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基于GIS的流域地貌形态分形空间变异特征研究
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摘要
流域地貌形态的科学量化研究是地貌学研究的热点问题之一。本文在充分研究现有流域地貌形态定量方法的基础上,借鉴数理统计、相关分析法和地貌单因子指标等地貌定量描述方法的特点,将表示地面倾斜程度的地貌单因子指标—坡度引入分形模型中作为地貌的重要特征信息值,在三维空间扫描盒坐标系下,以不同尺度的三维立方体盒子作为统计单元,统计计算地表均一坡度下的地面起伏量,从而构建表征地面起伏度的地貌形态分形三维特征信息维数GIS模型。研究不同尺度DEM模型下,流域分形的变化特征,以及分析总结出流域地貌分维增长曲线特征。为了验证地貌形态分形三维特征信息维数GIS模型的有效性,本文以我国西北干旱区典型的内陆河黑河上游流域祁连山区作为研究区域,分析流域地貌形态的特征,以地形为主要标准,以流域DEM为数据基础,使用ArcGIS平台下的水文模型空间分析模块,对研究区的流域进行水文分析,并对流域进行不同尺度的分割,分析总结出子流域分割的分形特征。使用开发的GIS分形计算软件计算和分析黑河上游流域典型流域盆地(北大河流域盆地和黑河流域盆地)的22个子流域,在大尺度下各子流域地貌形态量化值和空间变异特征的基础上,结合气候、地形等要素空间分布的不均匀性和规律性,分析得出不同要素类型区地貌形态空间变异特征,并总结出黑河上游流域地貌形态分形空间变异的成因,充分验证了地貌形态分形三维特征信息维数GIS模型对不同坡度的适用性,并能完整体现出气候和河流等外营力作用对流域盆地地貌整体的影响,揭示了复杂地貌形态下的黑河上游流域的水文意义,为黑河上游流域水资源可持续利用和生态恢复建设的宏观决策和社会经济发展提供科学理论依据。
Geomorphology quantification of watersheds is one of the hot issues aboutgeomorphology research. After researching on many geomorphology quantificationmethods of watershed and learning from advantages of mathematical statistics,correlation analysis method and geomorphic single factor, the three-dimensionalcharacteristic information dimension GIS model that reflects the degree of surfacecutting is established. The GIS model introduces single geomorphology factor indicator-slope as an important feature of the landscape information value. In thethree-dimensional space coordinates of scanning cube boxes, the GIS model counts theground undulating amount calculated under the surface average slope by different scalecube boxes as the statistical unit. Geomorphology watersheds have the growthcharacteristics of fractal dimension by researching watershed fractal characteristicvariation in different scale DEM data. In order to verify the validity of thethree-dimensional characteristic information dimension GIS model, Heihe Riverupstream watershed as one of the Northwest typical inland rivers is study region in thepaper. With DEM data the analysis of the watershed hydrological characteristics basedon topographic terrain is carried out in ArcGIS hydrographic analysis model. On thebasis of large-scale analysis in North River Basin and Heihe River Basin that include22sub-basins, and combination of space distribution non-uniformity and regularity inclimate and terrain, the laws and the causes of topographic fractal spatial variability inthe Upper Reaches of Heihe River watershed is concluded.It reveals the significance ofthe hydrology of the complex topography. It provides scientific theory basis for theHeihe River Basin water resources sustainable utilization of and ecological restorationof macro decision-making and socio-economic development.
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