客土喷播中不同基材配比对边坡的生态防护效果差异研究
|
摘要
厚层客土喷播绿化技术对于人工开发建设所造成的裸露坡面的植被快速恢复十分有效。这项技术是将配置好的基质材料(包括土壤、有机质肥料、复合肥料、土壤改良剂、保水剂、粘结剂等)、植物种子和水进行混合,用高压喷枪均匀地喷射到坡面表层的一种绿化方法。目前,在厚层客土喷播绿化技术的实践中,基质的选配,特别是混合基质中所使用的有机质种类和数量,是影响实施效果的重要因素。目前常用的有机质添加物为草炭土,但由于其大量的开挖,造成了湿地、牧区等草炭土富集区大量地表裸露,带来了新的环境破坏,形成了为治理裸露地而造成新的裸露地的恶性循环。因此,寻找一种有机质替代物,就成了一个非常急迫的问题。作物秸秆是一种数量巨大的农业废弃物,虽被广泛应用在多个领域,但有效利用途径少、利用率较低。秸秆堆肥生产时间短、发酵快、肥效高、成本低廉、操作简便,具有吸热、松土、保水等功能,且养分全面、长久,能有效改良土壤结构。本研究针对目前大量开挖草炭土用于厚层客土喷播绿化工程,导致严重破坏草炭富集区的植被,造成大量新裸露地的现状,选取两种不同的秸秆堆肥及作物秸秆取代草炭作为客土喷播中有机质添加物,并对其基材混合物的理化性质、植被状况及水土保持状况进行了调查,旨在探索农作物秸秆在厚层客土喷播绿化中取代草炭土作为混合基质有机质添加物的可行性,以达到节约资源,保护环境的目的。
本文选取了3种不同的有机质添加物:由生玉米秸秆与生活垃圾混合后发酵制成的秸秆堆肥实验组(Ⅱ)、由生玉米秸秆、花生壳及尿素混合后发酵制成的秸秆堆肥实验组(Ⅲ)和粉碎的生玉米秸秆实验组(Ⅳ),与草炭土(Ⅰ)在人工设置的坡面上进行对比实验,对其理化性质、植物生长状况及植物护坡效果进行了调查分析,得到以下主要结论:
(1)随着时间的变化,各样方的物理性质也发生不同程度的变化。营养成分如有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾等含量随时间的增加呈现一定的下降趋势。但各样方的化学性质中,除Ⅳ号样方的全氮含量偏低,Ⅰ号样方的速效钾含量偏低外,其它各项指标的差异不明显。总体来说,四个样方的土壤理化性质相近,均可达到植物生长需要的范围内。
(2)从植物生长状况的各指标来看,2007年春季,各样方的草本植物生长量急剧增加,植株密度及高度都出现逐渐增加的趋势。在2007年夏季时草本的生长达到稳定,灌木生长仍保持增长趋势。从四个样方之间的横向比较来看,Ⅰ号样方的草本植株密度及高度大于其它边坡,Ⅳ号样立的草本植株密度及高度小于其它样方,但对于灌木而言,Ⅳ号样方的灌木植株密度与高度均表现出优于其它样方的特点。
(3)从植物护坡效果来看,由于早期草本植物的迅速生长与覆盖,使得边坡的土壤侵蚀量较小,坡面没有侵蚀沟的形成。2007年春季施工后的两周内,边坡出现不同程度的龟裂现象,但在五月份后草本植物的迅速生长与覆盖,加之雨水充沛,这种现象得到有效缓解。因此可以看出,草本植物的早期生长在短期内能够起到对样方坡面的有效防护。从不同时期土壤侵蚀量变化可以看出,四个样方的防护效果差异不显著,均可以达到有效防护目的。
(4)综合以上各指标可以看出,各样方理化性质均可以达到植物生长需要的范围,各样方内的植物保持了较好的生长状态,各样方的土壤侵蚀量较小,水土保持效果较好。两种以秸秆堆肥为有机质添加物的混合基材实验组与以草炭为有机质添加物的混合基材对照组没有表现出明显的差异性,以作物生秸秆为有机质添加物的对照组在含氮量上低于其它三个样方,对草本植物的生长产生一定的抑制作用。因此,利用秸秆堆肥来替代草炭用于客土喷播绿化是可行的。
It is very effective that spray seeding technique revegetate speedily on exposed slope of man-caused construction .The technology will mix the material (including soil, organic fertilizer, compound fertilizer, soil ameliorant, water-retaining agents, adhesive, etc.), plant seeds and water and spray to exposed slope with high-pressure spray gun . At present, the material configure is the important factors to effect in the spray seeding technique , especially the quality used in mixed layer materials. Now peat is commonly used as additive soil organic matters, but the large number of excavation result the new exposed area in marsh and the pasturing area which have lots of peat. It has brought new damage to the environment and it’s a malignant circle for repair exposed area. Therefore, it is a very urgent problem to find a substitute for organic matter. Crop straw is a tremendous amount of agricultural waste, although it is widely used in various fields but with the fewer effective way and lower utilization rate. Straw compost production time is short, rapid fermentation, fertilizer efficiency, low cost, easy to operate, with endothermic, loosen, water-conservation, and with comprehensive nutrient, long-term, effectively soil structure improvement. The action of excavation a number of peat for spray seeding projects destroyed severely the vegetation in peat enrichment areas and bring more exposed areas. This research select two kinds of straw composting and raw straw replace peat as organic material and study on the physical and chemical characters, plant and water conservation. The research aim at the feasibility of replacing peat with straw on thick-layer spray seeding and economize resource and protect environment.
Three different organic matters: straw & garbage composting (Ⅱ) , straw & peanut-shell & carbamide (Ⅲ) ,and raw straw(Ⅳ)are selected to replace peat used in spray seeding on simulate slope , draw the conclusions after test the physical and chemical characters , plant growth , effect of slope protection :
(1) The physical characters of different samples have changed with different time ;the nutrients content, such as organic matter , total N , available P, available K , draw descent direction but the fluctuation by natural factors, such as raining , the fluctuation of air temperature. The chemical characters have little difference compared with different samples expect the lower total N content in sampleⅣand lower available K in sampleⅠ. As a whole ,the soil physical and chemical characters be closed each other and satisfy the need of plant growth.
(2) Plant growth indexes: The grass of all samples grow rapidly in 2007 spring, The density and height of plant increase gradually. The grass growth reach stabilization, the shrub keep growth .The density and height of grass in SampleⅠhave more than other samples ,and the SampleⅣis the lowest. The density and height of shrub in SampleⅣare higher than others.
(3) Effect of slope revegetation : There were hardly any eroded ravines in all slopes because of the rapid growth and cover of grass in forepart. Two weeks later after construction in 2007 spring, there are chaps in the samples, but after March , there are catabatic phenomena because of the rapid growth and cover of grass and more rain. So we can draw that the plant forepart growth in short time can protect the slope effectively. The effect of protection of all samples are closed to soil eroding in different time.
(4)Above all indicators, we can draw that all samples can achieve physical and chemical properties of plant growth needs ,and the plant has maintained the better growth in different samples. There are little soil erosion and keep the good water conservation effect. Two straw composting had no obvious difference as organic matter compared with organic of peat. But the SampleⅣ,the total N content of raw straw lower than others ,and restrain the growth of grass. So, it is feasibility that straw composting used at spray seeding as the peat replacement.
本文选取了3种不同的有机质添加物:由生玉米秸秆与生活垃圾混合后发酵制成的秸秆堆肥实验组(Ⅱ)、由生玉米秸秆、花生壳及尿素混合后发酵制成的秸秆堆肥实验组(Ⅲ)和粉碎的生玉米秸秆实验组(Ⅳ),与草炭土(Ⅰ)在人工设置的坡面上进行对比实验,对其理化性质、植物生长状况及植物护坡效果进行了调查分析,得到以下主要结论:
(1)随着时间的变化,各样方的物理性质也发生不同程度的变化。营养成分如有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾等含量随时间的增加呈现一定的下降趋势。但各样方的化学性质中,除Ⅳ号样方的全氮含量偏低,Ⅰ号样方的速效钾含量偏低外,其它各项指标的差异不明显。总体来说,四个样方的土壤理化性质相近,均可达到植物生长需要的范围内。
(2)从植物生长状况的各指标来看,2007年春季,各样方的草本植物生长量急剧增加,植株密度及高度都出现逐渐增加的趋势。在2007年夏季时草本的生长达到稳定,灌木生长仍保持增长趋势。从四个样方之间的横向比较来看,Ⅰ号样方的草本植株密度及高度大于其它边坡,Ⅳ号样立的草本植株密度及高度小于其它样方,但对于灌木而言,Ⅳ号样方的灌木植株密度与高度均表现出优于其它样方的特点。
(3)从植物护坡效果来看,由于早期草本植物的迅速生长与覆盖,使得边坡的土壤侵蚀量较小,坡面没有侵蚀沟的形成。2007年春季施工后的两周内,边坡出现不同程度的龟裂现象,但在五月份后草本植物的迅速生长与覆盖,加之雨水充沛,这种现象得到有效缓解。因此可以看出,草本植物的早期生长在短期内能够起到对样方坡面的有效防护。从不同时期土壤侵蚀量变化可以看出,四个样方的防护效果差异不显著,均可以达到有效防护目的。
(4)综合以上各指标可以看出,各样方理化性质均可以达到植物生长需要的范围,各样方内的植物保持了较好的生长状态,各样方的土壤侵蚀量较小,水土保持效果较好。两种以秸秆堆肥为有机质添加物的混合基材实验组与以草炭为有机质添加物的混合基材对照组没有表现出明显的差异性,以作物生秸秆为有机质添加物的对照组在含氮量上低于其它三个样方,对草本植物的生长产生一定的抑制作用。因此,利用秸秆堆肥来替代草炭用于客土喷播绿化是可行的。
It is very effective that spray seeding technique revegetate speedily on exposed slope of man-caused construction .The technology will mix the material (including soil, organic fertilizer, compound fertilizer, soil ameliorant, water-retaining agents, adhesive, etc.), plant seeds and water and spray to exposed slope with high-pressure spray gun . At present, the material configure is the important factors to effect in the spray seeding technique , especially the quality used in mixed layer materials. Now peat is commonly used as additive soil organic matters, but the large number of excavation result the new exposed area in marsh and the pasturing area which have lots of peat. It has brought new damage to the environment and it’s a malignant circle for repair exposed area. Therefore, it is a very urgent problem to find a substitute for organic matter. Crop straw is a tremendous amount of agricultural waste, although it is widely used in various fields but with the fewer effective way and lower utilization rate. Straw compost production time is short, rapid fermentation, fertilizer efficiency, low cost, easy to operate, with endothermic, loosen, water-conservation, and with comprehensive nutrient, long-term, effectively soil structure improvement. The action of excavation a number of peat for spray seeding projects destroyed severely the vegetation in peat enrichment areas and bring more exposed areas. This research select two kinds of straw composting and raw straw replace peat as organic material and study on the physical and chemical characters, plant and water conservation. The research aim at the feasibility of replacing peat with straw on thick-layer spray seeding and economize resource and protect environment.
Three different organic matters: straw & garbage composting (Ⅱ) , straw & peanut-shell & carbamide (Ⅲ) ,and raw straw(Ⅳ)are selected to replace peat used in spray seeding on simulate slope , draw the conclusions after test the physical and chemical characters , plant growth , effect of slope protection :
(1) The physical characters of different samples have changed with different time ;the nutrients content, such as organic matter , total N , available P, available K , draw descent direction but the fluctuation by natural factors, such as raining , the fluctuation of air temperature. The chemical characters have little difference compared with different samples expect the lower total N content in sampleⅣand lower available K in sampleⅠ. As a whole ,the soil physical and chemical characters be closed each other and satisfy the need of plant growth.
(2) Plant growth indexes: The grass of all samples grow rapidly in 2007 spring, The density and height of plant increase gradually. The grass growth reach stabilization, the shrub keep growth .The density and height of grass in SampleⅠhave more than other samples ,and the SampleⅣis the lowest. The density and height of shrub in SampleⅣare higher than others.
(3) Effect of slope revegetation : There were hardly any eroded ravines in all slopes because of the rapid growth and cover of grass in forepart. Two weeks later after construction in 2007 spring, there are chaps in the samples, but after March , there are catabatic phenomena because of the rapid growth and cover of grass and more rain. So we can draw that the plant forepart growth in short time can protect the slope effectively. The effect of protection of all samples are closed to soil eroding in different time.
(4)Above all indicators, we can draw that all samples can achieve physical and chemical properties of plant growth needs ,and the plant has maintained the better growth in different samples. There are little soil erosion and keep the good water conservation effect. Two straw composting had no obvious difference as organic matter compared with organic of peat. But the SampleⅣ,the total N content of raw straw lower than others ,and restrain the growth of grass. So, it is feasibility that straw composting used at spray seeding as the peat replacement.
引文
[1]李旭光,涂相有.日本的公路边坡绿化[J].公路交通科技.1995,12(02):59-64
[2]胡利文,陈汉宁.锚固三维网生态防护理论及其在边坡工程中的应用[J].水运工程.2003,(4):13-15
[3]金钟.喷砼植草技术在惠河高速公路高边坡防护中的实验应用[J].广东公路交通.2001,(2):18-19
[4]王思成,兰剑,王宁.高速公路边坡生物防护技术研究进展[J].宁夏农学院学报.2003,24(2):76-81
[5]邱晖,孟祥利.浅谈石质路堑边坡防护及绿化新技术[J].铁路工程造价管理.2001,16(2):21-24
[6]杨喜田,赵宁,董惠英.论厚层客土喷播技术的植物群落目标设定和植物种选配[J].中国水土保持科学.2006,4(1):70-74
[7]黄毓民,邹东平.道路边坡生态防护初探[J].有色冶金设计与研究.2004,25(4):45-47
[8]李旭光,毛文碧,徐福有.日本的公路边坡绿化与防护——1994年赴日本考察报告[J].公路交通科技.1995,12(2): 59-64.
[9]张俊云,周德培,李绍才.岩石边坡生态种植基实验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2001,20(2):239–242.
[10]舒翔,杜鹃,廖晓瑾等.客土喷播防护技术在惠河高速公路中的应用[J].公路环境保护.2003,(专刊):21-24
[11]许文年,王铁桥,叶建军.工程边坡绿化技术初探[J].三峡大学学报(自然科学版).2001,23(6):512～513
[12]张俊云,周德培,李绍才.厚层基材喷射护坡实验研究[J].水土保持通报.2001,21(4):44-46.
[13]章梦涛,李天安,邱金淡等.有机植生基材在岩质坡面快速绿化技术中的开发应用[J] .生态环境.2003,12(3):250-252
[14]谢云,王小德,周侃等.酵素菌肥在岩石边坡喷播绿化中的应用实验初报[J].浙江林业科技.2006,26(1):28-32.
[15]孙华升.增加土壤有机质——抗旱节水的重要途径[J].河北农业科技.2001,(12):21
[16]孟凡乔,吴文良,辛德惠.高产农田土壤有机质、养分的变化规律与作物产量的关系[J] .植物营养与肥料学报.2000,6(4):370-374
[17]舒翔,杜娟,曹映泓.生态工程在高速公路岩石边坡防护工程中的应用[J].公路.2001,(7):86-89
[18]周颖,曹映泓,廖晓瑾.喷混植生技术在高速公路岩石边坡防护和绿化中的应用[J] .岩土力学.2001,(3):353-356
[19]许文年,王铁桥,叶建军.岩石边坡护坡绿化技术应用研究[J].水利水电技术.2002,33(7):35-37
[20]王铁桥,许文年,叶建军.挖方岩石边坡绿化技术与方法探讨[J] .三峡大学学报(自然科学版).2003,(2):101-104
[21]周颖,曹映泓.高速公路路基边坡环境综合治理[J] .岩土力学.2001,(4):455-458
[22]石东扬,熊忠臣,金代钧.高速公路边坡绿化的研究[J].中国园林.2001,(3):10-12
[23]周德培,张俊云.植被护坡工程技术[M] .北京:人民交通出版社,2003
[24]谭少华汪益敏.高速公路边坡生态防护技术研究进展与思考[J] .水土保持研究.2004,(9):81-84
[25]马万权,沈康健,邓辅唐.客土喷播技术对石质边坡防护的运用[J] .云南交通科技.2003,19(3):7-11
[26]杨喜田,赵宁,董惠英.论厚层客土喷播技术的植物群落目标设定和植物种选配[J].中国水土保持科学.2006,4(1):70-74,80.
[27]石健,孔东莲,郭小平等.论边坡生态防护植物的选择//中国水土保持学会工程绿化专业委员会.工程绿化理论与实践论文集[C].北京:中国水土保持学会工程绿化专业委员会,2006:107-110.
[28]查轩,唐克丽,张科利等.植被对土壤特性及土壤侵蚀的影响研究[J].水土保持学报.1992,2(2):52-58
[29]张俊云,周德培,李绍才.厚层基材喷射种植基的物理特性[J] .岩石力学与工程学报. 2001,20(A01):1010-1014.
[30]张俊云,周德培,李绍才.高速公路岩石边坡绿化方法探讨[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(9):1400-1403.
[31]张洪江主编.土壤侵蚀原理[M] .北京:中国林业出版社,2000.1:12-14
[32]杨俊华.公路土壤对植物生长的影响及其改善措施[J].河北交通科技.2006,2 http://www.hebjtinfo.com/hbjtkj/zw.asp?y=2006&q=2
[33]奚新国,倪亚茹,许促梓等.低碱度生态混凝土的初步研究[J].建筑石膏与胶凝材料.2003,(3):40-42
[34]石风善.多年生混播草坪土壤物理性质的研究[J] .草原与草坪.2004,(2):31-33
[35]藤岡安道.幼令林分に発生する崩壊地の特性[C]//,11回治山研究発表会論文集,1972:41-44
[36]阿部和時、岩元賢、吉野昭一、岩垣逸朗、垂水秀樹.崩壊地における林木根系分布の実態[J].96回日林論,1985:639-642
[37]北村文雄、野田坂伸:造園樹木の生長に及ぼす土壌硬度の影響[J].造園雑誌.1975,38(4):32-37
[38]杨喜田,董惠英,山寺喜成等.土壤硬度对播种苗和栽植苗根系发育的影响[J].中国水土保持科学.2005,3(4):60-64,69
[39]刘春生主编.土壤肥料学[M] .北京:中国农业大学出版社,2006
[40]丁登山,丁文峰.黄土高原植被破坏前后土壤团粒结构分形特征[J].地理研究.2002,21(6):700-706
[41]刘梦云,常庆瑞,齐雁冰.不同土地利用方式的土壤团粒及微团粒的分形特征[J].中国水土保持科学. 2006,4(4):47-51
[42]魏朝富,周宝同,李阳兵等.利用方式对岩溶山地土壤团粒结构的影响研究[J].长江流域资源与环境. 2002,11(5):451-455
[43]文倩,关欣.土壤团聚体形成的研究进展[J].干旱区研究. 2004,21(4):434-438
[44] Nordin A R.Bioengineering to ecoengineering,Part one :the many name [J].International Group of Bioengineers newsletter,1993.(3):15-18
[45] Wythers, K R , Lauenroth, W K and Paruelo, J M . Bare-soil evaporation under semiarid field conditions[J].Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1999, 63(5):1341-1349
[46] Six J , Elliott E T , Paustian K . Soil structure and soil organic matter [J].Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2000, 64:1042-1049
[47]蒋定生,黄国俊,谢永生.黄土高原土壤入渗能力野外测试[J].水土保持通报.1984,(04)
[48]黄必志,曹文波,陈佐忠.草坪营养与施肥[M] .北京:中国林业出版社.1999,3-4,101-102
[49]林大仪.土壤学[M] .中国林业出版社.2002
[50]张俊云,周德培,李绍才.高速公路岩石边坡绿化方法探讨[J] .岩石力学与工程学报.2002,21(9):1400-1403
[51]徐蒲生.中国土壤[M] .中国农业出版社,1998
[52]李志洪,赵兰坡,窦森主编.土壤学[M] .北京:化学工业出版社,2005:130-142
[53]孙向阳主编.土壤学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2004:9244-261
[54]孙向阳主编.土壤学[M] .北京:中国林业出版社,2004:3244-261
[55]淅江农业大学主编.植物营养与肥料[M] .北京:中国农业出版社,1991.10(200.10重印)
[56]张俊云,周培德.厚层基材喷射植被护坡的抗侵蚀实验研究[J].西南交通大学学报2002,37(6):628-631
[57]许铁力.铁路边坡喷植防护施工技术[J].西部探矿工程.2002,(6):156-157
[58]全国土壤普查办公室编,中国土壤[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998年,P878。
[59] F.E.Khasawneh著,段平楣译.磷矿粉的直接施用[M].土壤学进展.1984(2)
[60]鲁剑巍,曹一平.根据土壤速效钾确定油菜钾肥推荐用量的研究[J].湖北农业科学.2001(5):46-48
[61]袁东海,王兆骞,陈欣等.不同农作措施下红壤坡耕地土壤钾素流失特征的研究[J].应用生态学报.2003,14(8):1257-1260
[62]贾斌武.浅谈铁路岩质边坡绿色防护的坡面侵蚀问题[J].四川建筑.2005,(04):103
[63]查轩,唐克丽,张科利等.植被对土壤特性及土壤侵蚀的影响研究[J].水土保持学报.1992,6(2):52-58
[64] Wallace, J S . Calculating evaporation: resistance to factors[J].Agric. For. Meteorol., 1995, 73: 353-366
[2]胡利文,陈汉宁.锚固三维网生态防护理论及其在边坡工程中的应用[J].水运工程.2003,(4):13-15
[3]金钟.喷砼植草技术在惠河高速公路高边坡防护中的实验应用[J].广东公路交通.2001,(2):18-19
[4]王思成,兰剑,王宁.高速公路边坡生物防护技术研究进展[J].宁夏农学院学报.2003,24(2):76-81
[5]邱晖,孟祥利.浅谈石质路堑边坡防护及绿化新技术[J].铁路工程造价管理.2001,16(2):21-24
[6]杨喜田,赵宁,董惠英.论厚层客土喷播技术的植物群落目标设定和植物种选配[J].中国水土保持科学.2006,4(1):70-74
[7]黄毓民,邹东平.道路边坡生态防护初探[J].有色冶金设计与研究.2004,25(4):45-47
[8]李旭光,毛文碧,徐福有.日本的公路边坡绿化与防护——1994年赴日本考察报告[J].公路交通科技.1995,12(2): 59-64.
[9]张俊云,周德培,李绍才.岩石边坡生态种植基实验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2001,20(2):239–242.
[10]舒翔,杜鹃,廖晓瑾等.客土喷播防护技术在惠河高速公路中的应用[J].公路环境保护.2003,(专刊):21-24
[11]许文年,王铁桥,叶建军.工程边坡绿化技术初探[J].三峡大学学报(自然科学版).2001,23(6):512～513
[12]张俊云,周德培,李绍才.厚层基材喷射护坡实验研究[J].水土保持通报.2001,21(4):44-46.
[13]章梦涛,李天安,邱金淡等.有机植生基材在岩质坡面快速绿化技术中的开发应用[J] .生态环境.2003,12(3):250-252
[14]谢云,王小德,周侃等.酵素菌肥在岩石边坡喷播绿化中的应用实验初报[J].浙江林业科技.2006,26(1):28-32.
[15]孙华升.增加土壤有机质——抗旱节水的重要途径[J].河北农业科技.2001,(12):21
[16]孟凡乔,吴文良,辛德惠.高产农田土壤有机质、养分的变化规律与作物产量的关系[J] .植物营养与肥料学报.2000,6(4):370-374
[17]舒翔,杜娟,曹映泓.生态工程在高速公路岩石边坡防护工程中的应用[J].公路.2001,(7):86-89
[18]周颖,曹映泓,廖晓瑾.喷混植生技术在高速公路岩石边坡防护和绿化中的应用[J] .岩土力学.2001,(3):353-356
[19]许文年,王铁桥,叶建军.岩石边坡护坡绿化技术应用研究[J].水利水电技术.2002,33(7):35-37
[20]王铁桥,许文年,叶建军.挖方岩石边坡绿化技术与方法探讨[J] .三峡大学学报(自然科学版).2003,(2):101-104
[21]周颖,曹映泓.高速公路路基边坡环境综合治理[J] .岩土力学.2001,(4):455-458
[22]石东扬,熊忠臣,金代钧.高速公路边坡绿化的研究[J].中国园林.2001,(3):10-12
[23]周德培,张俊云.植被护坡工程技术[M] .北京:人民交通出版社,2003
[24]谭少华汪益敏.高速公路边坡生态防护技术研究进展与思考[J] .水土保持研究.2004,(9):81-84
[25]马万权,沈康健,邓辅唐.客土喷播技术对石质边坡防护的运用[J] .云南交通科技.2003,19(3):7-11
[26]杨喜田,赵宁,董惠英.论厚层客土喷播技术的植物群落目标设定和植物种选配[J].中国水土保持科学.2006,4(1):70-74,80.
[27]石健,孔东莲,郭小平等.论边坡生态防护植物的选择//中国水土保持学会工程绿化专业委员会.工程绿化理论与实践论文集[C].北京:中国水土保持学会工程绿化专业委员会,2006:107-110.
[28]查轩,唐克丽,张科利等.植被对土壤特性及土壤侵蚀的影响研究[J].水土保持学报.1992,2(2):52-58
[29]张俊云,周德培,李绍才.厚层基材喷射种植基的物理特性[J] .岩石力学与工程学报. 2001,20(A01):1010-1014.
[30]张俊云,周德培,李绍才.高速公路岩石边坡绿化方法探讨[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(9):1400-1403.
[31]张洪江主编.土壤侵蚀原理[M] .北京:中国林业出版社,2000.1:12-14
[32]杨俊华.公路土壤对植物生长的影响及其改善措施[J].河北交通科技.2006,2 http://www.hebjtinfo.com/hbjtkj/zw.asp?y=2006&q=2
[33]奚新国,倪亚茹,许促梓等.低碱度生态混凝土的初步研究[J].建筑石膏与胶凝材料.2003,(3):40-42
[34]石风善.多年生混播草坪土壤物理性质的研究[J] .草原与草坪.2004,(2):31-33
[35]藤岡安道.幼令林分に発生する崩壊地の特性[C]//,11回治山研究発表会論文集,1972:41-44
[36]阿部和時、岩元賢、吉野昭一、岩垣逸朗、垂水秀樹.崩壊地における林木根系分布の実態[J].96回日林論,1985:639-642
[37]北村文雄、野田坂伸:造園樹木の生長に及ぼす土壌硬度の影響[J].造園雑誌.1975,38(4):32-37
[38]杨喜田,董惠英,山寺喜成等.土壤硬度对播种苗和栽植苗根系发育的影响[J].中国水土保持科学.2005,3(4):60-64,69
[39]刘春生主编.土壤肥料学[M] .北京:中国农业大学出版社,2006
[40]丁登山,丁文峰.黄土高原植被破坏前后土壤团粒结构分形特征[J].地理研究.2002,21(6):700-706
[41]刘梦云,常庆瑞,齐雁冰.不同土地利用方式的土壤团粒及微团粒的分形特征[J].中国水土保持科学. 2006,4(4):47-51
[42]魏朝富,周宝同,李阳兵等.利用方式对岩溶山地土壤团粒结构的影响研究[J].长江流域资源与环境. 2002,11(5):451-455
[43]文倩,关欣.土壤团聚体形成的研究进展[J].干旱区研究. 2004,21(4):434-438
[44] Nordin A R.Bioengineering to ecoengineering,Part one :the many name [J].International Group of Bioengineers newsletter,1993.(3):15-18
[45] Wythers, K R , Lauenroth, W K and Paruelo, J M . Bare-soil evaporation under semiarid field conditions[J].Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1999, 63(5):1341-1349
[46] Six J , Elliott E T , Paustian K . Soil structure and soil organic matter [J].Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2000, 64:1042-1049
[47]蒋定生,黄国俊,谢永生.黄土高原土壤入渗能力野外测试[J].水土保持通报.1984,(04)
[48]黄必志,曹文波,陈佐忠.草坪营养与施肥[M] .北京:中国林业出版社.1999,3-4,101-102
[49]林大仪.土壤学[M] .中国林业出版社.2002
[50]张俊云,周德培,李绍才.高速公路岩石边坡绿化方法探讨[J] .岩石力学与工程学报.2002,21(9):1400-1403
[51]徐蒲生.中国土壤[M] .中国农业出版社,1998
[52]李志洪,赵兰坡,窦森主编.土壤学[M] .北京:化学工业出版社,2005:130-142
[53]孙向阳主编.土壤学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2004:9244-261
[54]孙向阳主编.土壤学[M] .北京:中国林业出版社,2004:3244-261
[55]淅江农业大学主编.植物营养与肥料[M] .北京:中国农业出版社,1991.10(200.10重印)
[56]张俊云,周培德.厚层基材喷射植被护坡的抗侵蚀实验研究[J].西南交通大学学报2002,37(6):628-631
[57]许铁力.铁路边坡喷植防护施工技术[J].西部探矿工程.2002,(6):156-157
[58]全国土壤普查办公室编,中国土壤[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998年,P878。
[59] F.E.Khasawneh著,段平楣译.磷矿粉的直接施用[M].土壤学进展.1984(2)
[60]鲁剑巍,曹一平.根据土壤速效钾确定油菜钾肥推荐用量的研究[J].湖北农业科学.2001(5):46-48
[61]袁东海,王兆骞,陈欣等.不同农作措施下红壤坡耕地土壤钾素流失特征的研究[J].应用生态学报.2003,14(8):1257-1260
[62]贾斌武.浅谈铁路岩质边坡绿色防护的坡面侵蚀问题[J].四川建筑.2005,(04):103
[63]查轩,唐克丽,张科利等.植被对土壤特性及土壤侵蚀的影响研究[J].水土保持学报.1992,6(2):52-58
[64] Wallace, J S . Calculating evaporation: resistance to factors[J].Agric. For. Meteorol., 1995, 73: 353-366