靳三针疗法结合康复训练治疗缺血性卒中偏瘫的疗效研究
|
摘要
研究目的：探讨靳三针疗法为主,结合康复训练对缺血性卒中偏瘫患者神经功能缺损、综合功能、肢体活动能力、日常生活能力的影响,评价靳三针疗法对于缺血性卒中偏瘫的疗效,对靳三针疗法关于缺血性卒中偏瘫治疗的取穴、针刺角度、深度、刺激方法进行量化,规范靳三针疗法治疗缺血性卒中偏瘫的操作,使其具有可重复性,并进一步推广。
方法：
1、病例选择：选择254例符合研究标准、发病在2周-3个月内的偏瘫患者,按照1：1：1的比例,随机分为靳三针组83例、康复组84例和靳三针结合康复组87例。
2、基础治疗：三组患者的基础药物治疗均参照《中国脑血管病防治指南》的方案控制血压、血糖,调节血脂,并给予抗血小板聚集,营养神经,以及对症治疗、防治并发症等。
3、治疗方法：①弛缓瘫：靳三针组：取穴：主穴：颞三针、四神针、手三针、足三针。随症配穴：口角歪斜加口三针；语言不利、吞咽困难加舌三针。辨证配穴：肝阳暴亢加太冲；风痰阻络加丰隆；气虚血瘀加健侧足三里；阴虚风动加太溪。所有穴位均规定具体的针刺方法、针刺深度、针刺角度、行针次数等参数。康复组：康复训练方案主要依据人民卫生出版社卫生部规划教材《康复医学》第三版制定。操作包括：床上良肢位摆放,关节被动活动,防止关节挛缩和变形,床上活动,起坐训练,桥式运动,兴奋性促进手法如利用联合反应、共同运动,感觉刺激(拍打、挤压等)诱发主动运动。靳三针加康复组：其治疗方案为靳三针疗法结合加康复训练,具体方法同上述。
②痉挛瘫：靳三针组：取穴：颞三针、四神针、上肢挛三针、下肢挛三针。随症配穴：失语加舌三针；口角歪斜加口三针；腕关节严重痉挛加腕三针；踝关节内翻加踝三针；上下肢痉挛无法伸展加开三针；指趾浮肿加八邪、八风。辨证配穴同弛缓瘫。所有穴位均规范针刺方法、针刺深度、针刺角度、行针次数等参数。康复组：操作包括：缓解肌张力,坐位平衡训练,坐站转换,立位平衡训练,步行训练,上肢控制能力训练。靳三针加康复组其治疗方案为靳三针疗法结合加康复训练,具体方法同上述。
4、疗程：各组疗程均为28天,康复训练和针刺治疗共进行20次,每周5次,休息2天后继续治疗,共治疗4周；基础药物治疗为28天。
疗效评定：对每组入组患者进行治疗前、治疗14天后,治疗28天后神经功能评定,量表包括：临床神经功能缺损程度评分(NDS):Brunnstrom运动功能评价、四肢简化Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分、日常生活活动能力(Barthel指数)(ADL)、肢体功能综合评定(FCA)五个方面。
结果：
1、组内比较：三组病例经过14天、28天的治疗后,与治疗前比较,均有统计学差异(p<0.05),评分改善程度有统计学意义；治疗28天后与治疗14天后比较,亦有统计学差异(p<0.05)。
2、组间比较：
①NDS的变化：治疗14天、28天后靳三针组和康复组、结合组之间均无统计学差异,结合组与康复组之间均有统计学意义(p<0.05)。
②ADL的变化：治疗14天、28天后靳三针组和康复组、结合组之间均无统计学差异(p>0.05),结合组与康复组之间均有统计学差异(p<0.05)。
③上肢Fugl-Meyer评分的变化：治疗14天后三组之间比较疗效无统计学差异(p>0.05)。治疗28天后：靳三针组和康复组比较,差异无统计学意义；结合组和靳三针组、康复组分别比较,均有统计学差异(p<0.05)。
④下肢Fugl-Meyer评分的变化：治疗14天后靳三针组与康复组、结合组之间均无统计学差异,结合组和康复组比较有统计学意义(p<0.05)。治疗28天后：靳三针组和康复组比较差异无统计学意义(p>0.05)；结合组和靳三针组、康复组分别比较,均有统计学差异(p<0.05)。
⑤四肢Fugl-Meyer评分的变化：治疗14天后三组之间比较差异无统计学意义(p>0.05)；治疗28天后：靳三针组和康复组比较无统计学差异,结合组和靳三针组、康复组比较均有统计学差异(p<0.05)。
⑥FCA的变化：治疗14天、28天后,靳三针组和康复组比较均无统计学差异(p>0.05)；结合组较靳三针组、康复组效佳,均有统计学差异(p<0.05)。
结论：靳三针疗法和康复训练均能良好的改善缺血性卒中患者的偏瘫状态,两种疗法的效果之间比较无统计学差异,二者结合运用能够更好的促进缺血性卒中偏瘫患者肢体功能的恢复；该研究所使用的靳三针配穴方法、操作方法规范实用,切合临床实际,具有良好的推广意义。
Objective:To observe therapeutic effect of Jin's 3-needle manipulation combined with the rehabilitaion therapy on hemiplegia in patients with cerebral infarction.
Methods:Two hundred and fifty-four patients who have hemiplegia of cerebral infarction in two weeks to three months, and consistent with clinical reasearch requirement were randomly divided into three groups according to the ratio of 1:1:1, which including Jin's 3-needle manipulation group(Acunpuncture group,83cases), rehabilitaion group(84cases)and Jin's 3-needle manipulation combined with the rehabilitaion group (combination group,87cases). Drugs using in this reasearch are based on "Guidelines on Cerebrovascular Disease Prevention and Control" which used to control blood pressure, cut down blood glucose, adjust lipid in blood, antiplatelet and trophic nerve, also symptomatic treatment to prevent complications.
Concrete therapies:
Flaccid paralysis:
1) Acunpuncture group:the main points are the temporal 3-needle, hand 3-needle, foot 3-needle, and other pionts are added according to the symptoms.
2) Rehabilitaion group:The rules of rehabilitaion are abide by "Rehabilitation medicine" which printed by People's Medical Publishing House, including good pasture on bed, Bridge Movement, activities on bed, passive exercise on joints, and so on.
3) Combination group:Methods in this group are acupuncture and rehabilitaion treatment which used in superior two groups. Spastic paralysis:
1) Acunpuncture group:The main points are the temporal 3-needle,3-needle in upper limb and lower limb on spasm, and other pionts are added according to the symptoms.
2)Rehabilitaion group:The rules of rehabilitaion are abide by "Rehabilitation medicine" which printed by People's Medical Publishing House, which include releasing muscle tension, balance training on sitting position, sitting position, controllability exercise, and so on.
3) Combination group:Patients in this group accept two therapies including acupuncture and rehabilitaion measurements as above. Course of treatment:All patients will healed for 4 weeks, and every week researchers give them 5 times cure, the rest 2 days take a rest. Drugs also used 28 days.
Evaluation:Patients are evaluated 3 times including before treatment, 2 weeks later, and the end of the reasearch, these measuring scale are Neuropathy Disability Score(NDS), Brunnstrom stage, Fugl-Meyer scores, Barthel Index, and Functional comprehensive assessment(FCA).
Results:
1) Comparison in group:After 14 days and 28 days therapies, compared with scores before the treatment, there were significant differences in all scales in three group.
2) Comparison between groups:
①Diversification in NDS:After 14 days and 28 days therapies, there were not signifcant difference between acunpuncture group and rehabilitaion group, also acunpuncture group and combination group, but the combination group is better than rehabilitaion group(p<0.05).
②Diversification in ADL:There were not signifcant difference between acunpuncture group and rehabilitaion group after 14 days and 28 days therapies, also acunpuncture group and combination group, but the combination group is better than rehabilitaion group(p<0.05).
③Diversification in Fugl-Meyer on Upper limb:There were not significant differences among three groups after 14 days treatments;After 28 days therapies, the acunpuncture group is similar to rehabilitaion group(p>0.05), but the combination group is better than the other two groups (p<0.05).
④Diversification in Fugl-Meyer on Lower limb:There were not signifcant difference between acunpuncture group and rehabilitaion group after 14 days
therapies, also acunpuncture group and combination group, but the combination group is better than rehabilitaion group(p<0.05);After 28 days therapies, the acunpuncture group is similar to rehabilitaion group(p>0.05), but the combination group is better than the other two groups (p<0.05).
⑤Diversification in Fugl-Meyer on four limbs:There were not significant differences among three groups after 14 days treatments;After 28 days therapies, the acunpuncture group is similar to rehabilitaion group(p>0.05), but the combination group is better than the other two groups (p<0.05).
⑥Diversification in FCA:The acunpuncture group is similar to rehabilitaion group(p>0.05), but the combination group is better than the other two groups (p<0.05) after 14 days and 28 days therapies.
Conclusion:Jin's 3-needle manipulation is useful to improve the function of hemiplegia in patients with cerebral infarction, and also rehabilitaion therapy, If we combine them thoughtfully, the effect must be better. And in this reasearch, the way to use acpoints dependent on symptoms, to operate the needles abide by rules, is valueable for clinical.
方法：
1、病例选择：选择254例符合研究标准、发病在2周-3个月内的偏瘫患者,按照1：1：1的比例,随机分为靳三针组83例、康复组84例和靳三针结合康复组87例。
2、基础治疗：三组患者的基础药物治疗均参照《中国脑血管病防治指南》的方案控制血压、血糖,调节血脂,并给予抗血小板聚集,营养神经,以及对症治疗、防治并发症等。
3、治疗方法：①弛缓瘫：靳三针组：取穴：主穴：颞三针、四神针、手三针、足三针。随症配穴：口角歪斜加口三针；语言不利、吞咽困难加舌三针。辨证配穴：肝阳暴亢加太冲；风痰阻络加丰隆；气虚血瘀加健侧足三里；阴虚风动加太溪。所有穴位均规定具体的针刺方法、针刺深度、针刺角度、行针次数等参数。康复组：康复训练方案主要依据人民卫生出版社卫生部规划教材《康复医学》第三版制定。操作包括：床上良肢位摆放,关节被动活动,防止关节挛缩和变形,床上活动,起坐训练,桥式运动,兴奋性促进手法如利用联合反应、共同运动,感觉刺激(拍打、挤压等)诱发主动运动。靳三针加康复组：其治疗方案为靳三针疗法结合加康复训练,具体方法同上述。
②痉挛瘫：靳三针组：取穴：颞三针、四神针、上肢挛三针、下肢挛三针。随症配穴：失语加舌三针；口角歪斜加口三针；腕关节严重痉挛加腕三针；踝关节内翻加踝三针；上下肢痉挛无法伸展加开三针；指趾浮肿加八邪、八风。辨证配穴同弛缓瘫。所有穴位均规范针刺方法、针刺深度、针刺角度、行针次数等参数。康复组：操作包括：缓解肌张力,坐位平衡训练,坐站转换,立位平衡训练,步行训练,上肢控制能力训练。靳三针加康复组其治疗方案为靳三针疗法结合加康复训练,具体方法同上述。
4、疗程：各组疗程均为28天,康复训练和针刺治疗共进行20次,每周5次,休息2天后继续治疗,共治疗4周；基础药物治疗为28天。
疗效评定：对每组入组患者进行治疗前、治疗14天后,治疗28天后神经功能评定,量表包括：临床神经功能缺损程度评分(NDS):Brunnstrom运动功能评价、四肢简化Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分、日常生活活动能力(Barthel指数)(ADL)、肢体功能综合评定(FCA)五个方面。
结果：
1、组内比较：三组病例经过14天、28天的治疗后,与治疗前比较,均有统计学差异(p<0.05),评分改善程度有统计学意义；治疗28天后与治疗14天后比较,亦有统计学差异(p<0.05)。
2、组间比较：
①NDS的变化：治疗14天、28天后靳三针组和康复组、结合组之间均无统计学差异,结合组与康复组之间均有统计学意义(p<0.05)。
②ADL的变化：治疗14天、28天后靳三针组和康复组、结合组之间均无统计学差异(p>0.05),结合组与康复组之间均有统计学差异(p<0.05)。
③上肢Fugl-Meyer评分的变化：治疗14天后三组之间比较疗效无统计学差异(p>0.05)。治疗28天后：靳三针组和康复组比较,差异无统计学意义；结合组和靳三针组、康复组分别比较,均有统计学差异(p<0.05)。
④下肢Fugl-Meyer评分的变化：治疗14天后靳三针组与康复组、结合组之间均无统计学差异,结合组和康复组比较有统计学意义(p<0.05)。治疗28天后：靳三针组和康复组比较差异无统计学意义(p>0.05)；结合组和靳三针组、康复组分别比较,均有统计学差异(p<0.05)。
⑤四肢Fugl-Meyer评分的变化：治疗14天后三组之间比较差异无统计学意义(p>0.05)；治疗28天后：靳三针组和康复组比较无统计学差异,结合组和靳三针组、康复组比较均有统计学差异(p<0.05)。
⑥FCA的变化：治疗14天、28天后,靳三针组和康复组比较均无统计学差异(p>0.05)；结合组较靳三针组、康复组效佳,均有统计学差异(p<0.05)。
结论：靳三针疗法和康复训练均能良好的改善缺血性卒中患者的偏瘫状态,两种疗法的效果之间比较无统计学差异,二者结合运用能够更好的促进缺血性卒中偏瘫患者肢体功能的恢复；该研究所使用的靳三针配穴方法、操作方法规范实用,切合临床实际,具有良好的推广意义。
Objective:To observe therapeutic effect of Jin's 3-needle manipulation combined with the rehabilitaion therapy on hemiplegia in patients with cerebral infarction.
Methods:Two hundred and fifty-four patients who have hemiplegia of cerebral infarction in two weeks to three months, and consistent with clinical reasearch requirement were randomly divided into three groups according to the ratio of 1:1:1, which including Jin's 3-needle manipulation group(Acunpuncture group,83cases), rehabilitaion group(84cases)and Jin's 3-needle manipulation combined with the rehabilitaion group (combination group,87cases). Drugs using in this reasearch are based on "Guidelines on Cerebrovascular Disease Prevention and Control" which used to control blood pressure, cut down blood glucose, adjust lipid in blood, antiplatelet and trophic nerve, also symptomatic treatment to prevent complications.
Concrete therapies:
Flaccid paralysis:
1) Acunpuncture group:the main points are the temporal 3-needle, hand 3-needle, foot 3-needle, and other pionts are added according to the symptoms.
2) Rehabilitaion group:The rules of rehabilitaion are abide by "Rehabilitation medicine" which printed by People's Medical Publishing House, including good pasture on bed, Bridge Movement, activities on bed, passive exercise on joints, and so on.
3) Combination group:Methods in this group are acupuncture and rehabilitaion treatment which used in superior two groups. Spastic paralysis:
1) Acunpuncture group:The main points are the temporal 3-needle,3-needle in upper limb and lower limb on spasm, and other pionts are added according to the symptoms.
2)Rehabilitaion group:The rules of rehabilitaion are abide by "Rehabilitation medicine" which printed by People's Medical Publishing House, which include releasing muscle tension, balance training on sitting position, sitting position, controllability exercise, and so on.
3) Combination group:Patients in this group accept two therapies including acupuncture and rehabilitaion measurements as above. Course of treatment:All patients will healed for 4 weeks, and every week researchers give them 5 times cure, the rest 2 days take a rest. Drugs also used 28 days.
Evaluation:Patients are evaluated 3 times including before treatment, 2 weeks later, and the end of the reasearch, these measuring scale are Neuropathy Disability Score(NDS), Brunnstrom stage, Fugl-Meyer scores, Barthel Index, and Functional comprehensive assessment(FCA).
Results:
1) Comparison in group:After 14 days and 28 days therapies, compared with scores before the treatment, there were significant differences in all scales in three group.
2) Comparison between groups:
①Diversification in NDS:After 14 days and 28 days therapies, there were not signifcant difference between acunpuncture group and rehabilitaion group, also acunpuncture group and combination group, but the combination group is better than rehabilitaion group(p<0.05).
②Diversification in ADL:There were not signifcant difference between acunpuncture group and rehabilitaion group after 14 days and 28 days therapies, also acunpuncture group and combination group, but the combination group is better than rehabilitaion group(p<0.05).
③Diversification in Fugl-Meyer on Upper limb:There were not significant differences among three groups after 14 days treatments;After 28 days therapies, the acunpuncture group is similar to rehabilitaion group(p>0.05), but the combination group is better than the other two groups (p<0.05).
④Diversification in Fugl-Meyer on Lower limb:There were not signifcant difference between acunpuncture group and rehabilitaion group after 14 days
therapies, also acunpuncture group and combination group, but the combination group is better than rehabilitaion group(p<0.05);After 28 days therapies, the acunpuncture group is similar to rehabilitaion group(p>0.05), but the combination group is better than the other two groups (p<0.05).
⑤Diversification in Fugl-Meyer on four limbs:There were not significant differences among three groups after 14 days treatments;After 28 days therapies, the acunpuncture group is similar to rehabilitaion group(p>0.05), but the combination group is better than the other two groups (p<0.05).
⑥Diversification in FCA:The acunpuncture group is similar to rehabilitaion group(p>0.05), but the combination group is better than the other two groups (p<0.05) after 14 days and 28 days therapies.
Conclusion:Jin's 3-needle manipulation is useful to improve the function of hemiplegia in patients with cerebral infarction, and also rehabilitaion therapy, If we combine them thoughtfully, the effect must be better. And in this reasearch, the way to use acpoints dependent on symptoms, to operate the needles abide by rules, is valueable for clinical.
引文
[1]方向华.中国卒中的流行现状及其影响因素[J].中国脑血管病杂志,2004,1(5)：233-237.
[2]王莉.唐宋“五脏中风”证治特色探析[J].上海中医药杂志,2001,35(9)：40-42.
[3]刘敏,王庆国.中风病中医病因病机学说史略[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2006,12(4)：252-253.
[4]孟家眉.急性脑血管病中西医结合研究的探讨[J].中西医结合杂志,1984,4(1)：51.
[5]陈艺.穴位注射靳氏肩三针治疗肩周炎96例[J].浙江中医杂志,2005,40(12)：528.
[6]卢佩斯,庄礼兴.阴阳配合刺法治疗脑卒中后痉挛性偏瘫[J].中国临床康复,10(7)：128-130.
[7]周建伟,肖鸣.头针疗法在中风临床中的应用[J].中国针灸,1999,19(10)：835.
[8]王富春.中医独特疗法-头针疗法[M].北京：人民卫生出版社.2003：213-323.
[9]武承迅.头针治疗偏瘫1228例临床观察[J].中国针灸,1989,9(4)：3-4.
[10]陆寿康.头针治疗中风偏瘫及其疗效的评估[J].中医杂志,1991,(10)：49.
[11]王伟,孙占玲,张奕,等.头针治疗中风后遗症临床观察[J].辽宁中医杂志,2002,29(10)：619.
[12]马松涛.头针治疗中风偏瘫的临床观察[J].河北中医,1993,15(1)：28.
[13]戚丽宜,张仲傲,叶成鸪,等.针刺治疗脑梗塞332例临床疗效及对血清高密度脂蛋白、胆固醇、血液流变学、纤维蛋白原等指标的观察[J].中国针灸,1992,12(4)： 19.
[14]孔昭遐.阳明经穴治疗中风偏瘫113例疗效观察[J].中国针灸,1992,12(4)：1.
[15]杨明军,刘怀忠,倪三平.透穴针刺治疗中风后半身不遂75例[J].陕西中医,2006,27(2)：218-219.
[16]张杏艳,江钢辉,王孔志,等.透刺法治疗中风后遗症的临床效果观察[J].医学理论与实践,2008,21(8)：880-881.
[17]石学敏.“醒脑开窍”针法治疗脑卒中[J].中国临床康复,2003,7(7)：1057-1058.
[18]傅立新,赵建国,赵红.针刺对脑-心卒中患者血中内皮素、一氧化氮含量影响的动态观察[J].中国针灸,2002,22(9)：628.
[19]杜元灏,冀健民.“醒脑开窍”针法中水沟穴作用探讨[J].中国针灸,2001,9(21)：535-536.
[20]石学敏.“醒脑开窍”针刺法治疗中风病9005例临床研究研究[J].中医药导报,2005,11(1)：3-5.
[21]李爱红,刘玉生,尚春生,等.“醒脑开窍”针法治疗脑梗塞早期临床研究[J].针灸临床杂志,2001,17(11)：39-40.
[22]刘伍立,朱文锋.针灸辨证论治之特色[J].针灸临床杂志,1998,14(10)：3-4.
[23]雷鸣.中风恢复期的针灸辨证治疗45例临床研究[J].四川中医,2006,24(9)：100-101.
[24]张会芳.针药并用辨证治疗脑卒中偏瘫200例疗效观察[J].中国临床康复,2002,6(7)：1034.
[25]王佐良,徐玉声,陆焱壵.陆瘦燕针灸针灸医案医话[M].上海科学技术出版社,2002,第一版.
[26]解秸萍.巨刺法神经解剖学机制探讨[J].上海针灸杂志,1997,16(2)：28.
[27]刘光亭,高旭让.巨针巨刺治疗缺血性中风122例临床观察[J].中国针灸,2002,22(12)：823.
[28]刘光亭.巨针巨刺法对脑梗塞患者脑血流图、血液流变学和血脂的影响[J].中国针灸,2004,24(10)：701-702.
[29]徐益权,吴艳琴,王金汉.巨刺运动疗法治疗脑卒中偏瘫68例[J].中国临床康,2002,6(15)：2316.
[30]崔新更,崔学安,朱锦会.独刺新偏瘫穴治疗中风60例[J].陕西中医,2003,24(2)：162-163.
[31]王守平.深刺睛明穴治疗中风急性期疗效观察[J].中国针灸,2000,20(7)：405.
[32]林凌.火针治疗颈椎病28例疗效观察[J].针灸临床杂志,1993,9(4)：3.
[33]张晓霞,冯毅.火针治疗缺血性中风的临床观察[J].北京中医,2001,5(5)：54-55.
[34]赖芳山,叶成交,闰成亮.益气活血针法治疗缺血性中风32例临床研究[J].中国中西医结合杂志,1992,12(4)：102.
[35]符健.火针结合中药泡洗治疗中风后手肿胀40例[J].中医杂志,2008,49(10)：911-912.
[36]高天宇,梅富华,段文清.对火针治疗脑中风后上肢痉挛疗效的评价[J].内蒙古医药,2004,(5)：7-8.
[37]薄智云.腹针疗法[M].北京：中国科学技术出版社,1999,1.
[38]马林儒,黄飞龙,刘登娥,等.腹针对脑卒中患者的康复作用[J].中国临床康复,2003,7(1)：57-58.
[39]陈丽贤,丁晓虹.腹针治疗脑梗塞50例[J].中国临床康复,2004,8(19)：3823.
[40]任晓艳.穴位埋线的源流及其机理探讨[J].中国医药学报,2004,19(12)：757-758.
[41]王宗田,丁自力.穴位埋线治疗脑血管意外后遗症66例[J].四川中医,2005,23(2)： 91-92.
[42]张捷,高山,许静.穴位埋线疗法对中风偏瘫患者运动功能的影响[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2005,12(10)：67.
[43]海英,闫也,陈其维,等.眼针对脑梗塞患者脑SPECT-rCBF的观察[J].辽宁中医杂志,2007,34(10)：1459-1460.
[44]彭静山.眼针治疗中风偏瘫242例疗效观察[J].辽宁中医杂志,1983,(11)：30.
[45]彭静山,李云香.眼针对偏瘫预后的探讨[J].辽宁中医杂志,1984,(9)：42.
[46]Schabitz WR, Berger C, Kollmar R, et al. Effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor treatment and forced arm use on functional motor recovery after small cortical ischemia[J]. Stroke,2004,35 (4):992-997.
[47]Marmigere F, Rage F. Tapia-Arancibia L Regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor transcripts by neuronal activation in rat hypothalamic neurons[J]. J Neurosci Res,2001,66 (3):377-389.
[48]郭宗君,王鲁民.电针刺激神经干对脑缺血再灌注后不同时期皮层BDNF mRNA表达的影响[J].中华物理医学与康复杂志,2004,26(10)：585.
[49]郭春风.针刺神经干腧穴治疗脑梗塞偏瘫疗效及对脑电图的影响[D].黑龙江：黑龙江中医药大学,2006.
[50]万文蓉.大接经全息疗法治疗中风后遗症42例[J].辽宁中医杂志,2001,28(9)：553-554.
[51]钟磊,孙秀梅.子午流注纳甲法合循经取穴针治中风偏瘫70例临床观察[J].江苏中医药,2005,26(6)：36-37.
[52]邹奉璋,罗子铭,主编.临床疾病诊断依据治愈好转标准.北京：人民军医出版社,1989：591.
[53]邢淑琴.体针加耳针早期治疗中风偏瘫68例[J].江苏中医药,2002,23(3)：29.
[54]高广慧.针刺加穴位注射治疗中风的临床疗效观察[J].新医学导刊,2008,7(4)：139-141.
[55]张立涛,于金玲.眼针结合头针、体针治疗脑卒中手部功能障碍50例[J].中医杂志,2008,49(1)：53-54.
[56]张会芳,张君.针药并用辨证治疗脑卒中偏瘫200例疗效观察[J].中国临床康复,2002,6(7)：1034.
[57]贾少微,王凡,郑溪园,等.用单光子发射CT研究针刺对脑血量和脑功能的影响[J].中国针灸,1996；16(12)：644.
[58]何扬子,王丽娜,黄力,等.针刺对缺血性中风患者食指运动激活脑功能区的影响[J].中国针灸,2006,26(5)：357-361.
[59]Irlbacher k, Meyer BU, Voss M, et al. Spatial reorgnization of cortical motor output maps of stump muscles in human upper-limb amputees[J]. Neurosci Lett,2002,321 (3):129-132.
[60]夏淑文.针灸治疗脑卒中后痉挛性偏瘫进展[J].中国康复理论与实践,2006,12(9)：791-792.
[61]石现,左芳,田嘉禾,等.针刺头穴对中风患者大脑运动功能区糖代谢的影响[J].针刺研究,2005,30(3)：167.
[62]倪光夏,王立,陈道文,等.不同时期针刺对脑梗塞患者疗效、超氧化物歧化酶活性及丙二醛含量影响的比较[J].中医杂志,2004,45(9)：668-670.
[63]傅立新,石学敏,李平,等.针刺对脑缺血及再灌注家兔脑水肿、自由基病理学损伤的保护作用及相关性分析[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2000,6(2)：52-55.
[64]罗勇,董为伟.电针下调大鼠局灶性脑缺血／再灌注时大脑皮质促凋亡基因Bax蛋白表达[J].针刺研究,1999,24(4)：274-277.
[65]罗勇,董为伟.电针上调大鼠局灶性脑缺血／再灌注时脑组织抗凋亡基因bel-2蛋白表达[J].中华物理医学与康复杂志,2000,22(1)：53.
[66]唐伟,孙忠人,张力,等.针刺预处理全脑缺血大鼠海马CA1区细胞凋亡和热休克蛋白70mRNA的表达[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(37)：90-92.
[67]王丽平,边垠,李建媛,等.针刺对急性脑梗塞患者血清肿瘤坏死因子的影响[J].中国针灸,2002,22(2)：117-118.
[68]郭壮丽,裴海涛.头针对急性脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑内肿瘤坏死因子α表达影响的实验研究[J].针刺研究,2004,29(2)：94-97.
[69]陈国权.论《金匮》中风病之辨治[J].中医药通报,2006,5(5)：26-27.
[70]王莉.唐宋“五脏中风”证治特色探析[J].上海中医药杂志,2001,(9)：40-42.
[71]金玲,刘菊妍,胡海平.金元四大家对于中风之论治特色探讨[J].四川中医,2006,24(11)：27-28.
[72]刘景超,张红瑞.明清四家中风论治特点辨析[J].河南中医药学刊,2001,16(6)：1-2.
[73]浙江省中医管理局.张山雷医集编委会.张山雷医集[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1995,7.
[74]于云风,李秀梅,孙莹,等.安宫牛黄丸灌肠治疗中风病人53例临床报告[J].中医药信息,1993,(2)：33.
[75]邢峰丽,李青,张伟,等.安宫牛黄丸治疗脑中风34例临床观察[J].河北中医,2005,27(1)：13-14.
[76]邵淑娟.镇肝熄风汤为主治疗急性脑卒中疗效观察[J].湖北中医杂志,2004,26(10)： 30-31.
[77]代点云.天麻钩藤饮治疗中风病临床体会[J].医药论坛杂志,2008,29(20)：75-76.
[78]王永炎.化痰通腑法治疗缺血性中风158例疗效观察[J].中国医药学报,1986,1(2)： 22.
[79]李燕梅,王新志,刘向哲,等.通腑化痰法配合西药疗法治疗急性缺血性中风
160例临床观察[J].中医杂志,2002,43(11)：831.
[80]周仲瑛.中风刍议[J].天津中医药,2005,22(2)：92-97.
[81]史玉香,袁力,王洪永.分期论治中风[J].吉林中医药,2002,22(1)：4-5.
[82]石学慧,谭涛,李丹丹.侯氏黑散治疗痰瘀阻络型缺血性中风恢复期的临床观察[J].中医药导报,2009,15(3)：21-23.
[83]刘健红.补阳还五汤治疗脑梗塞恢复期病人30例疗效观察[J].新中医,2006,38(8)：50-51.
[84]刘耀东,赵城,王志强,等.大定风珠汤加味治疗脑梗塞48例[J]。内蒙古中医药,2008,1：45-46.
[85]何华,王桂香,钟士江,等.地黄饮子对中风恢复期患者神经功能及体感诱发电位的影响[J].山东医药,2005,45(34)：45-46.
[86]任向毅.地黄饮子治疗脑卒中恢复期肢体瘫痪46例[J].河北中医,1999,21(1)：36-37.
[87]蔡定芳,赵剑华,阮晴珉,等.醒脑静注射液治疗急性缺血性中风的临床与实验研究[J].中国中医急症,2000,9(1)：45.
[88]童蓓丽.清开灵在缺血性脑卒中的应用观察[J].四川中医,2001,19(12)：32.
[89]闵连秋,党立颖,马维艳,等.复方丹参注射液治疗急性脑梗塞的疗效及其作用机理探讨[J].中国中西医结合杂志,2002,22(5)：353.
[90]王涌,曹捷,王小平.丹参注射液治疗脑梗塞140例[J].陕西中医,2003,24(6)：520-521.
[91]Morishima Y, Gotoh Y, Zieg J, et al. Beta-amyloid induces neuronal apoptosis via a mechanism that involves the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway and the induction of Fas ligand[J]. J Neurosci,2001,21 (19):7551-7560.
[92]Farooqu AA,Horrocks LA.Plasmalogens,phospholipase A2,and decosahexenoic acid turnover in brain tissue[J]. J Mol Neurosci,2001,16 (2-3):263-272.
[93]庄荣,宋秋英,郭献阳.血栓通针对急性脑梗塞大鼠S-100b及神经功能的影响[J].浙江中医药大学学报,2009,33(3)：316-320.
[94]汪春,郭知学,李鸥.血栓通穴位注射对脑卒中恢复期患者临床疗效及生活质量的影响[J].中国康复,2009,24(3)：177-179.
[95]李文杰,曹力.灯盏花素注射液药理作用与治疗脑梗塞的临床疗效评价[J].时珍国医国药,2002,(3)：171.
[96]金玉楠,卢晓梅,张海鹏.灯盏花素对脑缺血再灌注小鼠脑组织病理变化的影响[J].锦州医学院学报,2006,27(4)：50-52.
[97]闵连秋,袁静,赫春,等.灯盏花素治疗急性脑梗塞的临床研究.辽宁中医杂志,2001,28(2)：84-85.
[98]Smith PF, Maclennan K, Darlington CL. The neuroprotective properties of the Ginkgo Biloba leaf:a review of the possible relationship to platelet-activating factor (PAF) [J]. J Ethnopharmacol,1996,50(3):131-139.
[99]Gui-qiu Han. PAF receptor antagonistic principles from Chinese tradition drugs[J]. Progress in Natural Science,1995,5:299.
[100]Wayne MC, Lisa GR, Nikola SI, et al. Efficacy of antioxidant therapies in transient focal ischemia in mice[J]. Stroke,2001,32 (4):1000-1004.
[101]Wang Y, Wang L, Wu J, et al. The in vivo synaptic plasticity mechanism of EGb 761-induced enhancement of spatial learning and memory in aged rats. [J]. Br J Pharmacol,2006,148 (2):147-153.
[102]王新志,李燕梅,赵敏,等.杏丁注射液治疗急性脑梗塞92例临床疗效分析[J].中国新药杂志,2002,11[3]：240.
[103]孟范文,王涛,张士喜,等.杏丁注射液治疗缺血性中风的临床观察及其对血浆SOD、MDA和LOP的影响[J].中国新药杂志,2002,11(3)：242.
[104]岑德意,陈志武,宋必卫,等.川芎嗪对大鼠脑梗塞的保护作用[J].中国药理学通报,1999,15(5)：464.
[105]阮秋蓉,宋建新,邓仲端.川芎嗪抗血栓形成的机制研究[J].中国动脉硬化杂志,1998,6(4)：297.
[106]李建生,赵君玫,郭盛典,等.川芎嗪和参麦针剂对老龄大鼠脑缺血再灌注ATP酶和自由基代谢变化的影响[J].河南医学研究,2000,9(3)：203.
[107]陈洁文,汤湘江,万文成.川芎嗪对大鼠急性缺血缺氧损伤的保护作用[J].广 州中医药大学学报,1998,15(1)：60.
[108]李菊英,柯绍发,吕衍文,等.川芎嗪预防脑卒中复发的临床研究[J].卒中与神经疾病,2002,9(1)：53.
[109]Thorvaldsen P, Kuulasmaa K, Rajakangas AM, et al. Stroke trends in the WHO MONICA project[J]. Stroke,1997,28(3):500-506.
[110]刘琪,牛小媛.脑卒中的流行病学研究[J].山西医药杂志,2007,36(8)：718-719.
[111]方燕南,王雪晶,张爱武,等.脑卒中[J].新医学,2006,37(11)：709-710.
[112]王忠诚.中国大城市居民神经系统疾病的流行病学调查[J].中华神经外科杂志,1985,5：7.
[113]吴英恺.我国心血病发展趋势及发病危险因素的人群监测研究：1980-1989年工作报告[J].心肺血管学报,1991,10(3)：138-165.
[114]吴江.神经病学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2006,1.
[115]Stroke-1989. Recommendations on stroke preventions diagnosis and therapy. Report of the WHO task force on stroke and other cerebrovascular Disorders[J]. Stroke,1989,20 (10):1407-1431.
[116]仇成轩,耿贯一,汪培山,等.缺血性脑卒中危险因素探讨[J].中华流行病学杂志,1992,13(6)：344-347.
[117]周北凡.心血管病流行病学及人群防治.北京：人民卫生出版社,1993,106-120.
[118]Sterpetti AV, Schultz RD, Feldhaus RJ. Ultrasonographic features of carotid plaque and the risk of subsequent neurologic deficits[J]. Surgery, 1988,104 (4):652-660.
[119]Bots M L, Hoes AW, Hofman A, et al. Cross-sectionally assessed cortid intima-media thickness relates to long-term risk of stroke, coronary heart disease and death as estimated by available risk functions[J]. J Intern Med, 1999,245 (3):269-276.
[120]Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke:the Framingham Study [J]. Stroke,1991,22(8):983-988.
[121]Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults:national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention:the Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation(ATRIA) Study[J]. JAMA,2001,285 (18):2370-2375.
[122]Hankey GJ, Jamrozik K, Broadhurst RJ, et al. Long-term risk of first recurrent stroke in the Perth Community Stroke Study[J]. Stroke,1998,29 (12):2491-2500.
[123]Bouhanick B, Cambou JP, Ferrieres J, et al. Characteristics and six-month outcomes in a cohort of 8288 diabetic and non-diabetic patients with previous history of acute coronary syndrome or stroke:the French PREVENIR 3 survey[J]. Diabetes Metab,2006,32 (5 Pt 1):460-466.
[124]Gerstein HC. Glocuse:A continuous risk factor for cardiouvascular diease[J]. Medicine,1997,14 (3):525-531.
[125]钱荣立,戴三冬.糖尿病合并脑血管病的临床特点与防治[J].中华内分泌代谢杂志,1985,1(1)：13-16.
[126]Albers GW, Amarenco P, Easton JD, et al. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke:American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition) [J]. Chest,2008, 133 (6Suppl):630S-669S.
[127]Lai SL, Weng HH, Lee M, et al. Risk factors and subtype analysis of acute ischemic stroke[J]. Eur Neurol,2008,60 (5):230-236.
[128]Brown DL, Lisabeth LD, Roychoudhury C, et al. Recurrent stroke risk is higher than cardiac event risk after initial stroke/transient ischemic attack[J]. Stroke,2005,36 (6):1285-1287.
[129]RothweH PM, Warlow CP. Timing of TIAs preceding stroke:time window for prevention is very short[J]. Neurology,2005,64 (5):817-820.
[130]Prabhakaran S, Chong JY, Sacco RL. Impact of abnormal difusion-weighted imaging results on short-term outcome following transient ischemic attack[J]. Arch Neurol,2007,64 (8):1105-1109.
[131]Boulanger JM, Coutts SB, Eliasziw M, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging-negative patients with transient ischemic attack are at risk of recurrent transient events[J]. Stroke,2007,38 (8):2367-2369.
[132]Sacco R L, Adams R, Albers G, et al. Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack:a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke:cosponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention:the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline [J]. Circulation,2006,113(10):409-449.
[133]Vibo R, Korv J, Roose M, et al. Acute phase proteins and oxidised low-density lipoprotein in association with ischemic stroke subtype, severity and outcome[J]. Free Radic Res,2007,41 (3):282-287.
[134]Petersen NH, Schmied AB, Zeller JA, et al. Lp(a)lipoprotein and plasminogen activity in patients with diferent etiology of ischemic stroke [J]. Cerebrovasc Dis,2007,23 (2-3):188-193.
[135]Schulz UG, Rothwell PM. Differences in vascular risk factors between etiological subtypes of ischemic stroke:importance of population-based studies[J]. Stroke,2003,34 (8):2050-2059.
[136]Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, et al. Effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on stroke and other major vascular events in 20536 people with cerebrovascular disease or other high-risk conditions [J]. Lancet,2004, 363 (9411):757-767.
[137]Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan AR, et al. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack[J]. N Engl J Med,2006,355 (6): 549-559.
[138]樊东升.同型半胱氨酸与脑血管疾病[J].中华神经科杂志,1999,32：247-248.
[139]樊东升,李小英,张捷,等.中国脑卒中患者血清同型半胱氨酸水平的研究[J].中华内科杂志,2001,40(5)：309.
[140]Cheng S, Pallaud C, Grow MA, et al. A multilocus genotyping assay for cardiovascular disease[J]. Clin Chem Lab Med,1998,36 (8):561-566.
[141]陈继红,刘剑立,姬子卿.脑卒中多重危险因素认识新进展[J].中国临床康复,2004,8(25)：5330-5331.
[142]Kelly TN, Gu D, Chen J, et al. Cigarette smoking and risk of stroke in the Chinese adult population[J]. Stroke,2008,39 (6):1688-1693.
[143]Molgaard CA, Bartok A, Peddecord KM, et al. The association between cerebrovascular disease and smoking:a case-control study[J]. Neuroepidemiology,1986,5 (2):88-94.
[144]Reynolds K, Lewis LB, Nolen JD, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke:a meta-analysis[J]. JAMA,2003,289 (5):579-588.
[145]张林峰,赵连成,周北凡,等.男性饮酒与缺血性脑卒中发病关系的研究[J].中华流行病学杂志,2004,25(11)：954-957.
[146]Suk SH, Sacco RL, Boden-Albala B, et al. Abdominal obesity and risk of ischemic stroke:the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study [J]. Stroke,2003,34 (7):1586-1592.
[147]Paffen E, DeMaat MP. C-reactive protein in atherosclerosis:a causal factor?[J]. Cardiovasc Res,2006,71:30-39.
[148]魏艳静,韦再华,李淑敏.脑卒中危险因素研究[J].中国临床保健杂志,2005,8(1)：82-84.
[149]Strazzullo P, D' Elia L, Kandala NB, et al. Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease:meta-analysis of prospective studies[J]. BMJ,2009, 24 (339):b4567.
[150]叶任高,内科学.第五版.北京：人民卫生出版社,2001.
[151]Alderman M, Aiyer KJ. Uric acid:role in cardiovascular disease and effects of losartan[J]. Curr Med Res Opin,2004,20 (3):369-379.
[152]Bos MJ, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman, et al. Uric acid is a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke:the Rotterdam study[J]. Stroke,2006,37 (6):1503-1507.
[153]Hozawa A, Folsom AR, Ibrahim H, et al. Serum uric acid and risk of isehemic stroke:the ARIC Study[J]. Atherosclerosis,2006,187 (2):401-407.
[154]Hink HU, Santanam N, Dikalov S, et al. Peroxidase properties of extracellular superoxide dismutase:role of uric acid in modulating in vivo activity[J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2002,22 (9):1402-1408.
[155]郑黎强.平均动脉压可预测缺血性卒中的危险[J].卒中杂志,2008,39：1932
[156]杨建民,路方红,金世宽,等.脉压及平均动脉压对老年性脑卒中预测价值的队例研究[J].中华老年心脑血管病杂志,2006,9(11)：741.
[157]Simons LA, McCallum J, Friedlander Y, et al. Risk factors for ischemic stroke:Dubbo Study of the elderly[J]. Stroke,1998,29 (7):1341-1346.
[158]王先梅,杨丽霞,严睿,等.能量代谢基因表达改变在大鼠卒中发病学中的意义[J].中国急救医学,2004,24(8)：572-574.
[159]Anghileri LJ, Maincent P, Thouvenot P. Role of lipid peroxidation in iron-induced cellular calcium overload [J]. Biol Trace Elem Res,1996,52 (2): 163-169.
[160]Matsuda T, Arakawo N, Takuma K, et al. SEA0400, a novel and selective inhibitor of the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger, attenuates reperfusion injury in the in vitro and in vivo cerebral ischemia models[J]. J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2001, 298 (1):249-256.
[161]Jabaudon D,Scanziani M,Gahwiler BH,et al. Acute decrease in net glutamate uptake during energy deprivation [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2000,97 (10): 5610-5615.
[162]石晶,姚裕家,李晋辉,等.谷氨酸受体2和钙离子在新生大鼠脑室周围白质软化症发病机制中的作用探讨[J].中国当代儿科杂志,2007,9(4)：313-316.
[163]张予阳,吕娟,苏醒.神经元钙通道及钙拮抗剂的抗脑缺血作用[J].沈阳药科大学学报,2007,24(6)：380-384.
[164]Xiong ZG, Zhu XM, Chu XP, et al. NeuroProteetion in isehemia:blocking calcium-permeable acid-sensing channels[J]. cell,2004,118 (6):687-98.
[165]MacDonald JF, Xiong ZG, Jackson MF. Paradox of Ca2+ signaling, cell death and stroke[J]. Trends Neurosci,2006,29 (2):75-81.
[166]Zhao L, Wang Y, Sun N, et al. Electroacupuncture regulates TRPM7 expression through the trkA/P13K pathway after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats[J]. Life Sci,2007,81 (15):1211-1222.
[167]Ikonomidou C, Bosch F, Miksa M, et al. Blockade of NMDA receptors and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain[J]. Science,1999,283 (5398):70-74.
[168]Yu SP, Yeh CH, Strasser U, et al. NMDA receptor-mediated K+ efflux and neuronal apoptosis[J]. Science,1999,284 (5412):336-339.
[169]Nicholls D, Attwell D. The release and uptake of excitatory amino acids[J]. Trends Pharmacol Sci,1990,11 (11):462.
[170]Nishizawa Y. Glutamate release and neuronal damage in ischemia[J]. Life Sci,2001,69 (4):369-381.
[171]Dohi K, Ohtaki H, Inn R, et al. Peroxynitrite and caspase-3 expression after ischemia/reperfusion in mouse cardiac arrest model [J]. Acta Neurochir Suppl,2003,86:87-91.
[172]Lewen A, Matz P, Chan PH. Free radical pathways in CNS injury[J]. Neurotrauma,2000,17 (10):871-890.
[173]Lian SL, Chen W, Raung SL, et al. Association of immune responses and ischemic brain infarction in rat [J]. Neuroreport,2001,12 (9):1943-1947.
[174]Iadecola C, Alexander M. Cerebral ischemia and inflammation[J]. Curr Opin Neurol,2001,14 (1):89-94.
[175]Paffen E, DeMaat MP. C-reactive protein in atherosclerosis:a causal factor?[J]. Cardiovasc Res,2006,71 (1):30-39.
[176]Chan PH. Reactive oxygen radicals in signaling and damage in the ischemic brain[J]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,2001,21 (1):2-14.
[177]Clark WM, Rinker LG, Lessov NS, et al. Lack kf interleukin-6 Expression is not protective against focal central nervous system ischemia[J]. Stroke, 2000,31 (70):1715.
[178]Yang GY, Schielke GP, Gong C, et al. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 after focal cerebral ischemia in interleukin-lbeta converting enzyme deficient mice[J]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,1999,19 (10):1109-1117.
[179]Ber ay-Bert hat V, Palmier B, Plotkine M, et al. Neutrophils do not contribute to infarction, oxidative stress, and NO synthase activity in severe brain ischemia[J]. Exp Neurol,2003,182 (2):446-454.
[180]Franklin A, Parmentier-Batteur S, Walter L, et al. Palmitoy-lethanolamide increases after focal cerebral ischemia and potentiates microglial cell motility[J]. Neuro Sci,2003,23 (21):7715-7767.
[181]张镛.神经系统的NO/eGMP系统[J].国外医学生理-病理学与临床分册,1996,16(2)：77-79.
[182]毛小平,刘志超,陈秀芳.一氧化氮合酶、谷氨酸在局灶脑缺血中的变化[J].卒中与神经疾病,2002,9(4)：87-88.
[183]Niwa M, Inao S, Takayasu M, et al. Time course of expression of the three nitric oxide synthase isoforms after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats[J]. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo),2001,41 (2):63-72.
[184]Tottene A, Volsen S, Pietrobon D. alpha(1E) subunits form the pore of three cerebellar R-type calcium channels with different pharmacological and permeation properties[J]. J of Neurosci,2000,20 (1):171-178.
[185]Hossmann KA. Periinfarct depolarizations[J]. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev,1996,8 (3):195-208.
[186]Coppieters MW, Stappaerts KH, Wouters LL, et al. Aberrant protective force generation during neural provocation testing and the effect of treatment in patients with neurogenic cervicobrachial pain[J]. J Manipulative Physiol Ther,2003,26 (2):99-106.
[187]Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR. Apoptosis:a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics[J]. Br J Cancer,1972, 26 (4):239-257
[188]Cao G, Minzmi M, Pei W, et al. Intraeellular Bax translocation after transient cerebral isehemia:implications for a role of the mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathway in isehemic neuronal death[J]. J Cere B Blood Flow Metab,2001,21 (4):321-333.
[189]Henry J. M. Barnett, J. P. Mohr, Bennett M. stein, et al.卒中病理生理诊断及其治疗[M].沈阳：辽宁科学技术出版社,2001：149.
[190]Klotz E, Konig M. Perfusion measurements of the brain:using dynamic CT for the quantitative assement of cerebral ischemia in acute stroke [J]. Eur J Radiol,1999,30 (3):170-184.
[191]Esteban JM, Cervera V. Perfusion CT and angio CT in the assessment of acute stroke[J]. Neuroradiology,2004,46 (9):705-715.
[192]Kucherarszyk J. Radiology,1993,188:711-717.
[193]Edward C, Jauch, Brett Kissel, et al.急性卒中的处理.国外医学脑血管疾病分册,2002,10(3)：163.
[194]晋头,曹义战,安良.观测外周血血小板、白细胞数量及平均血小板体积对脑梗塞的意义[J].现代检验医学杂志,2006,21(4)：59-60.
[195]谭红愉,李少明.血浆D-二聚体改变与急性脑梗塞预后的关系[J].广州医学院学报,2003,31(2)：77-78.
[196]Demolis P,Carville C,Giudicelli JF. Effects of an angiotensin-converting emzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on cerebral blood flow autoregulation in healthy volunteers[J]. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol,1993,22 (3):373-380.
[197]UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type2 diabetes. Lancet,1998,354 (9178): 602.
[198]周维金,刘松怀.脑卒中偏瘫康复治疗的原则和方法[J].中国医刊,2001,36(5)：25-27.
[199]Grotta JC, Welch KMA, Fagan SC, et al. Clinical deterioration following improvement in the NINDSrt-PA stroke trial [J]. Stroke,2001,32 (3):661-668.
[200]饶明俐.中国脑血管病防治指南[M].试行版.卫生部疾病控制司,中华医学会神经病学分会,2005,43.
[201]李水秋,马建国.静脉应用rt-PA与梗死动脉局部应用UK治疗超早期脑梗塞临床对照研究[J].世界医学杂志,2002；6(8)：13-15.
[202]孙晓江,许丹.急性脑梗塞超早期的溶栓治疗[J].中国老年学杂志,2003,23(3)：136-137.
[203]Wu TW, Zeng LH, Wu J, et al. MCI-186:further histochemical and biochemical evidence of neuorprotection[J]. Life Sci,2002,67 (19):2387-2392.
[204]Maier CM, Sun GH, Kunis D, et al. Delayed induction and long-term effects of mild hypothermia in a focal model of transient cerebral ischemia: neurological outcome and infarct size [J]. J Neurosurg,2001,94 (1):90-96.
[205]Schwab S, Schwarz S, Spranger M, et al. Moderate hypothermia in the treatment of patients with severe middle cerebral artery infarction[J]. Stroke,1998,29 (12):2461-2466.
[206]Jian S, Yongming Q, Zhihua C, et al. Feasibility and safety of moderate hypothermia after acute ischemic stroke[J]. Int J Dev Neurosci,2003,21 (6): 353-356.
[207]孙宏侠,付铁娟,白信花,等.亚低温对脑梗塞患者血NSE、SOD、NO、ET的影响及临床意义[J].中风与神经病学杂志,2005,22(2)：166-168.
[208]Sun L, Marti HH, Velkamp R. Hyperbaric oxygen reduces tissue hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha expression in focal cerebral ischemia[J]. Stroke,2008,39 (3):1000-1006.
[209]马明明,张乐,刘宝琼,等.高压氧对实验性脑梗塞大鼠神经可塑性的影响[J].中南大学学报(医学版),2008,33(12)：1113-1118.
[210]Reeves MJ, Arora S, Broderick JP, et al. Acute stroke care in the US: results from 4 pilot prototypes of the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Registry[J]. Stroke,2005,36 (6):1232-1240.
[211]Kondziolka D, Steinberg GK, Wechsler L, et al. Neurotransplantation for patients with subcortical motor stroke:a phase 2 randomized trial[J]. J Neurosurg,2005,103 (1):38-45.
[212]Lichtenwalner RJ, Parent JM. Adult neurogenesis and the ischemic forebrain[J]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,2006,26 (1):1-20.
[213]Sandercock P. Immediate anticoagulation for acute stroke in atrial fibrillation:no[J]. Stroke,2006,37 (12):3054-3055.
[214]陈怡琳,施仲伟.抗凝新药利伐沙班临床研究进展[J].心血管病学进展,2009,30(5)：810-813.
[215]赵水平.缺血性心血管病高危患者强化调脂的共识[J].中华老年心脑血管病杂志,2008,10(6)：401-402.
[216]李玲,徐莉,晏培松,等.脑梗塞大鼠康复训练后脑的增殖细胞核抗原的表达及病理学改变[J].中国临床康复,2000,22(6)：339-342.
[217]Matsumori Y, Hong SM, Fan Y, et al. Enriched environment and spatial learning enhance hippocampal neurogenesis and salvages ischemic penumbra after focal cerebral ischemia[J]. Neurobiol Dis,2006,22 (1):187-198.
[218]中华神经科学会.各类脑血管疾病诊断要点.中华神经科杂志,1996,29(6)：379-380.
[219]国家中医药管理局脑病急症科研组.中风病诊断与疗效评定标准(试行).北京中医药大学学报,1996,19(1)：55-56.
[220]缪鸿石.康复医学理论与实践,上海：上海科学技术出版社,2000,第一版：1840-1841.
[221]全国第四届脑血管病学术会议.脑卒中患者临床神经功能缺损程度评分标准 (1995).中华神经科杂志,1996；29(6)：381-382.
[222]恽晓平.康复疗法评定学.北京：华夏出版社,2005,第一版：393-396.
[223]胡永善,吴毅,范文可,等.功能综合评定量表的研究(一)：量表的设计.中国康复医学杂志,2002；17(1)：35-38.
[224]张丰正,张颖.颞三针治疗三叉神经痛24例[J].甘肃中医,2008,21(4)：37.
[225]冯淑兰,何新芳.颞三针治疗无先兆型偏头痛临床疗效观察[J].针灸临床杂志,2003,19(7)：23-24.
[226]白伟杰,张志强,谭吉林等.电针颞三针治疗抑郁性神经症30例临床观察[J].新中医,2008,40(1)：64-65.
[227]国家中医药管理局脑病急症协作组.中风病诊断与疗效评定标准(试行)[J].北京中医药大学学报,1996,19(1)：55-56.
[228]南登昆,郭正成.康复医学临床指南[M].第1版.北京：科学出版社.1999：35-45.
[229]迪亚拉,靳瑞.“颞三针”治疗中风急性期的研究[J].针灸临床杂志.1995.11(8)：25-27.
[230]迪亚拉,靳瑞,张家维等. “颞三针”治疗中风的临床研究[J].广州中医学院学报,1994,11(4)：215-219.
[231]李菊艳,杜宏斌.头针与颞三针交替治疗早期中风40例[J].陕西中医.2002.22(8)：733-734.
[232]刘静.颞三针法加体针治疗脑梗塞恢复期60例临床观察[J].针灸临床杂志,2000,16(1)：29-30.
[233]靳瑞,赖新生,李艳慧等.颞三针治疗中风后遗症的临床观察[J].中国针灸,1993,13(1)：11-12.
[234]袁青,易玮.针刺对脑梗塞患者体内超氧化物歧化酶、丙二醛的影响[J].针刺研究,2000,25(3)：217-219.
[235]田代华,刘更生. 《灵枢经》[M].第1版.北京：人民卫生出版社,2005.
[236]管尊惠.论经络学说的理论及临床应用[M].云南人民出版社,1984.
[237]冯家骏.颅盖骨厚度分布的研究[J].解剖学杂志,1985,8(2)：145-147.
[238]兰满生,黄阳生,汤挺兵,等.国人颅骨颞区的观察测量[J].卫生职业教育,2006,24(19)：159.
[239]李继光,徐恩多.脑膜中动脉的颅骨滋养动脉外科解剖及其临床意义[J].中国临床解剖学杂志,1988,6(4)：197-198.
[240]Legos JJ, Whitmore RG, Erhardt JA, et al. Quantitative changes in interleukin proteins following focal stroke in the rat[J]. Neurosci Lett, 2000,282 (3):189-192.
[241]Barone FC, Arvin B, White RF, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α, a mediator of focal ischemic brain injury[J]. Stroke(S0039-2499),1997,28(6):1233-1244.
[242]Liu T, Mcdonnell PC, Yong PR, et al. Interleukin-1β mRNA expression in ischemic rat cortex[J]. Stroke,1993,24 (11):1746-1750.
[243]徐元,包仕尧.脑缺血后炎症反应及其干预对策[J].国外医学·脑缺血病分册,2002,19(6)：442-442.
[244]张光辉,张仁良,吴学豪.急性脑卒中患者血清NO和炎性细胞因子测定及其临床意义[J].中风与神经疾病杂志,1999,16(1)：30-32.
[245]Vemuganti R, Dempsey RJ, Bowen KK. Inhibition of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 protein expression by antisense oligonucleotides is neuroprotective after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat[J]. Stroke,2004,35 (1):179-184.
[246]冯淑兰,杨路,古继红,等.颞三针与补阳还五汤合用对缺血性脑卒中患者白细胞介素-1β和白细胞介素6的影响[J].中国康复医学杂志,2005,20(6)：453-454.
[247]刘灵光,张红星,周利,等.头针对急性脑缺血再灌注大鼠ICAM-1含量的影响[J].中国康复,2008,23(5)：291-293.
[248]Dromerick AW, Edwards DF, Diringer MN. Sensitivity to changes in disab ility after stroke:a comparison of four scales useful in clinical trials [J]. J Rehabil Res Dev,2003,40:1-8.
[2]王莉.唐宋“五脏中风”证治特色探析[J].上海中医药杂志,2001,35(9)：40-42.
[3]刘敏,王庆国.中风病中医病因病机学说史略[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2006,12(4)：252-253.
[4]孟家眉.急性脑血管病中西医结合研究的探讨[J].中西医结合杂志,1984,4(1)：51.
[5]陈艺.穴位注射靳氏肩三针治疗肩周炎96例[J].浙江中医杂志,2005,40(12)：528.
[6]卢佩斯,庄礼兴.阴阳配合刺法治疗脑卒中后痉挛性偏瘫[J].中国临床康复,10(7)：128-130.
[7]周建伟,肖鸣.头针疗法在中风临床中的应用[J].中国针灸,1999,19(10)：835.
[8]王富春.中医独特疗法-头针疗法[M].北京：人民卫生出版社.2003：213-323.
[9]武承迅.头针治疗偏瘫1228例临床观察[J].中国针灸,1989,9(4)：3-4.
[10]陆寿康.头针治疗中风偏瘫及其疗效的评估[J].中医杂志,1991,(10)：49.
[11]王伟,孙占玲,张奕,等.头针治疗中风后遗症临床观察[J].辽宁中医杂志,2002,29(10)：619.
[12]马松涛.头针治疗中风偏瘫的临床观察[J].河北中医,1993,15(1)：28.
[13]戚丽宜,张仲傲,叶成鸪,等.针刺治疗脑梗塞332例临床疗效及对血清高密度脂蛋白、胆固醇、血液流变学、纤维蛋白原等指标的观察[J].中国针灸,1992,12(4)： 19.
[14]孔昭遐.阳明经穴治疗中风偏瘫113例疗效观察[J].中国针灸,1992,12(4)：1.
[15]杨明军,刘怀忠,倪三平.透穴针刺治疗中风后半身不遂75例[J].陕西中医,2006,27(2)：218-219.
[16]张杏艳,江钢辉,王孔志,等.透刺法治疗中风后遗症的临床效果观察[J].医学理论与实践,2008,21(8)：880-881.
[17]石学敏.“醒脑开窍”针法治疗脑卒中[J].中国临床康复,2003,7(7)：1057-1058.
[18]傅立新,赵建国,赵红.针刺对脑-心卒中患者血中内皮素、一氧化氮含量影响的动态观察[J].中国针灸,2002,22(9)：628.
[19]杜元灏,冀健民.“醒脑开窍”针法中水沟穴作用探讨[J].中国针灸,2001,9(21)：535-536.
[20]石学敏.“醒脑开窍”针刺法治疗中风病9005例临床研究研究[J].中医药导报,2005,11(1)：3-5.
[21]李爱红,刘玉生,尚春生,等.“醒脑开窍”针法治疗脑梗塞早期临床研究[J].针灸临床杂志,2001,17(11)：39-40.
[22]刘伍立,朱文锋.针灸辨证论治之特色[J].针灸临床杂志,1998,14(10)：3-4.
[23]雷鸣.中风恢复期的针灸辨证治疗45例临床研究[J].四川中医,2006,24(9)：100-101.
[24]张会芳.针药并用辨证治疗脑卒中偏瘫200例疗效观察[J].中国临床康复,2002,6(7)：1034.
[25]王佐良,徐玉声,陆焱壵.陆瘦燕针灸针灸医案医话[M].上海科学技术出版社,2002,第一版.
[26]解秸萍.巨刺法神经解剖学机制探讨[J].上海针灸杂志,1997,16(2)：28.
[27]刘光亭,高旭让.巨针巨刺治疗缺血性中风122例临床观察[J].中国针灸,2002,22(12)：823.
[28]刘光亭.巨针巨刺法对脑梗塞患者脑血流图、血液流变学和血脂的影响[J].中国针灸,2004,24(10)：701-702.
[29]徐益权,吴艳琴,王金汉.巨刺运动疗法治疗脑卒中偏瘫68例[J].中国临床康,2002,6(15)：2316.
[30]崔新更,崔学安,朱锦会.独刺新偏瘫穴治疗中风60例[J].陕西中医,2003,24(2)：162-163.
[31]王守平.深刺睛明穴治疗中风急性期疗效观察[J].中国针灸,2000,20(7)：405.
[32]林凌.火针治疗颈椎病28例疗效观察[J].针灸临床杂志,1993,9(4)：3.
[33]张晓霞,冯毅.火针治疗缺血性中风的临床观察[J].北京中医,2001,5(5)：54-55.
[34]赖芳山,叶成交,闰成亮.益气活血针法治疗缺血性中风32例临床研究[J].中国中西医结合杂志,1992,12(4)：102.
[35]符健.火针结合中药泡洗治疗中风后手肿胀40例[J].中医杂志,2008,49(10)：911-912.
[36]高天宇,梅富华,段文清.对火针治疗脑中风后上肢痉挛疗效的评价[J].内蒙古医药,2004,(5)：7-8.
[37]薄智云.腹针疗法[M].北京：中国科学技术出版社,1999,1.
[38]马林儒,黄飞龙,刘登娥,等.腹针对脑卒中患者的康复作用[J].中国临床康复,2003,7(1)：57-58.
[39]陈丽贤,丁晓虹.腹针治疗脑梗塞50例[J].中国临床康复,2004,8(19)：3823.
[40]任晓艳.穴位埋线的源流及其机理探讨[J].中国医药学报,2004,19(12)：757-758.
[41]王宗田,丁自力.穴位埋线治疗脑血管意外后遗症66例[J].四川中医,2005,23(2)： 91-92.
[42]张捷,高山,许静.穴位埋线疗法对中风偏瘫患者运动功能的影响[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2005,12(10)：67.
[43]海英,闫也,陈其维,等.眼针对脑梗塞患者脑SPECT-rCBF的观察[J].辽宁中医杂志,2007,34(10)：1459-1460.
[44]彭静山.眼针治疗中风偏瘫242例疗效观察[J].辽宁中医杂志,1983,(11)：30.
[45]彭静山,李云香.眼针对偏瘫预后的探讨[J].辽宁中医杂志,1984,(9)：42.
[46]Schabitz WR, Berger C, Kollmar R, et al. Effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor treatment and forced arm use on functional motor recovery after small cortical ischemia[J]. Stroke,2004,35 (4):992-997.
[47]Marmigere F, Rage F. Tapia-Arancibia L Regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor transcripts by neuronal activation in rat hypothalamic neurons[J]. J Neurosci Res,2001,66 (3):377-389.
[48]郭宗君,王鲁民.电针刺激神经干对脑缺血再灌注后不同时期皮层BDNF mRNA表达的影响[J].中华物理医学与康复杂志,2004,26(10)：585.
[49]郭春风.针刺神经干腧穴治疗脑梗塞偏瘫疗效及对脑电图的影响[D].黑龙江：黑龙江中医药大学,2006.
[50]万文蓉.大接经全息疗法治疗中风后遗症42例[J].辽宁中医杂志,2001,28(9)：553-554.
[51]钟磊,孙秀梅.子午流注纳甲法合循经取穴针治中风偏瘫70例临床观察[J].江苏中医药,2005,26(6)：36-37.
[52]邹奉璋,罗子铭,主编.临床疾病诊断依据治愈好转标准.北京：人民军医出版社,1989：591.
[53]邢淑琴.体针加耳针早期治疗中风偏瘫68例[J].江苏中医药,2002,23(3)：29.
[54]高广慧.针刺加穴位注射治疗中风的临床疗效观察[J].新医学导刊,2008,7(4)：139-141.
[55]张立涛,于金玲.眼针结合头针、体针治疗脑卒中手部功能障碍50例[J].中医杂志,2008,49(1)：53-54.
[56]张会芳,张君.针药并用辨证治疗脑卒中偏瘫200例疗效观察[J].中国临床康复,2002,6(7)：1034.
[57]贾少微,王凡,郑溪园,等.用单光子发射CT研究针刺对脑血量和脑功能的影响[J].中国针灸,1996；16(12)：644.
[58]何扬子,王丽娜,黄力,等.针刺对缺血性中风患者食指运动激活脑功能区的影响[J].中国针灸,2006,26(5)：357-361.
[59]Irlbacher k, Meyer BU, Voss M, et al. Spatial reorgnization of cortical motor output maps of stump muscles in human upper-limb amputees[J]. Neurosci Lett,2002,321 (3):129-132.
[60]夏淑文.针灸治疗脑卒中后痉挛性偏瘫进展[J].中国康复理论与实践,2006,12(9)：791-792.
[61]石现,左芳,田嘉禾,等.针刺头穴对中风患者大脑运动功能区糖代谢的影响[J].针刺研究,2005,30(3)：167.
[62]倪光夏,王立,陈道文,等.不同时期针刺对脑梗塞患者疗效、超氧化物歧化酶活性及丙二醛含量影响的比较[J].中医杂志,2004,45(9)：668-670.
[63]傅立新,石学敏,李平,等.针刺对脑缺血及再灌注家兔脑水肿、自由基病理学损伤的保护作用及相关性分析[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2000,6(2)：52-55.
[64]罗勇,董为伟.电针下调大鼠局灶性脑缺血／再灌注时大脑皮质促凋亡基因Bax蛋白表达[J].针刺研究,1999,24(4)：274-277.
[65]罗勇,董为伟.电针上调大鼠局灶性脑缺血／再灌注时脑组织抗凋亡基因bel-2蛋白表达[J].中华物理医学与康复杂志,2000,22(1)：53.
[66]唐伟,孙忠人,张力,等.针刺预处理全脑缺血大鼠海马CA1区细胞凋亡和热休克蛋白70mRNA的表达[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(37)：90-92.
[67]王丽平,边垠,李建媛,等.针刺对急性脑梗塞患者血清肿瘤坏死因子的影响[J].中国针灸,2002,22(2)：117-118.
[68]郭壮丽,裴海涛.头针对急性脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑内肿瘤坏死因子α表达影响的实验研究[J].针刺研究,2004,29(2)：94-97.
[69]陈国权.论《金匮》中风病之辨治[J].中医药通报,2006,5(5)：26-27.
[70]王莉.唐宋“五脏中风”证治特色探析[J].上海中医药杂志,2001,(9)：40-42.
[71]金玲,刘菊妍,胡海平.金元四大家对于中风之论治特色探讨[J].四川中医,2006,24(11)：27-28.
[72]刘景超,张红瑞.明清四家中风论治特点辨析[J].河南中医药学刊,2001,16(6)：1-2.
[73]浙江省中医管理局.张山雷医集编委会.张山雷医集[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1995,7.
[74]于云风,李秀梅,孙莹,等.安宫牛黄丸灌肠治疗中风病人53例临床报告[J].中医药信息,1993,(2)：33.
[75]邢峰丽,李青,张伟,等.安宫牛黄丸治疗脑中风34例临床观察[J].河北中医,2005,27(1)：13-14.
[76]邵淑娟.镇肝熄风汤为主治疗急性脑卒中疗效观察[J].湖北中医杂志,2004,26(10)： 30-31.
[77]代点云.天麻钩藤饮治疗中风病临床体会[J].医药论坛杂志,2008,29(20)：75-76.
[78]王永炎.化痰通腑法治疗缺血性中风158例疗效观察[J].中国医药学报,1986,1(2)： 22.
[79]李燕梅,王新志,刘向哲,等.通腑化痰法配合西药疗法治疗急性缺血性中风
160例临床观察[J].中医杂志,2002,43(11)：831.
[80]周仲瑛.中风刍议[J].天津中医药,2005,22(2)：92-97.
[81]史玉香,袁力,王洪永.分期论治中风[J].吉林中医药,2002,22(1)：4-5.
[82]石学慧,谭涛,李丹丹.侯氏黑散治疗痰瘀阻络型缺血性中风恢复期的临床观察[J].中医药导报,2009,15(3)：21-23.
[83]刘健红.补阳还五汤治疗脑梗塞恢复期病人30例疗效观察[J].新中医,2006,38(8)：50-51.
[84]刘耀东,赵城,王志强,等.大定风珠汤加味治疗脑梗塞48例[J]。内蒙古中医药,2008,1：45-46.
[85]何华,王桂香,钟士江,等.地黄饮子对中风恢复期患者神经功能及体感诱发电位的影响[J].山东医药,2005,45(34)：45-46.
[86]任向毅.地黄饮子治疗脑卒中恢复期肢体瘫痪46例[J].河北中医,1999,21(1)：36-37.
[87]蔡定芳,赵剑华,阮晴珉,等.醒脑静注射液治疗急性缺血性中风的临床与实验研究[J].中国中医急症,2000,9(1)：45.
[88]童蓓丽.清开灵在缺血性脑卒中的应用观察[J].四川中医,2001,19(12)：32.
[89]闵连秋,党立颖,马维艳,等.复方丹参注射液治疗急性脑梗塞的疗效及其作用机理探讨[J].中国中西医结合杂志,2002,22(5)：353.
[90]王涌,曹捷,王小平.丹参注射液治疗脑梗塞140例[J].陕西中医,2003,24(6)：520-521.
[91]Morishima Y, Gotoh Y, Zieg J, et al. Beta-amyloid induces neuronal apoptosis via a mechanism that involves the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway and the induction of Fas ligand[J]. J Neurosci,2001,21 (19):7551-7560.
[92]Farooqu AA,Horrocks LA.Plasmalogens,phospholipase A2,and decosahexenoic acid turnover in brain tissue[J]. J Mol Neurosci,2001,16 (2-3):263-272.
[93]庄荣,宋秋英,郭献阳.血栓通针对急性脑梗塞大鼠S-100b及神经功能的影响[J].浙江中医药大学学报,2009,33(3)：316-320.
[94]汪春,郭知学,李鸥.血栓通穴位注射对脑卒中恢复期患者临床疗效及生活质量的影响[J].中国康复,2009,24(3)：177-179.
[95]李文杰,曹力.灯盏花素注射液药理作用与治疗脑梗塞的临床疗效评价[J].时珍国医国药,2002,(3)：171.
[96]金玉楠,卢晓梅,张海鹏.灯盏花素对脑缺血再灌注小鼠脑组织病理变化的影响[J].锦州医学院学报,2006,27(4)：50-52.
[97]闵连秋,袁静,赫春,等.灯盏花素治疗急性脑梗塞的临床研究.辽宁中医杂志,2001,28(2)：84-85.
[98]Smith PF, Maclennan K, Darlington CL. The neuroprotective properties of the Ginkgo Biloba leaf:a review of the possible relationship to platelet-activating factor (PAF) [J]. J Ethnopharmacol,1996,50(3):131-139.
[99]Gui-qiu Han. PAF receptor antagonistic principles from Chinese tradition drugs[J]. Progress in Natural Science,1995,5:299.
[100]Wayne MC, Lisa GR, Nikola SI, et al. Efficacy of antioxidant therapies in transient focal ischemia in mice[J]. Stroke,2001,32 (4):1000-1004.
[101]Wang Y, Wang L, Wu J, et al. The in vivo synaptic plasticity mechanism of EGb 761-induced enhancement of spatial learning and memory in aged rats. [J]. Br J Pharmacol,2006,148 (2):147-153.
[102]王新志,李燕梅,赵敏,等.杏丁注射液治疗急性脑梗塞92例临床疗效分析[J].中国新药杂志,2002,11[3]：240.
[103]孟范文,王涛,张士喜,等.杏丁注射液治疗缺血性中风的临床观察及其对血浆SOD、MDA和LOP的影响[J].中国新药杂志,2002,11(3)：242.
[104]岑德意,陈志武,宋必卫,等.川芎嗪对大鼠脑梗塞的保护作用[J].中国药理学通报,1999,15(5)：464.
[105]阮秋蓉,宋建新,邓仲端.川芎嗪抗血栓形成的机制研究[J].中国动脉硬化杂志,1998,6(4)：297.
[106]李建生,赵君玫,郭盛典,等.川芎嗪和参麦针剂对老龄大鼠脑缺血再灌注ATP酶和自由基代谢变化的影响[J].河南医学研究,2000,9(3)：203.
[107]陈洁文,汤湘江,万文成.川芎嗪对大鼠急性缺血缺氧损伤的保护作用[J].广 州中医药大学学报,1998,15(1)：60.
[108]李菊英,柯绍发,吕衍文,等.川芎嗪预防脑卒中复发的临床研究[J].卒中与神经疾病,2002,9(1)：53.
[109]Thorvaldsen P, Kuulasmaa K, Rajakangas AM, et al. Stroke trends in the WHO MONICA project[J]. Stroke,1997,28(3):500-506.
[110]刘琪,牛小媛.脑卒中的流行病学研究[J].山西医药杂志,2007,36(8)：718-719.
[111]方燕南,王雪晶,张爱武,等.脑卒中[J].新医学,2006,37(11)：709-710.
[112]王忠诚.中国大城市居民神经系统疾病的流行病学调查[J].中华神经外科杂志,1985,5：7.
[113]吴英恺.我国心血病发展趋势及发病危险因素的人群监测研究：1980-1989年工作报告[J].心肺血管学报,1991,10(3)：138-165.
[114]吴江.神经病学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2006,1.
[115]Stroke-1989. Recommendations on stroke preventions diagnosis and therapy. Report of the WHO task force on stroke and other cerebrovascular Disorders[J]. Stroke,1989,20 (10):1407-1431.
[116]仇成轩,耿贯一,汪培山,等.缺血性脑卒中危险因素探讨[J].中华流行病学杂志,1992,13(6)：344-347.
[117]周北凡.心血管病流行病学及人群防治.北京：人民卫生出版社,1993,106-120.
[118]Sterpetti AV, Schultz RD, Feldhaus RJ. Ultrasonographic features of carotid plaque and the risk of subsequent neurologic deficits[J]. Surgery, 1988,104 (4):652-660.
[119]Bots M L, Hoes AW, Hofman A, et al. Cross-sectionally assessed cortid intima-media thickness relates to long-term risk of stroke, coronary heart disease and death as estimated by available risk functions[J]. J Intern Med, 1999,245 (3):269-276.
[120]Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke:the Framingham Study [J]. Stroke,1991,22(8):983-988.
[121]Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults:national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention:the Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation(ATRIA) Study[J]. JAMA,2001,285 (18):2370-2375.
[122]Hankey GJ, Jamrozik K, Broadhurst RJ, et al. Long-term risk of first recurrent stroke in the Perth Community Stroke Study[J]. Stroke,1998,29 (12):2491-2500.
[123]Bouhanick B, Cambou JP, Ferrieres J, et al. Characteristics and six-month outcomes in a cohort of 8288 diabetic and non-diabetic patients with previous history of acute coronary syndrome or stroke:the French PREVENIR 3 survey[J]. Diabetes Metab,2006,32 (5 Pt 1):460-466.
[124]Gerstein HC. Glocuse:A continuous risk factor for cardiouvascular diease[J]. Medicine,1997,14 (3):525-531.
[125]钱荣立,戴三冬.糖尿病合并脑血管病的临床特点与防治[J].中华内分泌代谢杂志,1985,1(1)：13-16.
[126]Albers GW, Amarenco P, Easton JD, et al. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke:American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition) [J]. Chest,2008, 133 (6Suppl):630S-669S.
[127]Lai SL, Weng HH, Lee M, et al. Risk factors and subtype analysis of acute ischemic stroke[J]. Eur Neurol,2008,60 (5):230-236.
[128]Brown DL, Lisabeth LD, Roychoudhury C, et al. Recurrent stroke risk is higher than cardiac event risk after initial stroke/transient ischemic attack[J]. Stroke,2005,36 (6):1285-1287.
[129]RothweH PM, Warlow CP. Timing of TIAs preceding stroke:time window for prevention is very short[J]. Neurology,2005,64 (5):817-820.
[130]Prabhakaran S, Chong JY, Sacco RL. Impact of abnormal difusion-weighted imaging results on short-term outcome following transient ischemic attack[J]. Arch Neurol,2007,64 (8):1105-1109.
[131]Boulanger JM, Coutts SB, Eliasziw M, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging-negative patients with transient ischemic attack are at risk of recurrent transient events[J]. Stroke,2007,38 (8):2367-2369.
[132]Sacco R L, Adams R, Albers G, et al. Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack:a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke:cosponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention:the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline [J]. Circulation,2006,113(10):409-449.
[133]Vibo R, Korv J, Roose M, et al. Acute phase proteins and oxidised low-density lipoprotein in association with ischemic stroke subtype, severity and outcome[J]. Free Radic Res,2007,41 (3):282-287.
[134]Petersen NH, Schmied AB, Zeller JA, et al. Lp(a)lipoprotein and plasminogen activity in patients with diferent etiology of ischemic stroke [J]. Cerebrovasc Dis,2007,23 (2-3):188-193.
[135]Schulz UG, Rothwell PM. Differences in vascular risk factors between etiological subtypes of ischemic stroke:importance of population-based studies[J]. Stroke,2003,34 (8):2050-2059.
[136]Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, et al. Effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on stroke and other major vascular events in 20536 people with cerebrovascular disease or other high-risk conditions [J]. Lancet,2004, 363 (9411):757-767.
[137]Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan AR, et al. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack[J]. N Engl J Med,2006,355 (6): 549-559.
[138]樊东升.同型半胱氨酸与脑血管疾病[J].中华神经科杂志,1999,32：247-248.
[139]樊东升,李小英,张捷,等.中国脑卒中患者血清同型半胱氨酸水平的研究[J].中华内科杂志,2001,40(5)：309.
[140]Cheng S, Pallaud C, Grow MA, et al. A multilocus genotyping assay for cardiovascular disease[J]. Clin Chem Lab Med,1998,36 (8):561-566.
[141]陈继红,刘剑立,姬子卿.脑卒中多重危险因素认识新进展[J].中国临床康复,2004,8(25)：5330-5331.
[142]Kelly TN, Gu D, Chen J, et al. Cigarette smoking and risk of stroke in the Chinese adult population[J]. Stroke,2008,39 (6):1688-1693.
[143]Molgaard CA, Bartok A, Peddecord KM, et al. The association between cerebrovascular disease and smoking:a case-control study[J]. Neuroepidemiology,1986,5 (2):88-94.
[144]Reynolds K, Lewis LB, Nolen JD, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke:a meta-analysis[J]. JAMA,2003,289 (5):579-588.
[145]张林峰,赵连成,周北凡,等.男性饮酒与缺血性脑卒中发病关系的研究[J].中华流行病学杂志,2004,25(11)：954-957.
[146]Suk SH, Sacco RL, Boden-Albala B, et al. Abdominal obesity and risk of ischemic stroke:the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study [J]. Stroke,2003,34 (7):1586-1592.
[147]Paffen E, DeMaat MP. C-reactive protein in atherosclerosis:a causal factor?[J]. Cardiovasc Res,2006,71:30-39.
[148]魏艳静,韦再华,李淑敏.脑卒中危险因素研究[J].中国临床保健杂志,2005,8(1)：82-84.
[149]Strazzullo P, D' Elia L, Kandala NB, et al. Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease:meta-analysis of prospective studies[J]. BMJ,2009, 24 (339):b4567.
[150]叶任高,内科学.第五版.北京：人民卫生出版社,2001.
[151]Alderman M, Aiyer KJ. Uric acid:role in cardiovascular disease and effects of losartan[J]. Curr Med Res Opin,2004,20 (3):369-379.
[152]Bos MJ, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman, et al. Uric acid is a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke:the Rotterdam study[J]. Stroke,2006,37 (6):1503-1507.
[153]Hozawa A, Folsom AR, Ibrahim H, et al. Serum uric acid and risk of isehemic stroke:the ARIC Study[J]. Atherosclerosis,2006,187 (2):401-407.
[154]Hink HU, Santanam N, Dikalov S, et al. Peroxidase properties of extracellular superoxide dismutase:role of uric acid in modulating in vivo activity[J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2002,22 (9):1402-1408.
[155]郑黎强.平均动脉压可预测缺血性卒中的危险[J].卒中杂志,2008,39：1932
[156]杨建民,路方红,金世宽,等.脉压及平均动脉压对老年性脑卒中预测价值的队例研究[J].中华老年心脑血管病杂志,2006,9(11)：741.
[157]Simons LA, McCallum J, Friedlander Y, et al. Risk factors for ischemic stroke:Dubbo Study of the elderly[J]. Stroke,1998,29 (7):1341-1346.
[158]王先梅,杨丽霞,严睿,等.能量代谢基因表达改变在大鼠卒中发病学中的意义[J].中国急救医学,2004,24(8)：572-574.
[159]Anghileri LJ, Maincent P, Thouvenot P. Role of lipid peroxidation in iron-induced cellular calcium overload [J]. Biol Trace Elem Res,1996,52 (2): 163-169.
[160]Matsuda T, Arakawo N, Takuma K, et al. SEA0400, a novel and selective inhibitor of the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger, attenuates reperfusion injury in the in vitro and in vivo cerebral ischemia models[J]. J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2001, 298 (1):249-256.
[161]Jabaudon D,Scanziani M,Gahwiler BH,et al. Acute decrease in net glutamate uptake during energy deprivation [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2000,97 (10): 5610-5615.
[162]石晶,姚裕家,李晋辉,等.谷氨酸受体2和钙离子在新生大鼠脑室周围白质软化症发病机制中的作用探讨[J].中国当代儿科杂志,2007,9(4)：313-316.
[163]张予阳,吕娟,苏醒.神经元钙通道及钙拮抗剂的抗脑缺血作用[J].沈阳药科大学学报,2007,24(6)：380-384.
[164]Xiong ZG, Zhu XM, Chu XP, et al. NeuroProteetion in isehemia:blocking calcium-permeable acid-sensing channels[J]. cell,2004,118 (6):687-98.
[165]MacDonald JF, Xiong ZG, Jackson MF. Paradox of Ca2+ signaling, cell death and stroke[J]. Trends Neurosci,2006,29 (2):75-81.
[166]Zhao L, Wang Y, Sun N, et al. Electroacupuncture regulates TRPM7 expression through the trkA/P13K pathway after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats[J]. Life Sci,2007,81 (15):1211-1222.
[167]Ikonomidou C, Bosch F, Miksa M, et al. Blockade of NMDA receptors and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain[J]. Science,1999,283 (5398):70-74.
[168]Yu SP, Yeh CH, Strasser U, et al. NMDA receptor-mediated K+ efflux and neuronal apoptosis[J]. Science,1999,284 (5412):336-339.
[169]Nicholls D, Attwell D. The release and uptake of excitatory amino acids[J]. Trends Pharmacol Sci,1990,11 (11):462.
[170]Nishizawa Y. Glutamate release and neuronal damage in ischemia[J]. Life Sci,2001,69 (4):369-381.
[171]Dohi K, Ohtaki H, Inn R, et al. Peroxynitrite and caspase-3 expression after ischemia/reperfusion in mouse cardiac arrest model [J]. Acta Neurochir Suppl,2003,86:87-91.
[172]Lewen A, Matz P, Chan PH. Free radical pathways in CNS injury[J]. Neurotrauma,2000,17 (10):871-890.
[173]Lian SL, Chen W, Raung SL, et al. Association of immune responses and ischemic brain infarction in rat [J]. Neuroreport,2001,12 (9):1943-1947.
[174]Iadecola C, Alexander M. Cerebral ischemia and inflammation[J]. Curr Opin Neurol,2001,14 (1):89-94.
[175]Paffen E, DeMaat MP. C-reactive protein in atherosclerosis:a causal factor?[J]. Cardiovasc Res,2006,71 (1):30-39.
[176]Chan PH. Reactive oxygen radicals in signaling and damage in the ischemic brain[J]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,2001,21 (1):2-14.
[177]Clark WM, Rinker LG, Lessov NS, et al. Lack kf interleukin-6 Expression is not protective against focal central nervous system ischemia[J]. Stroke, 2000,31 (70):1715.
[178]Yang GY, Schielke GP, Gong C, et al. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 after focal cerebral ischemia in interleukin-lbeta converting enzyme deficient mice[J]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,1999,19 (10):1109-1117.
[179]Ber ay-Bert hat V, Palmier B, Plotkine M, et al. Neutrophils do not contribute to infarction, oxidative stress, and NO synthase activity in severe brain ischemia[J]. Exp Neurol,2003,182 (2):446-454.
[180]Franklin A, Parmentier-Batteur S, Walter L, et al. Palmitoy-lethanolamide increases after focal cerebral ischemia and potentiates microglial cell motility[J]. Neuro Sci,2003,23 (21):7715-7767.
[181]张镛.神经系统的NO/eGMP系统[J].国外医学生理-病理学与临床分册,1996,16(2)：77-79.
[182]毛小平,刘志超,陈秀芳.一氧化氮合酶、谷氨酸在局灶脑缺血中的变化[J].卒中与神经疾病,2002,9(4)：87-88.
[183]Niwa M, Inao S, Takayasu M, et al. Time course of expression of the three nitric oxide synthase isoforms after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats[J]. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo),2001,41 (2):63-72.
[184]Tottene A, Volsen S, Pietrobon D. alpha(1E) subunits form the pore of three cerebellar R-type calcium channels with different pharmacological and permeation properties[J]. J of Neurosci,2000,20 (1):171-178.
[185]Hossmann KA. Periinfarct depolarizations[J]. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev,1996,8 (3):195-208.
[186]Coppieters MW, Stappaerts KH, Wouters LL, et al. Aberrant protective force generation during neural provocation testing and the effect of treatment in patients with neurogenic cervicobrachial pain[J]. J Manipulative Physiol Ther,2003,26 (2):99-106.
[187]Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR. Apoptosis:a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics[J]. Br J Cancer,1972, 26 (4):239-257
[188]Cao G, Minzmi M, Pei W, et al. Intraeellular Bax translocation after transient cerebral isehemia:implications for a role of the mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathway in isehemic neuronal death[J]. J Cere B Blood Flow Metab,2001,21 (4):321-333.
[189]Henry J. M. Barnett, J. P. Mohr, Bennett M. stein, et al.卒中病理生理诊断及其治疗[M].沈阳：辽宁科学技术出版社,2001：149.
[190]Klotz E, Konig M. Perfusion measurements of the brain:using dynamic CT for the quantitative assement of cerebral ischemia in acute stroke [J]. Eur J Radiol,1999,30 (3):170-184.
[191]Esteban JM, Cervera V. Perfusion CT and angio CT in the assessment of acute stroke[J]. Neuroradiology,2004,46 (9):705-715.
[192]Kucherarszyk J. Radiology,1993,188:711-717.
[193]Edward C, Jauch, Brett Kissel, et al.急性卒中的处理.国外医学脑血管疾病分册,2002,10(3)：163.
[194]晋头,曹义战,安良.观测外周血血小板、白细胞数量及平均血小板体积对脑梗塞的意义[J].现代检验医学杂志,2006,21(4)：59-60.
[195]谭红愉,李少明.血浆D-二聚体改变与急性脑梗塞预后的关系[J].广州医学院学报,2003,31(2)：77-78.
[196]Demolis P,Carville C,Giudicelli JF. Effects of an angiotensin-converting emzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on cerebral blood flow autoregulation in healthy volunteers[J]. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol,1993,22 (3):373-380.
[197]UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type2 diabetes. Lancet,1998,354 (9178): 602.
[198]周维金,刘松怀.脑卒中偏瘫康复治疗的原则和方法[J].中国医刊,2001,36(5)：25-27.
[199]Grotta JC, Welch KMA, Fagan SC, et al. Clinical deterioration following improvement in the NINDSrt-PA stroke trial [J]. Stroke,2001,32 (3):661-668.
[200]饶明俐.中国脑血管病防治指南[M].试行版.卫生部疾病控制司,中华医学会神经病学分会,2005,43.
[201]李水秋,马建国.静脉应用rt-PA与梗死动脉局部应用UK治疗超早期脑梗塞临床对照研究[J].世界医学杂志,2002；6(8)：13-15.
[202]孙晓江,许丹.急性脑梗塞超早期的溶栓治疗[J].中国老年学杂志,2003,23(3)：136-137.
[203]Wu TW, Zeng LH, Wu J, et al. MCI-186:further histochemical and biochemical evidence of neuorprotection[J]. Life Sci,2002,67 (19):2387-2392.
[204]Maier CM, Sun GH, Kunis D, et al. Delayed induction and long-term effects of mild hypothermia in a focal model of transient cerebral ischemia: neurological outcome and infarct size [J]. J Neurosurg,2001,94 (1):90-96.
[205]Schwab S, Schwarz S, Spranger M, et al. Moderate hypothermia in the treatment of patients with severe middle cerebral artery infarction[J]. Stroke,1998,29 (12):2461-2466.
[206]Jian S, Yongming Q, Zhihua C, et al. Feasibility and safety of moderate hypothermia after acute ischemic stroke[J]. Int J Dev Neurosci,2003,21 (6): 353-356.
[207]孙宏侠,付铁娟,白信花,等.亚低温对脑梗塞患者血NSE、SOD、NO、ET的影响及临床意义[J].中风与神经病学杂志,2005,22(2)：166-168.
[208]Sun L, Marti HH, Velkamp R. Hyperbaric oxygen reduces tissue hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha expression in focal cerebral ischemia[J]. Stroke,2008,39 (3):1000-1006.
[209]马明明,张乐,刘宝琼,等.高压氧对实验性脑梗塞大鼠神经可塑性的影响[J].中南大学学报(医学版),2008,33(12)：1113-1118.
[210]Reeves MJ, Arora S, Broderick JP, et al. Acute stroke care in the US: results from 4 pilot prototypes of the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Registry[J]. Stroke,2005,36 (6):1232-1240.
[211]Kondziolka D, Steinberg GK, Wechsler L, et al. Neurotransplantation for patients with subcortical motor stroke:a phase 2 randomized trial[J]. J Neurosurg,2005,103 (1):38-45.
[212]Lichtenwalner RJ, Parent JM. Adult neurogenesis and the ischemic forebrain[J]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,2006,26 (1):1-20.
[213]Sandercock P. Immediate anticoagulation for acute stroke in atrial fibrillation:no[J]. Stroke,2006,37 (12):3054-3055.
[214]陈怡琳,施仲伟.抗凝新药利伐沙班临床研究进展[J].心血管病学进展,2009,30(5)：810-813.
[215]赵水平.缺血性心血管病高危患者强化调脂的共识[J].中华老年心脑血管病杂志,2008,10(6)：401-402.
[216]李玲,徐莉,晏培松,等.脑梗塞大鼠康复训练后脑的增殖细胞核抗原的表达及病理学改变[J].中国临床康复,2000,22(6)：339-342.
[217]Matsumori Y, Hong SM, Fan Y, et al. Enriched environment and spatial learning enhance hippocampal neurogenesis and salvages ischemic penumbra after focal cerebral ischemia[J]. Neurobiol Dis,2006,22 (1):187-198.
[218]中华神经科学会.各类脑血管疾病诊断要点.中华神经科杂志,1996,29(6)：379-380.
[219]国家中医药管理局脑病急症科研组.中风病诊断与疗效评定标准(试行).北京中医药大学学报,1996,19(1)：55-56.
[220]缪鸿石.康复医学理论与实践,上海：上海科学技术出版社,2000,第一版：1840-1841.
[221]全国第四届脑血管病学术会议.脑卒中患者临床神经功能缺损程度评分标准 (1995).中华神经科杂志,1996；29(6)：381-382.
[222]恽晓平.康复疗法评定学.北京：华夏出版社,2005,第一版：393-396.
[223]胡永善,吴毅,范文可,等.功能综合评定量表的研究(一)：量表的设计.中国康复医学杂志,2002；17(1)：35-38.
[224]张丰正,张颖.颞三针治疗三叉神经痛24例[J].甘肃中医,2008,21(4)：37.
[225]冯淑兰,何新芳.颞三针治疗无先兆型偏头痛临床疗效观察[J].针灸临床杂志,2003,19(7)：23-24.
[226]白伟杰,张志强,谭吉林等.电针颞三针治疗抑郁性神经症30例临床观察[J].新中医,2008,40(1)：64-65.
[227]国家中医药管理局脑病急症协作组.中风病诊断与疗效评定标准(试行)[J].北京中医药大学学报,1996,19(1)：55-56.
[228]南登昆,郭正成.康复医学临床指南[M].第1版.北京：科学出版社.1999：35-45.
[229]迪亚拉,靳瑞.“颞三针”治疗中风急性期的研究[J].针灸临床杂志.1995.11(8)：25-27.
[230]迪亚拉,靳瑞,张家维等. “颞三针”治疗中风的临床研究[J].广州中医学院学报,1994,11(4)：215-219.
[231]李菊艳,杜宏斌.头针与颞三针交替治疗早期中风40例[J].陕西中医.2002.22(8)：733-734.
[232]刘静.颞三针法加体针治疗脑梗塞恢复期60例临床观察[J].针灸临床杂志,2000,16(1)：29-30.
[233]靳瑞,赖新生,李艳慧等.颞三针治疗中风后遗症的临床观察[J].中国针灸,1993,13(1)：11-12.
[234]袁青,易玮.针刺对脑梗塞患者体内超氧化物歧化酶、丙二醛的影响[J].针刺研究,2000,25(3)：217-219.
[235]田代华,刘更生. 《灵枢经》[M].第1版.北京：人民卫生出版社,2005.
[236]管尊惠.论经络学说的理论及临床应用[M].云南人民出版社,1984.
[237]冯家骏.颅盖骨厚度分布的研究[J].解剖学杂志,1985,8(2)：145-147.
[238]兰满生,黄阳生,汤挺兵,等.国人颅骨颞区的观察测量[J].卫生职业教育,2006,24(19)：159.
[239]李继光,徐恩多.脑膜中动脉的颅骨滋养动脉外科解剖及其临床意义[J].中国临床解剖学杂志,1988,6(4)：197-198.
[240]Legos JJ, Whitmore RG, Erhardt JA, et al. Quantitative changes in interleukin proteins following focal stroke in the rat[J]. Neurosci Lett, 2000,282 (3):189-192.
[241]Barone FC, Arvin B, White RF, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α, a mediator of focal ischemic brain injury[J]. Stroke(S0039-2499),1997,28(6):1233-1244.
[242]Liu T, Mcdonnell PC, Yong PR, et al. Interleukin-1β mRNA expression in ischemic rat cortex[J]. Stroke,1993,24 (11):1746-1750.
[243]徐元,包仕尧.脑缺血后炎症反应及其干预对策[J].国外医学·脑缺血病分册,2002,19(6)：442-442.
[244]张光辉,张仁良,吴学豪.急性脑卒中患者血清NO和炎性细胞因子测定及其临床意义[J].中风与神经疾病杂志,1999,16(1)：30-32.
[245]Vemuganti R, Dempsey RJ, Bowen KK. Inhibition of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 protein expression by antisense oligonucleotides is neuroprotective after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat[J]. Stroke,2004,35 (1):179-184.
[246]冯淑兰,杨路,古继红,等.颞三针与补阳还五汤合用对缺血性脑卒中患者白细胞介素-1β和白细胞介素6的影响[J].中国康复医学杂志,2005,20(6)：453-454.
[247]刘灵光,张红星,周利,等.头针对急性脑缺血再灌注大鼠ICAM-1含量的影响[J].中国康复,2008,23(5)：291-293.
[248]Dromerick AW, Edwards DF, Diringer MN. Sensitivity to changes in disab ility after stroke:a comparison of four scales useful in clinical trials [J]. J Rehabil Res Dev,2003,40:1-8.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |