浙江省江郎山丹霞地貌岩生植被群落特征研究
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摘要
浙江省境内丹霞地貌丰富,如永康方岩、衢县烂柯山、江山江郎山、天台赤城山等,具备山体造型奇特、植被类型多样、人文景观丰富等旅游资源优势。本论文首次以浙江省江郎山丹霞地貌岩生植被为研究对象,通过实地调查,对丹霞地貌岩生植被群落的结构特征及园林应用等相关方面进行了系统分析,主要成果如下:
(1)由于长期风化剥离、流水侵蚀及重力崩塌等综合作用,江郎山丹霞地貌形成了典型、独特的裸岩地貌景观,其土壤主要由砂砾岩发育而成,石质性强,腐殖质层相对较薄。根据野外调查及主成分分析显示,含水量、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾等土壤理化性质因子对岩生植被的分布与生长起着决定性作用。
(2)江郎山丹霞地貌岩生植被物种丰富,岩生植被类型多样。在调查的50个岩生植被群落样方中,共涉及73科139属198种高等植物,优势科有毛茛科Ranunculaceae、景天科Crassulaceae、蔷薇科Rosaceae、苦苣苔科Gesneriaceae等;有苔藓群落、景天群落、山类芦群落、苦苣苔群落等6类较为典型的岩生植被群落。
(3)从植物区系成分来看,江郎山丹霞地貌岩生植被群落内种子植物共涵盖了12种分布区类型,整体呈现由热带向温带过渡的特征。其中,泛热带分布型24属35种,为总属数的22%及总种数的24%;其次为北温带分布型及世界分布型,两者约占总属数的33%;无地中海-西亚至中亚分布型、中亚分布型及中国特有分布型。
(4)从垂直层次结构及水平密度结构看,生长缓慢且植株低矮的木本植物并未充分利用群落上层空间;群落中层的草本植物物种较为丰富,优势明显;群落下层往往是成片发育的苔藓、地衣,常形成高密度的地被景观。从群落组织结构看,群落草本层多样性指数、丰富度指数及优势度指数分别为4.28、122和0.98,较木本层和苔藓层均高,在岩生环境中显示出一定的稳定性。
(5)根据对江郎山丹霞地貌的实地勘察与其岩生植被物种的形态和生长势的调查结果,可筛选出在景观效果、抗逆性等多方面具备较好表现且适于岩体及边坡生态修复的物种,主要有爬山虎Parthenocissus tricuspidata、凹叶景天Sedum emarginatum、山类芦Neyraudia montana、萱草Hemerocallis fulva、苦苣苔Conandron ramondioides、石韦Pyrrosia lingua及多种苔藓植物等。
There are abundant Danxia landforms in Zhejiang province such as Yongkang Fangyan, Quxian Lanke Mt., Jiangshan Jianglangshan Mt., Tiantai Chicheng Mt., endowed with tourism resource advantages like peculiar mountain shapes, diverse vegetation types and rich cultural landscape. This paper for the first time takes the rock vegetation of Danxia Landform of Zhejiang Jianglangshan Mt. as subject investigated. Through field survey, it systematically analyses the structural features, garden application and other relevant aspects of rock vegetation of Danxia Landform, and the major achievements are as follows:
(1)Due to comprehensive functions of long-term weathering and exfoliation, fluvial erosion and gravity collapse, Jianglangshan Mt. Danxia Landform has formed a typical and unique bare rock landscape. Its soil is mainly composed of glutinite developed with strong lithic and relatively thin mould cover. According to field investigation and analysis of PCA, water content, organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorous, available potassium and other soil physio-chemical factors play a decisive role to the distribution and growth of rock vegetation community.
(2)The species of rock vegetation of Jianglangshan Mt. Danxia Landform are rich, and the types of rock vegetation are varied. Among the 50 quadrats of Jianglangshan Mt. Danxia Landform rock vegetation community, it involves 73 families, 139 genus and 198 species of higher plants with dominant families such as Ranunculaceae, Crassulaceae, Rosaceae and Gesneriaceae, etc. And also it has 6 typical types of rock vegetation community concerning Moss community, Sedum community, Neyraudia montana community, Gesneriaceae community, etc.
(3)In terms of the flora component, spermatophyte of rock vegetation community of Jianglangshan Mt. Danxia landform cover a total of 12 distribution types. It takes on the feature that the transition from tropical to temperate in whole. Among the rest, Pantropic Areal-type involves 24 genus and 35 species, are 22% of the total genus number and 24% of the total species number. Then, North Temperate Areal-type and Cosmopolitan Areal-type are on the second place, about 33% of the total genus number. There is no Mediterranea-W.Asia to C.Asia Areal-type, C.Asia Areal-type and Endemic to China Areal-type.
(4)In terms of the vertical layered structure and horizontal density structure, woody plants which grow slow and low don’t make full use of space in the top layer of communities. The herbs which are in the middle layer of community have a large number of plant species and obvious advantage. In the bottom layer of community, moss and lichen are often flaky, forming high-density landscape. In terms of the community structure, Shannon-Wiener Index, S Index and Simpson Index of the herbs layer of the rock vegetation of Danxia Landform of Jianglangshan Mt. are respectively 4.28, 122 and 0.98, which are higher than wood layer and moss layer. It shows a certain degree of stability in the rock environment.
(5)Based on the site investigation of Danxia Landform of Jianglangshan Mt. and the survey result of morphology and growth potential of rock vegetation species, we could screen the species which are good at many facets such as sight effect and resistibility, and also suitable for the ecological restoration of rock and slope. There are mainly species such as Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Sedum emarginatum, Neyraudia montana, Hemerocallis fulva, Conandron ramondioides, Pyrrosia lingua and various moss, etc.
(1)由于长期风化剥离、流水侵蚀及重力崩塌等综合作用,江郎山丹霞地貌形成了典型、独特的裸岩地貌景观,其土壤主要由砂砾岩发育而成,石质性强,腐殖质层相对较薄。根据野外调查及主成分分析显示,含水量、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾等土壤理化性质因子对岩生植被的分布与生长起着决定性作用。
(2)江郎山丹霞地貌岩生植被物种丰富,岩生植被类型多样。在调查的50个岩生植被群落样方中,共涉及73科139属198种高等植物,优势科有毛茛科Ranunculaceae、景天科Crassulaceae、蔷薇科Rosaceae、苦苣苔科Gesneriaceae等;有苔藓群落、景天群落、山类芦群落、苦苣苔群落等6类较为典型的岩生植被群落。
(3)从植物区系成分来看,江郎山丹霞地貌岩生植被群落内种子植物共涵盖了12种分布区类型,整体呈现由热带向温带过渡的特征。其中,泛热带分布型24属35种,为总属数的22%及总种数的24%;其次为北温带分布型及世界分布型,两者约占总属数的33%;无地中海-西亚至中亚分布型、中亚分布型及中国特有分布型。
(4)从垂直层次结构及水平密度结构看,生长缓慢且植株低矮的木本植物并未充分利用群落上层空间;群落中层的草本植物物种较为丰富,优势明显;群落下层往往是成片发育的苔藓、地衣,常形成高密度的地被景观。从群落组织结构看,群落草本层多样性指数、丰富度指数及优势度指数分别为4.28、122和0.98,较木本层和苔藓层均高,在岩生环境中显示出一定的稳定性。
(5)根据对江郎山丹霞地貌的实地勘察与其岩生植被物种的形态和生长势的调查结果,可筛选出在景观效果、抗逆性等多方面具备较好表现且适于岩体及边坡生态修复的物种,主要有爬山虎Parthenocissus tricuspidata、凹叶景天Sedum emarginatum、山类芦Neyraudia montana、萱草Hemerocallis fulva、苦苣苔Conandron ramondioides、石韦Pyrrosia lingua及多种苔藓植物等。
There are abundant Danxia landforms in Zhejiang province such as Yongkang Fangyan, Quxian Lanke Mt., Jiangshan Jianglangshan Mt., Tiantai Chicheng Mt., endowed with tourism resource advantages like peculiar mountain shapes, diverse vegetation types and rich cultural landscape. This paper for the first time takes the rock vegetation of Danxia Landform of Zhejiang Jianglangshan Mt. as subject investigated. Through field survey, it systematically analyses the structural features, garden application and other relevant aspects of rock vegetation of Danxia Landform, and the major achievements are as follows:
(1)Due to comprehensive functions of long-term weathering and exfoliation, fluvial erosion and gravity collapse, Jianglangshan Mt. Danxia Landform has formed a typical and unique bare rock landscape. Its soil is mainly composed of glutinite developed with strong lithic and relatively thin mould cover. According to field investigation and analysis of PCA, water content, organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorous, available potassium and other soil physio-chemical factors play a decisive role to the distribution and growth of rock vegetation community.
(2)The species of rock vegetation of Jianglangshan Mt. Danxia Landform are rich, and the types of rock vegetation are varied. Among the 50 quadrats of Jianglangshan Mt. Danxia Landform rock vegetation community, it involves 73 families, 139 genus and 198 species of higher plants with dominant families such as Ranunculaceae, Crassulaceae, Rosaceae and Gesneriaceae, etc. And also it has 6 typical types of rock vegetation community concerning Moss community, Sedum community, Neyraudia montana community, Gesneriaceae community, etc.
(3)In terms of the flora component, spermatophyte of rock vegetation community of Jianglangshan Mt. Danxia landform cover a total of 12 distribution types. It takes on the feature that the transition from tropical to temperate in whole. Among the rest, Pantropic Areal-type involves 24 genus and 35 species, are 22% of the total genus number and 24% of the total species number. Then, North Temperate Areal-type and Cosmopolitan Areal-type are on the second place, about 33% of the total genus number. There is no Mediterranea-W.Asia to C.Asia Areal-type, C.Asia Areal-type and Endemic to China Areal-type.
(4)In terms of the vertical layered structure and horizontal density structure, woody plants which grow slow and low don’t make full use of space in the top layer of communities. The herbs which are in the middle layer of community have a large number of plant species and obvious advantage. In the bottom layer of community, moss and lichen are often flaky, forming high-density landscape. In terms of the community structure, Shannon-Wiener Index, S Index and Simpson Index of the herbs layer of the rock vegetation of Danxia Landform of Jianglangshan Mt. are respectively 4.28, 122 and 0.98, which are higher than wood layer and moss layer. It shows a certain degree of stability in the rock environment.
(5)Based on the site investigation of Danxia Landform of Jianglangshan Mt. and the survey result of morphology and growth potential of rock vegetation species, we could screen the species which are good at many facets such as sight effect and resistibility, and also suitable for the ecological restoration of rock and slope. There are mainly species such as Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Sedum emarginatum, Neyraudia montana, Hemerocallis fulva, Conandron ramondioides, Pyrrosia lingua and various moss, etc.
引文
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