面向新疆煤田火灾监测的无线传感器网络GAF拓扑算法的改进
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摘要
无线传感器网络作为新兴的网络测控技术,是能够自主实现数据采集、融合和传输应用的智能网络应用系统。无线传感器网络使逻辑上的信息世界与真实的物理世界紧密结合,从而真正实现“无处不在的计算”模式。无线传感器网络无论是在国防,还是在国民经济的各个领域均有着广阔的应用前景。
无线传感器网络由大量无处不在的、具有通信与计算能力的微小传感器节点构成,它们密集布设在无人值守的监控区域,是一种能够根据环境自主完成指定任务的“智能”自治测控网络系统。做为一种超大规模、无人值守、资源严格受限的全分布系统,无线传感器网络采用多跳对等的通信方式,其网络拓扑可以动态变化,具有自组织、自适应等智能属性。
用于大规模数据收集的无线传感器网络需要在逻辑上具有自适应能力和在拓扑结构上能够应对“多对一”数据流的能力。提取网络的拓扑信息是管理和控制网络的必需且有效的方法。对于能量和带宽有限的无线传感器网络来说,设计合适且高效节能的拓扑控制算法尤为重要。
由于在不同的应用环境下,同一拓扑控制算法在性能上会有很大差异,因此设计通用于各种环境的拓扑控制算法不是明智的选择。文中针对应用于新疆煤田火灾监测的无线传感器网络节能性和拓扑易变性等特点,认为GAF算法可以基本符合监测网的要求,但是需要对其进行改进。由于原有GAF算法的平面属性,对实际网络中节点之间距离的邻近但不代表节点之间可以直接通信的问题缺乏考虑,文中在GAF算法中加入了分簇算法,引入了GAF算法层次化的概念,并且提出了新节点补充的解决办法,使得GAF算法在节能的同时扩大了覆盖范围,更加适合大面积的监测和动态的拓扑需求。本文还提出了基于GAF的拓扑控制协议(ITOC),设计了更节能和更稳定的无线传感器网络的拓扑控制算法,并用MATLAB仿真工具进行了模拟,结果证明该算法在节能性与稳定性等方面比原算法有所提高,而且与目前应用广泛应用的LEACH算法相比在覆盖率上也有所扩大,能够适应新疆煤田火灾自燃监测网的大面积监测和监测精度的需求。在论文的最后给出了GAF拓扑控制算法的未来研究目标。
WSN(Wireless Sensor Network) is a new network measure and management technology. It is an intelligent network application which can implement data collection, gathering and transmission by itself. WSN closely connect logically information world with genuine physical world, so as to implementing the "compute anywhere" model. WSN has expansive application foreground in national defence and every field of country economic.
WSN is intelligent autonomy measure and management system which is composed of numberless and everywhere tiny sensor nodes that has the ability of communication and compute. Sensor nodes are disseminated in fields without guardianship and implement designed assignments. WSN is a distributed system which is a large-scale, without guardianship and resource limited. It adopts mufti-hop and opposite communication mode, and has self-organize as well as self-adapt attributes.
Large-scale data gathering networks must logically self-organize in a topology suitable for many-to-one traffic flow. An efficient method is necessary to extract topology information that can be used in management and control of networks. It is important for such a topology discovery algorithm to adhere to the resource constraints of bandwidth and energy imposed on sensor networks.
The same algorithm may represent obvious difference under different environment. So designing algorithms that is the same with various kinds of environment is not advisable. For the characteristics of energy saving and dynamic topology in WSN of the Xinjiang coalfield monitoring, though it needs some improving, we consider that the GAF algorithm is fit for the monitoring in Xinjiang. The original plane of GAF algorithm and lack of consideration of the actual distance between the nodes in the network in the vicinity does not mean that the nodes can direct communications with each other, so we have joined clustering algorithm in GAF algorithm and the concept of level algorithm of GAF and made a new node-added solutions. So the GAF become an energy-saving algorithm and expand the coverage at the same time. It is more suitable for large areas monitoring and demand. This paper also proposed a topology protocol (ITOC) based on the GAF. It designs a more energy-saving and more stable topology control algorithms for wireless sensor network. Then we simulated the Protocol with MATLAB. The results show that the algorithm is more saving energy and more stable than the original algorithm, and have more large coverage than LEACH which is widely used currently. So the improved algorithm is able to adapt to the large area and the accuracy of monitoring for the monitoring network of spontaneous combustion in Xinjiang Coalfield . At the end of my thesis I designed the future researching target of GAF topology control algorithm.
无线传感器网络由大量无处不在的、具有通信与计算能力的微小传感器节点构成,它们密集布设在无人值守的监控区域,是一种能够根据环境自主完成指定任务的“智能”自治测控网络系统。做为一种超大规模、无人值守、资源严格受限的全分布系统,无线传感器网络采用多跳对等的通信方式,其网络拓扑可以动态变化,具有自组织、自适应等智能属性。
用于大规模数据收集的无线传感器网络需要在逻辑上具有自适应能力和在拓扑结构上能够应对“多对一”数据流的能力。提取网络的拓扑信息是管理和控制网络的必需且有效的方法。对于能量和带宽有限的无线传感器网络来说,设计合适且高效节能的拓扑控制算法尤为重要。
由于在不同的应用环境下,同一拓扑控制算法在性能上会有很大差异,因此设计通用于各种环境的拓扑控制算法不是明智的选择。文中针对应用于新疆煤田火灾监测的无线传感器网络节能性和拓扑易变性等特点,认为GAF算法可以基本符合监测网的要求,但是需要对其进行改进。由于原有GAF算法的平面属性,对实际网络中节点之间距离的邻近但不代表节点之间可以直接通信的问题缺乏考虑,文中在GAF算法中加入了分簇算法,引入了GAF算法层次化的概念,并且提出了新节点补充的解决办法,使得GAF算法在节能的同时扩大了覆盖范围,更加适合大面积的监测和动态的拓扑需求。本文还提出了基于GAF的拓扑控制协议(ITOC),设计了更节能和更稳定的无线传感器网络的拓扑控制算法,并用MATLAB仿真工具进行了模拟,结果证明该算法在节能性与稳定性等方面比原算法有所提高,而且与目前应用广泛应用的LEACH算法相比在覆盖率上也有所扩大,能够适应新疆煤田火灾自燃监测网的大面积监测和监测精度的需求。在论文的最后给出了GAF拓扑控制算法的未来研究目标。
WSN(Wireless Sensor Network) is a new network measure and management technology. It is an intelligent network application which can implement data collection, gathering and transmission by itself. WSN closely connect logically information world with genuine physical world, so as to implementing the "compute anywhere" model. WSN has expansive application foreground in national defence and every field of country economic.
WSN is intelligent autonomy measure and management system which is composed of numberless and everywhere tiny sensor nodes that has the ability of communication and compute. Sensor nodes are disseminated in fields without guardianship and implement designed assignments. WSN is a distributed system which is a large-scale, without guardianship and resource limited. It adopts mufti-hop and opposite communication mode, and has self-organize as well as self-adapt attributes.
Large-scale data gathering networks must logically self-organize in a topology suitable for many-to-one traffic flow. An efficient method is necessary to extract topology information that can be used in management and control of networks. It is important for such a topology discovery algorithm to adhere to the resource constraints of bandwidth and energy imposed on sensor networks.
The same algorithm may represent obvious difference under different environment. So designing algorithms that is the same with various kinds of environment is not advisable. For the characteristics of energy saving and dynamic topology in WSN of the Xinjiang coalfield monitoring, though it needs some improving, we consider that the GAF algorithm is fit for the monitoring in Xinjiang. The original plane of GAF algorithm and lack of consideration of the actual distance between the nodes in the network in the vicinity does not mean that the nodes can direct communications with each other, so we have joined clustering algorithm in GAF algorithm and the concept of level algorithm of GAF and made a new node-added solutions. So the GAF become an energy-saving algorithm and expand the coverage at the same time. It is more suitable for large areas monitoring and demand. This paper also proposed a topology protocol (ITOC) based on the GAF. It designs a more energy-saving and more stable topology control algorithms for wireless sensor network. Then we simulated the Protocol with MATLAB. The results show that the algorithm is more saving energy and more stable than the original algorithm, and have more large coverage than LEACH which is widely used currently. So the improved algorithm is able to adapt to the large area and the accuracy of monitoring for the monitoring network of spontaneous combustion in Xinjiang Coalfield . At the end of my thesis I designed the future researching target of GAF topology control algorithm.
引文
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[5]于海滨,曾鹏等.分布式无线传感器网络通信协议研究.通信学报,2004 25(10):102-110.
[6]于海滨,曾鹏,王忠峰等.分布式无线传感器网络体系结构及应用支撑技术研究.信息与控制,2004,33(3):307-313.
[7]Elson J,Estrin D.Wireless Sensor Networks:A Bridge to the Physical World.Wireless Sensor Networks,2004,23(11):3-20.
[8]Akyildiz L F,Su W,Sankarasubranmaniam Y,Cayirci E.Wireless Sensor Networks:A Survey.Computer Networks,2002,38(4):393-422.
[9]康绍忠,蔡焕杰,冯绍元.现代农业与生态节水技术创新与未来研究重点.农业工程学报.2004,20(1):1-6.
[10]齐德香,新疆煤田火灾的危害及其防治,中国煤炭,2005,31(6),42-55
[11]孙利民,李建中,陈渝.无线传感器网络[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
[12]于海斌,曾鹏,梁烨.智能无线传感器网络系统.北京:科学出版社,2006.
[13]郑相全等.无线自组网技术使用教程.北京:清华大学出版社.2004.
[14]Frodigh M,Johansson P.Wireless Ad Hoc Networking-the Art of Networking without a Network.Ericsson Review,2000,4(3):248-262.
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[23]Razavilar J,Rashid-Farrokhi F,Liu K.Software Radio Architecture with Smart Antennas:A Tutorial on Algorithms and Complexity.IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,1999 17(4):662-676.
[24]廖丽惠,陈琳,龚正虎.网络管理中的拓扑发现.计算机工程与应用,2003,39(30):172-174.
[25]田慧,斐昌幸等.网络拓扑发现与展望.电信快报,2002,17(8):26-27.
[26]Bao L,Garcia-Luna-Aceves J J.Topology management in ad hoc networks.Proc 4`" ACM Int'lSymp on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking&Computing.(MobiHoc 2003),Annapo 1 i s,Mary 1 and,2003,19(6)129-140.
[27]Narayansaswamy S,Kawadia V,Sreenivas R S.Power Contorl in ad-hoc networks.Theory,architecture,algorithm and implemenation of the COMPOW protocol.Italy 2002,3(2)156-162.
[28]RamanathanR,Rosales-Hain R.Topology control of inultihop wireless networks using transmit power adjustment.Proc 9`"Joint Conf on IEEE Computer and Communications Societies(INFOCOM),2003,22(12):25-30.
[29]Li N,Hou J C.Topology control in heterogeneous wireless networks.Proc 13`" Joint Confon IEEE Computer and Communications Societies(INFOCOM).2004,8(11):78-167.
[30]Santi P.Silence is golden with high probability:Maintaining a connected backbone in wireless sensor networks.1" European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks.2004,2(9):9-20.
[31]Heinzelman W R,Chandrakasan A,Balakrishnan H.An application-specific protocolarchitecture for wireless microsensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. 2002, l(4):660-670.
[32]Younis O, Fahmy S.Distributed clustering in ad-hoc sensor networks: Ahybrid, energy-efficient approach.In: Proc 13'"Joint Conf on IEEE Computer andCommunications Societies, March 2004,3(12):44-52.
[33] Xu Y, Heidemann J, Estrin D. Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing, In:Proc 7''' Annual Int'l Conf on Mobile Computing and Networking(Mobi COM),Rome, Italy. July 2001, 18(8):70-84.
[34] Callaway E H. Wireless Sensor networks: Architectures and Protocols.Auerbach Publications, 2004,12 (6):88-90.
[35] Kubisch M, Karl H,Wolisz A. Distributed algorithms for transmission power control in wireless sensor networks. IEEE WCNC, 2003,17 (8): 16-20.
[36]Kewang, Zhang and Deyun, Zhang. A SPT Based Topology Control Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network Semantics, Knowledge and Grid, Third International Conference on29-31 Oct. 2007 282 - 285
[37]Ming Zeng and Bugong Xu; A Three-tiered Topology Control Model for Large Scale Wireless Sensor Networks Control and Automation, ICCA 2007. IEEE International Conference on May 30 2007-June 1 2007 3250 - 3253
[38] Jaromczyk J W, Toussaint G T. Relative neighborhood graphs and their relatives. IEEE, 1992 80 (9):1520-1517. [37] Li L,Hou J C,Bahl P. Analysis of a cone-based distributed topology control algorithmfor wireless multi-hop networks.Proc ACM Symp on Principles of DistributedComputing, Newport, 2001, 6(8) 264-273.
[39] D. Blough and P. Santi. Investigating upper bounds on network lifetime extension for cell-based energy conservation techniques in stationary ad hoc networks. In Proc. of the 8th MobiHoc, Sep. 2002.
[40] Z. Cai et al. Channel access-based self-organized clustering in ad hoc networks. IEEE Traus. ou Mobile Comp., Apr. 2003.
[41] S. Capkun, M. Hamdi, and J. Hubaux. GPS-free positioning in mobile ad hoc networks. In Proc. of the 34th HICSS, 2001.
[42] B. Chen et al. Span: An energy-efficient coordination algorithm for topology maintenance in ad hoc wireless networks. Kluwer Wireless Commuuicatious, Sep. 2002.
[43]L. Doherty, K. Pister, and L. Ghaoui. Convex position estimation in wireless sensor networks. In Proc. of IEEE,COM, Apr. 2001.
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[46] C. Schurgers et al. Topology management for sensor networks: Exploiting latency and density. In Proc. of the 3rd MobiHoc, Jun. 2002.
[47] X. Wang. A New Architecture for Wireless Seusor Networks. PhD thesis, Cornell University, Currently in preparation.
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[50] Y Xu, J. Heideman and D. Estrin. Geography-informed energy conservation in ad hoc routing. In Proc. of the 7th MobiCom, Jul. 2001.
[51] W. Ye, J. Heideman, and D. Estrin. An energy-efficient mac protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proc. of IEEE,OCOM, Jun. 2002.
[52] H. Zhang and A. Arora. GS3: Scalable self-configuration and self- healing in wireless networks. In Proc. of 21st ACM Symposium of Principles of Distributed Computing, Jul. 2002.
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[2]Byrne J A.21 Ideas for the 21st Century.Business Week,1999,8(11):78-167.
[3]Borko H,Bernier C.10 Emerging Technologies that Will Change the World:Technology Review,2003,106(1):33-49.
[4]Stankovic J A,Abdelzaher F,Lu C Y,et al.Real-Time Communication and Coordination in Embedded Sensor Networks.Proceedings of the IEEE' 03,2003,8(12):1002-1022.
[5]于海滨,曾鹏等.分布式无线传感器网络通信协议研究.通信学报,2004 25(10):102-110.
[6]于海滨,曾鹏,王忠峰等.分布式无线传感器网络体系结构及应用支撑技术研究.信息与控制,2004,33(3):307-313.
[7]Elson J,Estrin D.Wireless Sensor Networks:A Bridge to the Physical World.Wireless Sensor Networks,2004,23(11):3-20.
[8]Akyildiz L F,Su W,Sankarasubranmaniam Y,Cayirci E.Wireless Sensor Networks:A Survey.Computer Networks,2002,38(4):393-422.
[9]康绍忠,蔡焕杰,冯绍元.现代农业与生态节水技术创新与未来研究重点.农业工程学报.2004,20(1):1-6.
[10]齐德香,新疆煤田火灾的危害及其防治,中国煤炭,2005,31(6),42-55
[11]孙利民,李建中,陈渝.无线传感器网络[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
[12]于海斌,曾鹏,梁烨.智能无线传感器网络系统.北京:科学出版社,2006.
[13]郑相全等.无线自组网技术使用教程.北京:清华大学出版社.2004.
[14]Frodigh M,Johansson P.Wireless Ad Hoc Networking-the Art of Networking without a Network.Ericsson Review,2000,4(3):248-262.
[15]英春,史美林.自组网体系结构研究[JJ.通信学报,1999,20(9):47-54.
[16]赵志峰,郑少仁.Ad ho。网络体系结构研究.电信科学,2001,18(1):14-17.
[17]L.Akyi ldize,W.Su,Y.Sankarasubram aniam,E.Cayirci,A Survey on Sensor Networks.IEEECommunications Magazine,Vol.40,2002,8(7):102-144.
[18]Sammer Tilak,Nael B,et a l.A Taxonomy of Wireless Mirco-Sensor Network Model s.ACM Mobile Computing and Communications Review,Vo 16,2002,2(12):1-8.
[19]李少谦,兰岚.无线Ad hoc网络技术.中兴通讯技术.2002,10(4)9-12.
[20]Andrew S,Tanenbaum.Computer Networks(Third Edition).清华大学出版社,1999,13(8):21-33.
[21]ahlavan K,Levesque A.Wireless Information Networks.New York:John Wiley&Sons,Inc,1995,10(3):18-25.
[22]Garg V,Wilkes J.Wireless and Personal Communications Systems.New Jersey:Prentice Hall PTR,1996,18(6):33-39.L22J Foschini G.Layered Space-Time Architecture for Wireless Communication in a Fading Environment When Using Multiple Antennas.Bell Laboratories Technical Journa 1,1996,1(6):41-59.
[23]Razavilar J,Rashid-Farrokhi F,Liu K.Software Radio Architecture with Smart Antennas:A Tutorial on Algorithms and Complexity.IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,1999 17(4):662-676.
[24]廖丽惠,陈琳,龚正虎.网络管理中的拓扑发现.计算机工程与应用,2003,39(30):172-174.
[25]田慧,斐昌幸等.网络拓扑发现与展望.电信快报,2002,17(8):26-27.
[26]Bao L,Garcia-Luna-Aceves J J.Topology management in ad hoc networks.Proc 4`" ACM Int'lSymp on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking&Computing.(MobiHoc 2003),Annapo 1 i s,Mary 1 and,2003,19(6)129-140.
[27]Narayansaswamy S,Kawadia V,Sreenivas R S.Power Contorl in ad-hoc networks.Theory,architecture,algorithm and implemenation of the COMPOW protocol.Italy 2002,3(2)156-162.
[28]RamanathanR,Rosales-Hain R.Topology control of inultihop wireless networks using transmit power adjustment.Proc 9`"Joint Conf on IEEE Computer and Communications Societies(INFOCOM),2003,22(12):25-30.
[29]Li N,Hou J C.Topology control in heterogeneous wireless networks.Proc 13`" Joint Confon IEEE Computer and Communications Societies(INFOCOM).2004,8(11):78-167.
[30]Santi P.Silence is golden with high probability:Maintaining a connected backbone in wireless sensor networks.1" European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks.2004,2(9):9-20.
[31]Heinzelman W R,Chandrakasan A,Balakrishnan H.An application-specific protocolarchitecture for wireless microsensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. 2002, l(4):660-670.
[32]Younis O, Fahmy S.Distributed clustering in ad-hoc sensor networks: Ahybrid, energy-efficient approach.In: Proc 13'"Joint Conf on IEEE Computer andCommunications Societies, March 2004,3(12):44-52.
[33] Xu Y, Heidemann J, Estrin D. Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing, In:Proc 7''' Annual Int'l Conf on Mobile Computing and Networking(Mobi COM),Rome, Italy. July 2001, 18(8):70-84.
[34] Callaway E H. Wireless Sensor networks: Architectures and Protocols.Auerbach Publications, 2004,12 (6):88-90.
[35] Kubisch M, Karl H,Wolisz A. Distributed algorithms for transmission power control in wireless sensor networks. IEEE WCNC, 2003,17 (8): 16-20.
[36]Kewang, Zhang and Deyun, Zhang. A SPT Based Topology Control Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network Semantics, Knowledge and Grid, Third International Conference on29-31 Oct. 2007 282 - 285
[37]Ming Zeng and Bugong Xu; A Three-tiered Topology Control Model for Large Scale Wireless Sensor Networks Control and Automation, ICCA 2007. IEEE International Conference on May 30 2007-June 1 2007 3250 - 3253
[38] Jaromczyk J W, Toussaint G T. Relative neighborhood graphs and their relatives. IEEE, 1992 80 (9):1520-1517. [37] Li L,Hou J C,Bahl P. Analysis of a cone-based distributed topology control algorithmfor wireless multi-hop networks.Proc ACM Symp on Principles of DistributedComputing, Newport, 2001, 6(8) 264-273.
[39] D. Blough and P. Santi. Investigating upper bounds on network lifetime extension for cell-based energy conservation techniques in stationary ad hoc networks. In Proc. of the 8th MobiHoc, Sep. 2002.
[40] Z. Cai et al. Channel access-based self-organized clustering in ad hoc networks. IEEE Traus. ou Mobile Comp., Apr. 2003.
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