超声相关检测技术与应用
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摘要
介绍了BBADCP的研究状况，比较了几种测流技术，分析了BBADCP的信号特性，仔细推理了BBADCP的工作原理。采用基带仿真的方法建立了BBADCP的计算机模型。
提出了BBADCP的两种实现方案：第一种方案是以模拟信号处理为主，第二种方案是以数字信号处理为主。对两种方案均进行了计算机仿真分析。在第二种方案中，提出了一种测量多普勒频移的数字信号处理算法，简化了硬件，获得了平衡的I／Q信道输出，缩短了DSP处理时间。
将超声相关检测技术应用于课题组承接的人本电器公司“SF_6气体浓度超标报警器研制”项目中，提出了一种实现超声检测微量二元混合气体浓度的方法。从理论上推导出测量公式和误差公式，讨论了此方法的适用范围；从工程上基于CPLD完成了SF_6气体浓度超标报警器的设计。经实际测试该报警器能在SF_6气体浓度超过1000ppm时发出声、光报警信号，在未达到1000ppm时能按400ppm、600ppm、800ppm给出SF_6气体浓度。这一研究成果正在同时申报发明和新型实用两项专利。有些内容论文中尚不能详细给出。
The paper introduces the history of BBADCP, discriminates the different among pulse-incoherent system , pulse-coherent system and pulse-pulse coherent system, analyzes the characteristic of BBADCP 's signal and explains how BBADCP works by reasoning. A BBADCP system model based on the method of baseband simulation is made in the computer and the theory of BBADCP is examined by simulation.
Two methods are put forward to realize a BBADCP. For one , analog signal processing is in the majority , for the other, on the contrary, digital signal processing is in the majority . Computer simulations are done in both methods. A new DSP algorithm for Doppler frequency measurement is constructed in the second method, where the circuit configuration is simplified, the balanced I/Q channels can be available and the time for digital signal processing is reduced.
In an attempt to measure SF6 gas concentration in air , a new technology to determine gas concentration in a binary gas mixture is investigated. The essential measurement formula and error formula of the technology are deduced and the application field of this method is also discussed. Applying this technology , an CPLD-based SF6 gas concentration detector is invented. It is tested and proved that the detector can emit sound and light alarm signals if the SF6 gas concentration is beyond 1000ppm, and if not, it can display the concentration according to three formats of 400 ppm, 600 ppm, and 800 ppm. Based on the research achievement, two patents of invention and new-type utility is being applied for, so some details can not be given in the thesis at present.
提出了BBADCP的两种实现方案：第一种方案是以模拟信号处理为主，第二种方案是以数字信号处理为主。对两种方案均进行了计算机仿真分析。在第二种方案中，提出了一种测量多普勒频移的数字信号处理算法，简化了硬件，获得了平衡的I／Q信道输出，缩短了DSP处理时间。
将超声相关检测技术应用于课题组承接的人本电器公司“SF_6气体浓度超标报警器研制”项目中，提出了一种实现超声检测微量二元混合气体浓度的方法。从理论上推导出测量公式和误差公式，讨论了此方法的适用范围；从工程上基于CPLD完成了SF_6气体浓度超标报警器的设计。经实际测试该报警器能在SF_6气体浓度超过1000ppm时发出声、光报警信号，在未达到1000ppm时能按400ppm、600ppm、800ppm给出SF_6气体浓度。这一研究成果正在同时申报发明和新型实用两项专利。有些内容论文中尚不能详细给出。
The paper introduces the history of BBADCP, discriminates the different among pulse-incoherent system , pulse-coherent system and pulse-pulse coherent system, analyzes the characteristic of BBADCP 's signal and explains how BBADCP works by reasoning. A BBADCP system model based on the method of baseband simulation is made in the computer and the theory of BBADCP is examined by simulation.
Two methods are put forward to realize a BBADCP. For one , analog signal processing is in the majority , for the other, on the contrary, digital signal processing is in the majority . Computer simulations are done in both methods. A new DSP algorithm for Doppler frequency measurement is constructed in the second method, where the circuit configuration is simplified, the balanced I/Q channels can be available and the time for digital signal processing is reduced.
In an attempt to measure SF6 gas concentration in air , a new technology to determine gas concentration in a binary gas mixture is investigated. The essential measurement formula and error formula of the technology are deduced and the application field of this method is also discussed. Applying this technology , an CPLD-based SF6 gas concentration detector is invented. It is tested and proved that the detector can emit sound and light alarm signals if the SF6 gas concentration is beyond 1000ppm, and if not, it can display the concentration according to three formats of 400 ppm, 600 ppm, and 800 ppm. Based on the research achievement, two patents of invention and new-type utility is being applied for, so some details can not be given in the thesis at present.
引文
[1] 杜功焕、朱哲民、袭秀芬．声学基础[M]．上海：上海科学技术出版社．1981：164-230，185～193．
[2] 蔡萍、赵辉．现代检测技术与系统[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，2002：171-173．
[3] 袁易全、陈思忠．近代超声原理与应用[M]．南京：南京大学出版社，1996：195-272．
[4] 杨福清、王乃敏．利用宽带动船ADCP测量河川流量[J]．气象水文海洋仪器，1998．NO．1：8-12．
[5] 霍树梅．声学多谱勒测流技术进展评述[J]．气象水文海洋仪器，1998，NO．4：6-8．
[6] Scontt E.Morlock. Evaluation of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Measurement of River Discharge[R]. Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4218. California: U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.
[7] 康玉胜．声学多谱勒海流剖面仪(ADCP)[J]．海洋技术，1996,15(5)：44-52．
[8] 姚永熙．水文仪器与水利水文自动化[M]．南京：河海大学．2001：74-105．
[9] Michael R.Simpson. Discharge Measurements Using a Broad-Band Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler[R]. Open-file report 01-1,California: United States Geological Survey, 2001.
[10] 赵志文、赵迎春．声学测流技术与应用．计算机自动测量与控制[J]，2000．8(4)．32-34．
[11] 张秀梅．多普勒效应公式的一种新的推导方法[J]．锦州医学院学报．2001，22(2)：71-71．
[12] 丁丽晶．基于DSP技术的多普勒流量计的设计[D]．大连：大连理工大学硕士学位论文，2002．
[13] 徐苓安．相关流量测量技术[M]．天津：天津大学出版社．1988：41-46．
[14] 樊昌信、詹道庸，徐炳祥，吴成柯．通信原理[M]．北京：国防工业出版社，1995．
[15] 沈允春．扩谱技术[M]．北京：国防工业出版社，1995：1-54、284-288．
[16] Brumley et al.. Broadband Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler[P]. United States Patent Number: 5,208,785, May 4,1993.
[17] Gordon R.L. Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers—Principles of Operation,A Practical Primer[Z]. San Diego,Califiornia: RD Instruments, 1996.
[18] Firing E, Gordon R. Deep acoustic Doppler current profiling[A]. IEEE Fourth Working Conference on Current Measurements[C]. Clinton.Maryland, 1990:192-201.
[19] Lohrmann, A., Hackett, B. and Roed, L.P. High Resolution Measurement of Turbulence, Velocity and Stress using a Pulse-to-Pulse Coherent Sonar[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Cceanic Technology, 1996, 166:3-21.
[20] Cheng, R. T., C.-H. Ling, and Gartner, J. W. Direct measurement of turbulence properties by a BBADCP in bottom boundary layer[A]. Interactions between Estuaries Coastal Seas and Shelf Seas [C],1995: 7-55.
[21] Jessica M. Cote, Frances S.Hothckiss, Marinna Martini, Charles R.Denham. Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Data Processing System Manual[R]. U.S.Geological Survey. 1998.
[22] 张道平．宽带多普勒测流仪信号特性分析[J]．海洋技术，2001，20(1)：78-82．
[23] Brumley, B H., Cabrera R G., Deines K L, and Terray E A.. Performance of a Broadband Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler[J]. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, October 1991, vol.16, #4: 402-407.
[24] Ron McKeighen, Ph.D. Influence of Pulse Drive Shape and Tuning on the Broadband
Response of a Transducer[A]. Proc IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium[C], IEEE Cat, #97CH36118,1997, Vol 2: 1637-1642.
[25] John G．Proakis,Masoud Salehi．现代通信系统——使用MATLAB[M]．刘树棠．陕西：西安交通大学出版社．2001．
[26] 章树安，陈松生，王教河．ADCP流量测验与误差控制[J]．东北水利水电，2002，22(20)：4-5．
[27] 李建新、刘乃安、刘继平．现代通信系统分析与仿真[M]．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，2000：86-115．
[28] 张志涌、徐彦琴．MATLAB教程—基于6.X版本[M]．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．2001．
[29] 王沫然．Simulink 4建模及动态仿真[M]．北京：电子工业出版社．2002．
[30] 李东生、雍爱霞、左洪浩．SystemView系统设计及仿真入门与应用[M]．北京：电子工业出版社．2002．
[31] W.M.Waters and B.R.Jarrett. Bandpass signal sampling and coherent detection[J]. IEEE Trans. Aerosp.Electron.Syst,Nov. 1982, vol.AES-18,No.4: 731-736.
[32] W. Rosenkranz. Quadrature sampling of FM-bandpass signal—implementation and error analysis[J], in Proc.of the International Conference Digital Signal Processing ,1987, 87:377-381.
[33] D.P.Scholnik and J.O.Coleman. Simple.exact models of sample-interleaving demodulators/modulators for quadrature bandpass sampling/reconstruction[A]. In Proc. Conf. Information Science and Systems[C], Baltimore, MD, Mar,1997.
[34] D.P.Scholnik and J.O.Coleman..Integrated I-Q demodulation, matched filtering, and symbol-rate sampling using minimum-rate IF sampling[A]. In Proc.1997 Symp.Wireless Personal Communication[C]. Blacksburg.VA,June 1997.
[35] 杨小牛．软件无线电原理与应用[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2001．
[36] Vegte,J．V．数字信号处理基础[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2003．01．
[37] W.Rosenkranz. Quadrature sampling of Fm-bandpass signals-implementation and error analysis[J]. In Proc. Of the International Conference Digital Siganl Processing 87,1987:377-81.
[38] S.-P. Wu, S. Boyd, and L.Vandenberghe. FIR filter design via semidefinite programming and spectral factorization[A]. In Proc.1996 IEEE Conf. Decision and Control (CDC'96)[C]. Kobe, Japan, Dec.1996.
[39] James Tsui(著)、杨小牛、陆安南(译)．宽带数字接收机[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2002．
[40] C.Hallewell, G.Crawford, D, Mcshurley, G.Oxoby, R.Reif. A Sonar-Based Technique for the Rationmetfic Determination of Binary Gas Mixtures[R]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research,1988, A263: 219-234.
[41] Joos R.N., Muller H., Lindner G.. An Ultrasonic Sensor for the Analysis of Binary Gas Mixtures[J]. Sensors and Actuators B, 1993, 15-16: 413-419.
[42] Torbjǒrn Lǒfqvist, Kêstutis Sokas, Jerker Delsing. Speed of sound measurements in gas-mixtures at varying composition using an ultrasonic gas flow meter with silicon based transducers[A]. 11th FLOMEKO Conference[C]. Groningen, The Netherlands. 2003:
#36．
[43] 阎玉舜、陈亦鹃、汤建明．超声分析二元混合气体浓度的理论及应用[J]．声学技术，1995，14(3)：105～108．
[44] Coleman H.W, Steele W G. Experimentation and uncertainty analysis for engineers[M]. John Wiley & Sons. 1999.
[45] 黑杰克．Protel schematic 99 SE电路设计[M]．北京：科学出版社，2001．
[46] 白奴雳．Protel PCB 99电路设计块易通[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，2001．
[47] Carr,J．J．射频电路设计[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2001．
[48] 高文焕，汪蕙．模拟电路的计算机分析与设计[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，1999．
[49] Mark Zwolinski．VHDL数字系统设计[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2002．
[50] 杨媛，高勇，马军等．CPLD在超声波传感器驱动控制电路中的应用[J]．西安理工大学学报,2000,16(4)：381-383．
[51] 王金花，陈斐霞．用CPLD电路实现激光引信电路系统小型化设计[J]．红外与激光工程，2000，29(4)：67—70．
[52] 汪伟，黄芳玲，张松慧．CPLD在相位测量中的应用[J]．仪器仪表学报，2003，24(4)：317-325．
[2] 蔡萍、赵辉．现代检测技术与系统[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，2002：171-173．
[3] 袁易全、陈思忠．近代超声原理与应用[M]．南京：南京大学出版社，1996：195-272．
[4] 杨福清、王乃敏．利用宽带动船ADCP测量河川流量[J]．气象水文海洋仪器，1998．NO．1：8-12．
[5] 霍树梅．声学多谱勒测流技术进展评述[J]．气象水文海洋仪器，1998，NO．4：6-8．
[6] Scontt E.Morlock. Evaluation of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Measurement of River Discharge[R]. Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4218. California: U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.
[7] 康玉胜．声学多谱勒海流剖面仪(ADCP)[J]．海洋技术，1996,15(5)：44-52．
[8] 姚永熙．水文仪器与水利水文自动化[M]．南京：河海大学．2001：74-105．
[9] Michael R.Simpson. Discharge Measurements Using a Broad-Band Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler[R]. Open-file report 01-1,California: United States Geological Survey, 2001.
[10] 赵志文、赵迎春．声学测流技术与应用．计算机自动测量与控制[J]，2000．8(4)．32-34．
[11] 张秀梅．多普勒效应公式的一种新的推导方法[J]．锦州医学院学报．2001，22(2)：71-71．
[12] 丁丽晶．基于DSP技术的多普勒流量计的设计[D]．大连：大连理工大学硕士学位论文，2002．
[13] 徐苓安．相关流量测量技术[M]．天津：天津大学出版社．1988：41-46．
[14] 樊昌信、詹道庸，徐炳祥，吴成柯．通信原理[M]．北京：国防工业出版社，1995．
[15] 沈允春．扩谱技术[M]．北京：国防工业出版社，1995：1-54、284-288．
[16] Brumley et al.. Broadband Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler[P]. United States Patent Number: 5,208,785, May 4,1993.
[17] Gordon R.L. Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers—Principles of Operation,A Practical Primer[Z]. San Diego,Califiornia: RD Instruments, 1996.
[18] Firing E, Gordon R. Deep acoustic Doppler current profiling[A]. IEEE Fourth Working Conference on Current Measurements[C]. Clinton.Maryland, 1990:192-201.
[19] Lohrmann, A., Hackett, B. and Roed, L.P. High Resolution Measurement of Turbulence, Velocity and Stress using a Pulse-to-Pulse Coherent Sonar[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Cceanic Technology, 1996, 166:3-21.
[20] Cheng, R. T., C.-H. Ling, and Gartner, J. W. Direct measurement of turbulence properties by a BBADCP in bottom boundary layer[A]. Interactions between Estuaries Coastal Seas and Shelf Seas [C],1995: 7-55.
[21] Jessica M. Cote, Frances S.Hothckiss, Marinna Martini, Charles R.Denham. Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Data Processing System Manual[R]. U.S.Geological Survey. 1998.
[22] 张道平．宽带多普勒测流仪信号特性分析[J]．海洋技术，2001，20(1)：78-82．
[23] Brumley, B H., Cabrera R G., Deines K L, and Terray E A.. Performance of a Broadband Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler[J]. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, October 1991, vol.16, #4: 402-407.
[24] Ron McKeighen, Ph.D. Influence of Pulse Drive Shape and Tuning on the Broadband
Response of a Transducer[A]. Proc IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium[C], IEEE Cat, #97CH36118,1997, Vol 2: 1637-1642.
[25] John G．Proakis,Masoud Salehi．现代通信系统——使用MATLAB[M]．刘树棠．陕西：西安交通大学出版社．2001．
[26] 章树安，陈松生，王教河．ADCP流量测验与误差控制[J]．东北水利水电，2002，22(20)：4-5．
[27] 李建新、刘乃安、刘继平．现代通信系统分析与仿真[M]．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，2000：86-115．
[28] 张志涌、徐彦琴．MATLAB教程—基于6.X版本[M]．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．2001．
[29] 王沫然．Simulink 4建模及动态仿真[M]．北京：电子工业出版社．2002．
[30] 李东生、雍爱霞、左洪浩．SystemView系统设计及仿真入门与应用[M]．北京：电子工业出版社．2002．
[31] W.M.Waters and B.R.Jarrett. Bandpass signal sampling and coherent detection[J]. IEEE Trans. Aerosp.Electron.Syst,Nov. 1982, vol.AES-18,No.4: 731-736.
[32] W. Rosenkranz. Quadrature sampling of FM-bandpass signal—implementation and error analysis[J], in Proc.of the International Conference Digital Signal Processing ,1987, 87:377-381.
[33] D.P.Scholnik and J.O.Coleman. Simple.exact models of sample-interleaving demodulators/modulators for quadrature bandpass sampling/reconstruction[A]. In Proc. Conf. Information Science and Systems[C], Baltimore, MD, Mar,1997.
[34] D.P.Scholnik and J.O.Coleman..Integrated I-Q demodulation, matched filtering, and symbol-rate sampling using minimum-rate IF sampling[A]. In Proc.1997 Symp.Wireless Personal Communication[C]. Blacksburg.VA,June 1997.
[35] 杨小牛．软件无线电原理与应用[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2001．
[36] Vegte,J．V．数字信号处理基础[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2003．01．
[37] W.Rosenkranz. Quadrature sampling of Fm-bandpass signals-implementation and error analysis[J]. In Proc. Of the International Conference Digital Siganl Processing 87,1987:377-81.
[38] S.-P. Wu, S. Boyd, and L.Vandenberghe. FIR filter design via semidefinite programming and spectral factorization[A]. In Proc.1996 IEEE Conf. Decision and Control (CDC'96)[C]. Kobe, Japan, Dec.1996.
[39] James Tsui(著)、杨小牛、陆安南(译)．宽带数字接收机[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2002．
[40] C.Hallewell, G.Crawford, D, Mcshurley, G.Oxoby, R.Reif. A Sonar-Based Technique for the Rationmetfic Determination of Binary Gas Mixtures[R]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research,1988, A263: 219-234.
[41] Joos R.N., Muller H., Lindner G.. An Ultrasonic Sensor for the Analysis of Binary Gas Mixtures[J]. Sensors and Actuators B, 1993, 15-16: 413-419.
[42] Torbjǒrn Lǒfqvist, Kêstutis Sokas, Jerker Delsing. Speed of sound measurements in gas-mixtures at varying composition using an ultrasonic gas flow meter with silicon based transducers[A]. 11th FLOMEKO Conference[C]. Groningen, The Netherlands. 2003:
#36．
[43] 阎玉舜、陈亦鹃、汤建明．超声分析二元混合气体浓度的理论及应用[J]．声学技术，1995，14(3)：105～108．
[44] Coleman H.W, Steele W G. Experimentation and uncertainty analysis for engineers[M]. John Wiley & Sons. 1999.
[45] 黑杰克．Protel schematic 99 SE电路设计[M]．北京：科学出版社，2001．
[46] 白奴雳．Protel PCB 99电路设计块易通[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，2001．
[47] Carr,J．J．射频电路设计[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2001．
[48] 高文焕，汪蕙．模拟电路的计算机分析与设计[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，1999．
[49] Mark Zwolinski．VHDL数字系统设计[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2002．
[50] 杨媛，高勇，马军等．CPLD在超声波传感器驱动控制电路中的应用[J]．西安理工大学学报,2000,16(4)：381-383．
[51] 王金花，陈斐霞．用CPLD电路实现激光引信电路系统小型化设计[J]．红外与激光工程，2000，29(4)：67—70．
[52] 汪伟，黄芳玲，张松慧．CPLD在相位测量中的应用[J]．仪器仪表学报，2003，24(4)：317-325．