magnetics,IEEE Transactions on 36(4): 1158-1162,2000
[11] http://www.tomography.umist.ac.uk/intro.shtml, Introduction to Process Tomography
[12] http://www.tomography.umist.ac.uk/results.shtml,Projects of Process Tomography Recently in UMIST,
[13] Ozanyan,K.B. Carey, S.J. Hindle,F. All-optoelectronic solutions for process tomography. Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe, Conference Digest. Conference on ,Pages (s):1.2000.
[14] 阎春尘，曾楠，赖淑蓉等．光学层析成像技术的研究动态．激光杂志，2001，22(5)：5-7
[15] Turchin,I.v. Dolin,L.S. Kamensky V.A. Reconstruction of in vivo biological characteristics from OCT images by theoretical modeling of light scattering in biotissue. Lasers and Electro-Optics, vol.1:477-478,2002
[16] Hoerauf, H. Wirbelauer, C. Slit-lamp-adapted optical coherence tomography of the anterior segment. Clinical investigation, voi.238(8):8-18,2000
[17] Bernini,R. Pierri,R. Zeni,L. An iterative method for optical reconstruction of graded index profiles in planar dielectric waveguides. Light wave Technology, 18(5):729-736,2000
[18] Carey, SH. McCann,H. et al. Chemical Species tomography by near infra-red absorption. Chemical Engineering Journal, vol.77:111-118,2000
[19] Green,R.G. Sensor system for lightly loaded pneumatic conveyors. Power Technology, vol.95:79-92,1998
[20] Chang-Fu, Wu. Experiment evaluation of a radial beam geometry for mapping air pollutions using optical remote sensing and computed tomography.Atmospheric Environment, vol.33:4709-4716,1999
[21] http://www.tomography.umist.ac.uk/optictom.shtml, Researches on Optical Tomography in UMIST,
[22] S.Ibrahim R.G.Green K.Dutton,etc. Optical Fibres for Process Tomography: A Design Study. 1st World Congress on Industrial Process Tomography, 1999:511-516
[23] S.Ibrahim R.G.Green K.Dutton Ruzairi.Abdul Rahim. Application of Optical Tomography in Industrial Process Control System 2000IEEE, 1-493-498
[24] 李海青，黄志尧．特种检测技术及应用．杭州：浙江大学出版社，2000：1-53
[25] 杨莉松，王桂英，徐至展．光学层析成像机理分析．激光与红外，1997，27(4)：239-241
[26] 杨莉松，王桂英，徐至展．光学层析成像技术的发展现状．激光与光电子学进展，1997(8)：5-7
[27] 郑莹娜，李扬．光学层析成像空间阵列传感器研究．激光与光电子学进展，2001(10)：35-40
[28] 赵荣椿，赵忠明．数字图像处理导论．第一版．西安：西北工业大学出版社，1999，177-183
[29] H．H．巴雷特W．斯温德尔．放射成像—图像形成、检测和处理的理论(第二卷)．北京：科学出版社，1988：397-428
[30] L.Zeni R.Bernini R.Pierri Optical Tomography for Dielectric Profiling in Processing Electronic Materials. 1st World Congress on Industrial Process Tomography, Buxton, Greater Manchester, April 14-17, 1999
[31] Francis Hindle Hugh McCann Krikor B.Ozanyan. First Demonstration of Optical Fluorescence Auto-projection Tomography. Chemical Engineering
Journal 77(2000) 127-135
[32] 岳建华，孔庆林，王泽章．激光粉尘浓度测量技术的研究与应用．内蒙古电力技术，1997(1)：6-8[34] 侯俊杰．深入浅出MFC．第三版．武汉：华中科技大学出版社，2001．81-86
[33] N.Ramli R.G.Green R.Abdul Rahim et al. Fibre Optic Lens Modelling for Optical Tomography 1st World Congress on Industrial Process Tomography, BuxtonGreater Manchester, April, 1999
[34] 侯俊杰．深入浅出MFC．第三版．武汉：华中科技大学出版社，2001．81-86
[35] 韦源．Visual C++6.0自学捷径．第一版．北京：北京大学出版社，1999．49-50
[36] 康晓东编著．现代医学影像技术．第一版．天津：天津科技翻译出版公司，2000．
[37] 钟慧湘，王钲旋，庞云阶．图像重建中的有理逼近方法．中国图像图形学报，2000，5(11)：916-919
[38] 马艺馨，徐苓安．电阻层析成像技术的研究．仪器仪表学报，2001(2)：195-198
[39] 黄志尧，陈珙．两相流离散相浓度测量新方法的研究．仪器仪表学报，1998，19(1)：16-20
[40] 颜华，王玉涛，邵富群等．电容传感器灵敏度分布快速计算法及其应用．东北大学学报，1998(19)：5-8
[41] L.McMackin R.J.Hugo K.P. Bishop et al High Speed Optical Tomography System for Quantitative Measurement and Visualization of Dynamic Features in a Round Jet Experiments in Fluids 26(1999)
[42] S.J.carey, H.McCann, F.P. Hindle. Chemical Species tomography by near infra-red absorption, Chemical Engineering Journal 77(2000):111-118
[43] R G Green, M F Rahmat, W A Barraclough, K Evans, A Goude, M Henry,& B D Naylor & T P Pridmore. Further Results on Tomographic Imaging Using Optical Fibres for Pneumatic Conveyors. Measurement Science and Technology, Vol7 pp419-422, 1996
[44] 李介谷，驰鹏飞．图像处理技术．上海交通大学出版社，1988．6：179-184
[45] 颜华，邵富群，王师．电容层析成像传感器的优化设计．仪器仪表学报，2000(21)：2-5
[46] Andreas H. Hielscher Alexander Klose Image Reconstruction Schemes for Optical Tomography. Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Vol.20, No 2,1998
[47] R.Abdul Rahim, Green R G. Further Development of a Tomographic Imaging System Using Optical Fibres for Pnenmatic Conveyors, SCI, Technol
7(3)419-422，1996
[48] 蔡小舒，潘咏志，吴伟亮等．电厂煤粉粒径、浓度和速度的在线测量技术研究．动力工程，1999，19(6)：466-470
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