不同材料靶板的抗弹性能研究
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摘要
本文对靶体在刚性动能弹撞击下的侵彻和贯穿行为进行了较全面的理论和数值模拟研究,靶体材料包括树脂基纤维增强复合材料、金属和混凝土。根据靶板在动能弹撞击下的响应和破坏模式建立了相应的侵彻和贯穿模型,成功地预测了弹体的侵彻深度、残余速度和靶板的弹道极限等物理量,并研究了靶板不同响应和破坏模式之间的转换关系。利用ABAQUS/VUMAT嵌入了修正的Johnson-Cook本构,对金属靶板在弹丸垂直撞击下的贯穿行为进行了数值模拟研究。本文得到的结论可以为弹头形状优化设计,靶板的抗冲击防护和安全评估提供指导。本文主要包括以下几个方面的内容：
对树脂基纤维增强材料层合板(FRP层合板)在平头弹低速撞击下贯穿的响应模式和能量耗散模型进行了理论研究。FRP层合板在平头弹撞击下的响应可以分为总体响应(global deformation with local rupture)和局部化破坏响应(wave-dominated local failure)两种情况,其中总体响应同时存在着整体变形和局部化破坏。对薄FRP层合板的贯穿,本文认为响应模式为总体响应,能量耗散模型采用近似准静态的方法,先分析准静态穿透耗能,再利用动态增强因子考虑动态贯穿耗能。平头弹贯穿层合板时的能量耗散形式主要有整体变形耗能、拉剪局部破坏耗能和分层耗能等,层合板的整体变形采用剪切失效准则进行预测。对厚FRP层合板的贯穿,本文认为响应模式为局部化破坏,利用Wen的半经验公式分别求解了层合板在平头弹贯穿下的弹道极限。结合Wen半经验公式得到的靶板弹道极限和Von Karman临界撞击速度,近似给出了薄FRP层合板总体响应模式和厚FRP层合板局部化破坏模式的转换临界条件。模型预测得到的弹道极限和模式转换临界条件与实验数据吻合得较好。
对金属和混凝土厚靶在刚性卵形弹正撞击下的侵彻与贯穿性能进行了理论研究。金属和混凝土厚靶在卵形弹侵彻和贯穿下的破坏模式假设为局部化扩孔破坏。基于该假设,本文改进了Wen半经验公式,引入弹体瞬时侵彻速度和靶体自由表面效应的影响。根据弹头长度和靶厚的相对大小,建立了二阶段的靶体侵彻模型和三阶段的靶体贯穿模型。并对固支金属厚靶的贯穿,根据金属靶板在卵形弹贯穿过程中是否需要考虑整体变形,给出了厚靶贯穿模型的适用范围。金属和混凝土厚靶在卵形弹正撞击下的模型预测侵彻深度和残余速度与实验数据吻合得很好。
利用ABAQUS/VUMAT嵌入了修正的Johnson-Cook本构。利用嵌入的本构模型对锥头弹和平头弹贯穿Weldox460E钢板进行了数值模拟,数值模拟结果与实验进行了比较,验证了VUMAT开发和有限元建模的可靠性。基于现有的有限元模型,对不同厚度Weldox460E冈板在锥头弹撞击下的穿透形貌和弹道极限进行了数值模拟,计算结果表明：靶板越薄越容易发生花瓣型破坏,越厚越容易发生扩孔型破坏。对6mm厚Weldox460E钢板在不同锥角锥头弹撞击下的穿透形貌和弹体残余速度进行了数值模拟,计算结果表明：当弹头锥角较小时,靶板发生扩孔型破坏,随着弹头锥角的增大,靶板逐渐向花瓣型破坏、盘状破坏(discing)和冲塞型破坏过渡；并且靶板发生盘状破坏时的穿透耗能最大,而发生剪切冲塞破坏时的穿透耗能最小。并对不同厚度Weldox460E冈板在锥头弹撞击下发生冲塞破坏的弹头临界锥角进行了数值模拟研究。
对金属靶板在锥头弹低速撞击下的破坏模式转换条件和金属薄靶最小穿透耗能进行了理论研究。建立了金属薄靶花瓣型破坏的最小穿透能量耗散分析模型。采用近似准静态的分析方法,分别得到了弹体贯穿靶板过程中的准静态局部变形耗能和整体变形耗能,再引入Cowper-Symonds公式对结构的动态效应进行修正,得到了靶板最小穿透耗能和弹道极限的计算公式。研究了薄靶有整体变形情况下扩孔破坏与花瓣破坏模式的转换临界条件,给出了花瓣型破坏穿透耗能模型的适用范围。给出了金属薄靶有整体变形扩孔破坏的最小穿透耗能分析模型和弹道极限,结合薄靶有整体变形扩孔破坏和厚靶无整体变形扩孔破坏的模式转换临界条件,以及花瓣破坏和扩孔破坏的模式转换临界条件确定了金属薄靶有整体变形扩孔破坏穿透耗能分析模型的适用范围。给出了金属靶板在锥头弹撞击下发生冲塞破坏的临界弹头锥角计算公式和Weldox460E钢板在锥头弹撞击下关于花瓣破坏、扩孔破坏和冲塞破坏的破坏模式相图。理论模型的预测结果与数值模拟和相关实验吻合得很好。
A combined numerical and theoretical study is performed in this thesis on the penetration and perforation of targets struck normally by rigid projectiles. The target materials examined contain Fibre-reinforced plastic laminates (FRP laminates), metal and concrete. Failure modes of targets under normal impact by projectiles are discussed, and corresponding theoretical models for different failure modes are established to predict penetration depths, residual velocities and ballistic limits. Meanwhile, the critical condictions for the transition of different failure modes are proposed. Numerical Simulations using ABAQUS/VUMAT into which a modified Johnson-Cook constitutive relation is incorporated are performed to study the perforation of metal plates struck normally by rigid projectiles. The results obtained in the present investigation are useful for the optimization of projectile nose shapes, safety calculation and safety assessment. This thesis mainly consists of the following parts:
A theoretical study is conducted on the reponse and perforation of FRP laminates by flat-ended projectiles. Ballistic impact on FRP laminates is a very complex problem and it can be generally classified into two categories, i.e. global deformation with local rupture and wave-dominated local failure. For the perforation of thin FRP laminates, the global deformation failure modes are considered, and a quasi-static approach was used to predict the energy absorption, which includes global deformation energy, local fracture energy due to shear and tensile tearing, and delamination energy for flat-ended projectiles. A shear failure criterion for flat-ended projectiles are employed to predict the the critical transverse deflection at which plate failure occurs. For the perforation of thick FRP laminates, the wave-dominated local failure modes are considered, the ballistic limits of the laminates can be solved by Wen's semi-empirical equation. By combining the wave-dominated local failure model and the concept of Von Karman's critical impact velocity, a condition for the transition of the above mentioned two failure modes is obtained. It is shown that the model predictions are in good agreement with available experimental observations in terms of ballistic limits and critical conditions for the transition of failure modes.
An analytical investigation is conducted into the the penetration and perforation of thick metal and concrete targets struck normally by rigid ogival-nosed projectiles over a wide range of velocities. Based on the assumption that the deformation is localized and that the mean pressure offered by the target materials to resist the projectiles can be decomposed into two parts:a quasi-static part due to the elastic-plastic deformation of the target materials and a dynamic resistive pressure arising from velocity effects, a new formulation which represents an extension of Wen's semi-empirical model is developed, by assuming that the target resistance is no longer a constant, but a function of penetration velocity, and by adding the free surface effect of target to the new formulation. Equations are derived for predicting the depth of penetration in the targets and the residual velocity in the case of perforation. Furthermore, the range of applicability of the perforation model for fully-clamped thick metal targets under impact by ogival-nosed projectiles is discussed. It transpires that the present model predictions are in good agreement with the test data for thick metal and concrete targets in terms of penetration depth and residual velocity.
Numerical simulations with ABAQUS/VUMAT into which a modified Johnson-Cook constitutive relation is adopted are performed to study the perforation of Weldox460E steel plates struck normally by rigid conical-nosed and flat-ended projectiles. Comparisons of the numerical results and the experimental data show that the finite element model developed here are reliable. Whereafter, numerical simulations are conducted on the perforation of Weldox460E steel plates with various thickness struck normally by rigid conical-nosed projectiles and6mm thick Weldox460E steel plates struck normally by rigid conical-nosed projectiles with various cone angles. It is found that different failure modes, i.e. ductile hole enlargement, petalling, discing and plugging are observed. It is also shown that projectile cone angle has significant effect on the perforation modes of6mm thick Weldox460E steel plates and that for smaller cone angles plates fail by ductile hole enlargement, for medium cone angles plates fail by petalling and for larger cone angles plates fail by discing or plugging. The energy dissipated by discing is maximum, and one by plugging is minimum. Finally, the critical projectile cone angles with which the plates fail by plugging are obtained by the numerical simulations on the perforation of Weldox460E steel plates under impact by conical-nosed projectiles.
A theoretical study is carried out on the transition of the failure modes of metal plates and the energy absorption of thin metal plates perforated by conical-nosed projectiles. Analytical models for petalling and ductile hole enlargement with global deformations are derived by an approximate quasi-static theoretical analysis method. The quasi-static energies dissipated by local perforation hole formation and global deformations are solved firstly, and then by using the well-known Cowper-Symonds empirical formula, equations for the perforation energies and the ballistic limits of plates are obtained. The critical condictions for the transition of petalling and ductile hole enlargement are discussed. By combining the transition of petalling and ductile hole enlargement and the transition of ductile hole enlargement with and without global deformations, the range of applicability of models for petalling and ductile hole enlargement is determined. Equations are obtained for the critical projectile cone angles with which the plates fail by plugging, and the failure map is constructed for Weldox460E steel plates under impact by conical-nosed projectiles. The present model predictions are found to be in good agreement with numerical results and available test data in terms of critical conditions for the transition of failure modes and ballistic limits.
对树脂基纤维增强材料层合板(FRP层合板)在平头弹低速撞击下贯穿的响应模式和能量耗散模型进行了理论研究。FRP层合板在平头弹撞击下的响应可以分为总体响应(global deformation with local rupture)和局部化破坏响应(wave-dominated local failure)两种情况,其中总体响应同时存在着整体变形和局部化破坏。对薄FRP层合板的贯穿,本文认为响应模式为总体响应,能量耗散模型采用近似准静态的方法,先分析准静态穿透耗能,再利用动态增强因子考虑动态贯穿耗能。平头弹贯穿层合板时的能量耗散形式主要有整体变形耗能、拉剪局部破坏耗能和分层耗能等,层合板的整体变形采用剪切失效准则进行预测。对厚FRP层合板的贯穿,本文认为响应模式为局部化破坏,利用Wen的半经验公式分别求解了层合板在平头弹贯穿下的弹道极限。结合Wen半经验公式得到的靶板弹道极限和Von Karman临界撞击速度,近似给出了薄FRP层合板总体响应模式和厚FRP层合板局部化破坏模式的转换临界条件。模型预测得到的弹道极限和模式转换临界条件与实验数据吻合得较好。
对金属和混凝土厚靶在刚性卵形弹正撞击下的侵彻与贯穿性能进行了理论研究。金属和混凝土厚靶在卵形弹侵彻和贯穿下的破坏模式假设为局部化扩孔破坏。基于该假设,本文改进了Wen半经验公式,引入弹体瞬时侵彻速度和靶体自由表面效应的影响。根据弹头长度和靶厚的相对大小,建立了二阶段的靶体侵彻模型和三阶段的靶体贯穿模型。并对固支金属厚靶的贯穿,根据金属靶板在卵形弹贯穿过程中是否需要考虑整体变形,给出了厚靶贯穿模型的适用范围。金属和混凝土厚靶在卵形弹正撞击下的模型预测侵彻深度和残余速度与实验数据吻合得很好。
利用ABAQUS/VUMAT嵌入了修正的Johnson-Cook本构。利用嵌入的本构模型对锥头弹和平头弹贯穿Weldox460E钢板进行了数值模拟,数值模拟结果与实验进行了比较,验证了VUMAT开发和有限元建模的可靠性。基于现有的有限元模型,对不同厚度Weldox460E冈板在锥头弹撞击下的穿透形貌和弹道极限进行了数值模拟,计算结果表明：靶板越薄越容易发生花瓣型破坏,越厚越容易发生扩孔型破坏。对6mm厚Weldox460E钢板在不同锥角锥头弹撞击下的穿透形貌和弹体残余速度进行了数值模拟,计算结果表明：当弹头锥角较小时,靶板发生扩孔型破坏,随着弹头锥角的增大,靶板逐渐向花瓣型破坏、盘状破坏(discing)和冲塞型破坏过渡；并且靶板发生盘状破坏时的穿透耗能最大,而发生剪切冲塞破坏时的穿透耗能最小。并对不同厚度Weldox460E冈板在锥头弹撞击下发生冲塞破坏的弹头临界锥角进行了数值模拟研究。
对金属靶板在锥头弹低速撞击下的破坏模式转换条件和金属薄靶最小穿透耗能进行了理论研究。建立了金属薄靶花瓣型破坏的最小穿透能量耗散分析模型。采用近似准静态的分析方法,分别得到了弹体贯穿靶板过程中的准静态局部变形耗能和整体变形耗能,再引入Cowper-Symonds公式对结构的动态效应进行修正,得到了靶板最小穿透耗能和弹道极限的计算公式。研究了薄靶有整体变形情况下扩孔破坏与花瓣破坏模式的转换临界条件,给出了花瓣型破坏穿透耗能模型的适用范围。给出了金属薄靶有整体变形扩孔破坏的最小穿透耗能分析模型和弹道极限,结合薄靶有整体变形扩孔破坏和厚靶无整体变形扩孔破坏的模式转换临界条件,以及花瓣破坏和扩孔破坏的模式转换临界条件确定了金属薄靶有整体变形扩孔破坏穿透耗能分析模型的适用范围。给出了金属靶板在锥头弹撞击下发生冲塞破坏的临界弹头锥角计算公式和Weldox460E钢板在锥头弹撞击下关于花瓣破坏、扩孔破坏和冲塞破坏的破坏模式相图。理论模型的预测结果与数值模拟和相关实验吻合得很好。
A combined numerical and theoretical study is performed in this thesis on the penetration and perforation of targets struck normally by rigid projectiles. The target materials examined contain Fibre-reinforced plastic laminates (FRP laminates), metal and concrete. Failure modes of targets under normal impact by projectiles are discussed, and corresponding theoretical models for different failure modes are established to predict penetration depths, residual velocities and ballistic limits. Meanwhile, the critical condictions for the transition of different failure modes are proposed. Numerical Simulations using ABAQUS/VUMAT into which a modified Johnson-Cook constitutive relation is incorporated are performed to study the perforation of metal plates struck normally by rigid projectiles. The results obtained in the present investigation are useful for the optimization of projectile nose shapes, safety calculation and safety assessment. This thesis mainly consists of the following parts:
A theoretical study is conducted on the reponse and perforation of FRP laminates by flat-ended projectiles. Ballistic impact on FRP laminates is a very complex problem and it can be generally classified into two categories, i.e. global deformation with local rupture and wave-dominated local failure. For the perforation of thin FRP laminates, the global deformation failure modes are considered, and a quasi-static approach was used to predict the energy absorption, which includes global deformation energy, local fracture energy due to shear and tensile tearing, and delamination energy for flat-ended projectiles. A shear failure criterion for flat-ended projectiles are employed to predict the the critical transverse deflection at which plate failure occurs. For the perforation of thick FRP laminates, the wave-dominated local failure modes are considered, the ballistic limits of the laminates can be solved by Wen's semi-empirical equation. By combining the wave-dominated local failure model and the concept of Von Karman's critical impact velocity, a condition for the transition of the above mentioned two failure modes is obtained. It is shown that the model predictions are in good agreement with available experimental observations in terms of ballistic limits and critical conditions for the transition of failure modes.
An analytical investigation is conducted into the the penetration and perforation of thick metal and concrete targets struck normally by rigid ogival-nosed projectiles over a wide range of velocities. Based on the assumption that the deformation is localized and that the mean pressure offered by the target materials to resist the projectiles can be decomposed into two parts:a quasi-static part due to the elastic-plastic deformation of the target materials and a dynamic resistive pressure arising from velocity effects, a new formulation which represents an extension of Wen's semi-empirical model is developed, by assuming that the target resistance is no longer a constant, but a function of penetration velocity, and by adding the free surface effect of target to the new formulation. Equations are derived for predicting the depth of penetration in the targets and the residual velocity in the case of perforation. Furthermore, the range of applicability of the perforation model for fully-clamped thick metal targets under impact by ogival-nosed projectiles is discussed. It transpires that the present model predictions are in good agreement with the test data for thick metal and concrete targets in terms of penetration depth and residual velocity.
Numerical simulations with ABAQUS/VUMAT into which a modified Johnson-Cook constitutive relation is adopted are performed to study the perforation of Weldox460E steel plates struck normally by rigid conical-nosed and flat-ended projectiles. Comparisons of the numerical results and the experimental data show that the finite element model developed here are reliable. Whereafter, numerical simulations are conducted on the perforation of Weldox460E steel plates with various thickness struck normally by rigid conical-nosed projectiles and6mm thick Weldox460E steel plates struck normally by rigid conical-nosed projectiles with various cone angles. It is found that different failure modes, i.e. ductile hole enlargement, petalling, discing and plugging are observed. It is also shown that projectile cone angle has significant effect on the perforation modes of6mm thick Weldox460E steel plates and that for smaller cone angles plates fail by ductile hole enlargement, for medium cone angles plates fail by petalling and for larger cone angles plates fail by discing or plugging. The energy dissipated by discing is maximum, and one by plugging is minimum. Finally, the critical projectile cone angles with which the plates fail by plugging are obtained by the numerical simulations on the perforation of Weldox460E steel plates under impact by conical-nosed projectiles.
A theoretical study is carried out on the transition of the failure modes of metal plates and the energy absorption of thin metal plates perforated by conical-nosed projectiles. Analytical models for petalling and ductile hole enlargement with global deformations are derived by an approximate quasi-static theoretical analysis method. The quasi-static energies dissipated by local perforation hole formation and global deformations are solved firstly, and then by using the well-known Cowper-Symonds empirical formula, equations for the perforation energies and the ballistic limits of plates are obtained. The critical condictions for the transition of petalling and ductile hole enlargement are discussed. By combining the transition of petalling and ductile hole enlargement and the transition of ductile hole enlargement with and without global deformations, the range of applicability of models for petalling and ductile hole enlargement is determined. Equations are obtained for the critical projectile cone angles with which the plates fail by plugging, and the failure map is constructed for Weldox460E steel plates under impact by conical-nosed projectiles. The present model predictions are found to be in good agreement with numerical results and available test data in terms of critical conditions for the transition of failure modes and ballistic limits.
引文
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