高层结构基于整体及构件损伤指标的地震失效评价方法
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摘要
高层结构大震失效的损伤演化量化描述是实现基于性能抗震设计方法的关键。为描述高层建筑结构的地震失效机理，本文从结构大震下整体稳定失效过程及构件损伤发展累积两个角度出发，研究高层建筑结构大震失效演化过程及损伤状态的量化，实现了从结构整体稳定失效判别指标、基于材料损伤的构件损伤到结构整体损伤的失效演化过程量化评价，具体的研究工作如下：
（1）高层建筑结构整体稳定分析。通过连续化方法的体系变形分析，建立了高层建筑结构的初始等效抗侧刚度求解方法，明确了结构变形的分布形态，在此基础上研究了结构的重力二阶效应及其与结构刚重比的关系，并给出了结构体系整体稳定的限定条件。
（2）基于整体稳定的失效判别方法研究。通过整体稳定平衡分析提出了瞬时等效刚重比的概念，揭示了瞬时等效刚重比与结构非线性响应之间的关系，给出了基于瞬时等效刚重比变化的结构整体失效判别方法，得到了失效判别指标与结构失效状态的量化关系，并通过模型试验，验证了该失效判别方法的正确性。
（3）基于材料损伤的剪力墙墙肢构件失效研究。通过不同设计参数的钢筋混凝土剪力墙低周往复试验结果分析及失效演化过程的有限元模拟分析，得到了影响钢筋混凝土剪力墙材料损伤演化特点的高宽比和轴压比等主要参数。基于构件的材料损伤发展特点给出了钢筋混凝土剪力墙弯曲型失效和剪切型失效两种失效模式分类。通过材料损伤信息与构件性能阶段性变化的关系，以材料竖向损伤发展信息为主，对损伤信息进行提取分类得到能够合理表征剪力墙构件损伤演化特点的损伤指标；针对不同失效模式给出了量化墙肢失效演化过程中各损伤状态的损伤指标值的确定方法。
（4）基于材料损伤的连梁构件失效研究。明确了影响钢筋混凝土连梁材料损伤发展演化特点的主要影响因素为剪跨比、广义剪压比及剪箍比。基于连梁水平向材料损伤发展规律给出了弯曲型失效、剪切型失效和弯剪型失效三种失效模式的分类。通过材料损伤发展特点的研究，将能够合理反映连梁性能变化及损伤特点的损伤信息转化成构件损伤指标。针对不同失效模式给出了定量描述连梁失效演化过程中各损伤状态的损伤指标值确定方法。
（5）基于材料损伤的钢筋混凝土梁柱构件失效研究。通过不同设计参数对钢筋混凝土材料损伤发展演化特点的影响分析，明确了失效模式关键影响因素。基于材料损伤发展特点给出了钢筋混凝土梁柱失效模式的分类。通过材料损伤发展与构件性能阶段性变化的关系划分构件性能阶段，以沿轴向发展的损伤为主，分别选取了不同区域的材料平均受压损伤为损伤指标，表征梁柱不同的失效模式，针对不同失效模式明确了各阶段临界状态的损伤指标值，并给出了定量描述构件失效演化过程中各损伤状态的损伤指标值确定方法。
（6）高层建筑结构基于构件损伤的整体失效研究。基于构件失效演化过程的损伤模型，以构件类型、构件损伤程度及位置的重要性为依据定义了构件损伤到结构损伤信息传递系数，实现了由材料损伤累积发展到结构整体损伤的结构大震失效演化全过程量化描述，并将该方法应用到实际工程中。
Quantitative analysis of failure evolution process is one of the critical steps to achieve performance based seismic design of high-rise buildings. In order to describe the failure mechanism of high-rise buildings more efficiently, the quantitative analysis of failure evolution process was studied through overall stability failure process of structures and damage accumulation. Quantitative description of failure evolution process of high-rise buildings was realized, which was based on the overall stability failure index and the damage index. The main contents of the thesis were as follows:
(1) Overall stability analysis of structures. Approximate equivalent lateral stiffness of high-rise buildings was given by deformation analysis and the deformation patterns were discussed. In addition, gravity second-order effects of high-rise buildings were studied; and the influence of stiffness-weight ratio was obtained by analysis of overall stability of the high-rise buildings.
(2) Research on the identification method of structural failure based on overall stability. Instantaneous equivalent stiffness-weight ratio was defined by equilibrium analysis of overall stability. The relationship of non-linear structural responses and instantaneous equivalent stiffness-weight ratio was deduced, and the identification method of structural failure was given based on degenerate of instantaneous equivalent stiffness-weight ratio. Then the relationship between failure indices and failure states was determined. And the identification method was verified by experimental tests and elastic-plastic time-history numerical simulations of high-rise buildings.
(3) Research on failure behavior of shear walls based on material damage. The major parameters affecting failure states of shear walls, including depth-width ratio and axial compression ratio, were obtained by discussion of cyclic load test results and numerical simulation of failure evolution process of shear walls with different design parameters. According to the characteristics of material damage, the failure modes of RC shear walls were classified as shear-type and bending-type. The damage indices, reflecting damage of shear wall components, were achieved by damage information fusion based on material damage mechanics. Also, the identification methods of damage indices, corresponding to different failure modes of shear walls in failure evolution processes, were described.
(4) Research on failure behavior of RC coupling beams based on material damage. The major parameters affecting failure states of RC coupling beams under rare earthquakes, including shear span ratio, shear compression ratio and stirrup characteristic value, were determined. According to the feature of material damage, the failure modes of RC coupling beams were classified as shear-type, bending-type and bending-shear type. The damage indices, reflecting damage of coupling beam components, were achieved by damage information fusion based on material damage mechanics. Also, the identification methods of damage indices, corresponding to different failure modes of RC coupling beams, ware described.
(5) Research on failure behavior of RC columns and frame beams based on material damage. The major parameters affecting failure states of RC columns and frame beams were proposed by discussion of cyclic load test results of RC columns and frame beams with different design parameters and numerical simulation of failure evolution processes. The failure modes of RC columns and frames beams were classified. The damage indices, reflecting damage of columns and beams components, were achieved by damage information fusion based on material damage mechanics. The identification methods of damage indices were described for different failure modes of RC columns and frame beams.
(6) Research on failure behavior of high-rise buildings based on damage. The damage evolution transfer coefficients were obtained in the processes of damage evolution from material degradation to structural failure, which were based on the damage models in components and were justified by the types of the components, the importance of the components, the damage degrees and locations of the components. In this way, the damage evaluation was realized, which can transfer from material failure to structural failure. Finally, the engineering practice verified that the method was feasible.
（1）高层建筑结构整体稳定分析。通过连续化方法的体系变形分析，建立了高层建筑结构的初始等效抗侧刚度求解方法，明确了结构变形的分布形态，在此基础上研究了结构的重力二阶效应及其与结构刚重比的关系，并给出了结构体系整体稳定的限定条件。
（2）基于整体稳定的失效判别方法研究。通过整体稳定平衡分析提出了瞬时等效刚重比的概念，揭示了瞬时等效刚重比与结构非线性响应之间的关系，给出了基于瞬时等效刚重比变化的结构整体失效判别方法，得到了失效判别指标与结构失效状态的量化关系，并通过模型试验，验证了该失效判别方法的正确性。
（3）基于材料损伤的剪力墙墙肢构件失效研究。通过不同设计参数的钢筋混凝土剪力墙低周往复试验结果分析及失效演化过程的有限元模拟分析，得到了影响钢筋混凝土剪力墙材料损伤演化特点的高宽比和轴压比等主要参数。基于构件的材料损伤发展特点给出了钢筋混凝土剪力墙弯曲型失效和剪切型失效两种失效模式分类。通过材料损伤信息与构件性能阶段性变化的关系，以材料竖向损伤发展信息为主，对损伤信息进行提取分类得到能够合理表征剪力墙构件损伤演化特点的损伤指标；针对不同失效模式给出了量化墙肢失效演化过程中各损伤状态的损伤指标值的确定方法。
（4）基于材料损伤的连梁构件失效研究。明确了影响钢筋混凝土连梁材料损伤发展演化特点的主要影响因素为剪跨比、广义剪压比及剪箍比。基于连梁水平向材料损伤发展规律给出了弯曲型失效、剪切型失效和弯剪型失效三种失效模式的分类。通过材料损伤发展特点的研究，将能够合理反映连梁性能变化及损伤特点的损伤信息转化成构件损伤指标。针对不同失效模式给出了定量描述连梁失效演化过程中各损伤状态的损伤指标值确定方法。
（5）基于材料损伤的钢筋混凝土梁柱构件失效研究。通过不同设计参数对钢筋混凝土材料损伤发展演化特点的影响分析，明确了失效模式关键影响因素。基于材料损伤发展特点给出了钢筋混凝土梁柱失效模式的分类。通过材料损伤发展与构件性能阶段性变化的关系划分构件性能阶段，以沿轴向发展的损伤为主，分别选取了不同区域的材料平均受压损伤为损伤指标，表征梁柱不同的失效模式，针对不同失效模式明确了各阶段临界状态的损伤指标值，并给出了定量描述构件失效演化过程中各损伤状态的损伤指标值确定方法。
（6）高层建筑结构基于构件损伤的整体失效研究。基于构件失效演化过程的损伤模型，以构件类型、构件损伤程度及位置的重要性为依据定义了构件损伤到结构损伤信息传递系数，实现了由材料损伤累积发展到结构整体损伤的结构大震失效演化全过程量化描述，并将该方法应用到实际工程中。
Quantitative analysis of failure evolution process is one of the critical steps to achieve performance based seismic design of high-rise buildings. In order to describe the failure mechanism of high-rise buildings more efficiently, the quantitative analysis of failure evolution process was studied through overall stability failure process of structures and damage accumulation. Quantitative description of failure evolution process of high-rise buildings was realized, which was based on the overall stability failure index and the damage index. The main contents of the thesis were as follows:
(1) Overall stability analysis of structures. Approximate equivalent lateral stiffness of high-rise buildings was given by deformation analysis and the deformation patterns were discussed. In addition, gravity second-order effects of high-rise buildings were studied; and the influence of stiffness-weight ratio was obtained by analysis of overall stability of the high-rise buildings.
(2) Research on the identification method of structural failure based on overall stability. Instantaneous equivalent stiffness-weight ratio was defined by equilibrium analysis of overall stability. The relationship of non-linear structural responses and instantaneous equivalent stiffness-weight ratio was deduced, and the identification method of structural failure was given based on degenerate of instantaneous equivalent stiffness-weight ratio. Then the relationship between failure indices and failure states was determined. And the identification method was verified by experimental tests and elastic-plastic time-history numerical simulations of high-rise buildings.
(3) Research on failure behavior of shear walls based on material damage. The major parameters affecting failure states of shear walls, including depth-width ratio and axial compression ratio, were obtained by discussion of cyclic load test results and numerical simulation of failure evolution process of shear walls with different design parameters. According to the characteristics of material damage, the failure modes of RC shear walls were classified as shear-type and bending-type. The damage indices, reflecting damage of shear wall components, were achieved by damage information fusion based on material damage mechanics. Also, the identification methods of damage indices, corresponding to different failure modes of shear walls in failure evolution processes, were described.
(4) Research on failure behavior of RC coupling beams based on material damage. The major parameters affecting failure states of RC coupling beams under rare earthquakes, including shear span ratio, shear compression ratio and stirrup characteristic value, were determined. According to the feature of material damage, the failure modes of RC coupling beams were classified as shear-type, bending-type and bending-shear type. The damage indices, reflecting damage of coupling beam components, were achieved by damage information fusion based on material damage mechanics. Also, the identification methods of damage indices, corresponding to different failure modes of RC coupling beams, ware described.
(5) Research on failure behavior of RC columns and frame beams based on material damage. The major parameters affecting failure states of RC columns and frame beams were proposed by discussion of cyclic load test results of RC columns and frame beams with different design parameters and numerical simulation of failure evolution processes. The failure modes of RC columns and frames beams were classified. The damage indices, reflecting damage of columns and beams components, were achieved by damage information fusion based on material damage mechanics. The identification methods of damage indices were described for different failure modes of RC columns and frame beams.
(6) Research on failure behavior of high-rise buildings based on damage. The damage evolution transfer coefficients were obtained in the processes of damage evolution from material degradation to structural failure, which were based on the damage models in components and were justified by the types of the components, the importance of the components, the damage degrees and locations of the components. In this way, the damage evaluation was realized, which can transfer from material failure to structural failure. Finally, the engineering practice verified that the method was feasible.
引文
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