渤黄东海潮波同化数值模拟和潮能耗散的研究
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摘要
潮汐的研究具有重要的学科意义、经济和社会效益。卫星测高技术的出现对潮汐信息的获取产生了革命性的影响。TOPEX/POSEIDON的发射极大地促进了大洋潮汐模型研究的进展，但大洋模型在浅海区域精度比较差。潮汐是高度计资料海面变化中最大的成份，占总变化80％以上，伴随着卫星高度计资料在海洋研究中的广泛应用，发展基于卫星高度计资料的高精度浅海潮汐模型成为进一步利用高度计资料研究其它物理海洋问题的基础。层结海洋中，外界提供给混合所需要的能量的多少(混合的强弱)是控制海洋环流强弱的关键因素，风和潮汐又是驱动海洋内部混合的主要机械能来源，潮能耗散是整个大洋中能量平衡的重要组成部分。
本文利用正交响应法和沿轨调和分析从渤黄东海的TOPEX/POSEIDON卫星高度计资料中提取了主要分潮。结果显示：高度计资料可以较好的反映潮波在黄海和东海的分布特征，特别是在东海开阔区域可以比较准确的反映潮波传播规律。
湍封闭的三维全流动力模式POM可以较理想地模拟渤黄东海的潮波。通过与167个测站的4个主要分潮平均绝对偏差的比较，模拟结果与实测资料符合很好。利用基于最优插值法的混合法将交叉点的调和常数同化到动力模式中，同化后S_2分潮的迟角精度改进最大，可以改进45％，结果显示高度计资料的分析结果对模式结果的精度影响很大。为了克服交叉点上全日分潮精度较低的局限，文中主要将半日分潮同化进模式中，而全日分潮只在部分交叉点上进行了同化，同时同化了沿岸16个验潮站的调和常数，同化高度计资料和沿岸资料后，M_2、S_2、K_1、O_1四个主要分潮的结果精度分别提高36％、48％、20％、12％。
本文利用同化结果对渤黄东海的潮能耗散进行了研究。M_2分潮潮能耗散在东海、黄海和渤海的潮能分别为44.282GW、59.828GW和3.076GW，从太平洋进入渤黄东海的潮能有36.1％耗散在东海，48.8％耗散在黄海，只有2.5
%耗散在渤海内，有12.6%的能量进入台湾海峡。S，分潮潮能耗散在东海、
黄海和渤海的潮能分别为4.782GW、12.48GW和0.630GW，分别占从太平洋传
入总量的22.9%、59.8%和3.0%，大约有1 3.6%的S，分潮潮能进入台湾海
峡。全日分潮的潮能绝大部分耗散在东海里面，K:分潮有7.433GW耗散在东
海里，占从太平洋传入总能量的73%，而0.分潮耗散在东海里的潮能有
5.433GW，同样占从太平洋传入能量的73%。
4个主要分潮从太平洋进入渤黄东海的潮能共有140.901Gw，其中BB以底
边界层)耗散115.178Gw，占进入能量的82%，有18%的能量耗散在海洋
内部。而风提供给环流能量最大在1月份约为SGW左右，最小的在7月份
为O.07GW。可以认为在渤黄东海中潮能所起的混合作用在夏季要远远的超
过风所起的作用，而在冬季最保守也与风具有相同的量级。
Tidal study is very important for science, commerce and society for thousands of years. Satellite altimetry has had a major impact on our knowledge of tides by providing a new method of the sea surface height measurement. Following the launch of TOPEX/POSEIDON in 1992, there has been considerable improvement in the accuracy of the global tidal models. However, the application of global tidal model to the study of shallow sea tides is much worse in the accuracy. Tidal signal in TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetric data is the largest contributor to sea surface height variability and accounts for more than 80% of the signal variance. So it is urgent to develop tide model in the shallow area wi th high accuracy.
Orthogonalized convolution method and the harmonic analysis along satellite orbit are used to withdraw tidal wave from TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite altimeter data in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea. The results show that the altimetric data can give a good distribution of tides in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea, especially in the deep region of the East China Sea.
The three-dimensional ocean mode, POM, which contains an imbedded second moment turbulence closure sub-model could simulate well the tides in the study region. The result agrees well with observations by comparing the simulated result with the 167 tidal gauge data. The assimilation scheme uses a blending approach based on optimal linear
interpolation. The improvement is 45% for the phase-lag of S2 after assimilating the altimetric data of the crossover points, while the correction for the diurnal constituents is not so good as for semidiurnal constituents. The diurnal constituents at some of the crossover points and all of the semi-diurnal constituents at all of the crossover points as well as 16 tidal gauge data are assimilated in the ocean model, this is because the assimilation of the diurnal constituents at some crossover points make the result worse. The improvement is 36% for M2, 54% for S2, 42% for K,, 30% for 01 compared with the results of dynamic model without assimilation.
In the stratified ocean, mixing controls the intensity of the ocean current. The winds and tides are the possible main source of mechanical energy to drive the interior mixing. The tidal energy budget is investigated in this paper based on the result of the numerical model. The energy dissipations of M2 in the East China Sea, Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea are respectively 44.282GW, 59. 828GW and 3. 076GW. Among the tidal energy entering the study region from the Pacific ocean , 36. 1% dissipates in the East China Sea, 48. 8% in the Yellow Sea, 2. 5% in the Bohai Sea and 12.6% in the Taiwan Strait. The energy dissipation of S2 in the East China Sea, Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea are respectively 4. 782GW, 12. 48GW and 0. 630GW, accounting for 22.9%, 59.8% and 3.0 % respectively, about 13.6% of S2 energy enters Taiwan Strait. Most of tidal energy of diurnal tidal constituent dissipates in the East China Sea, and there is 7. 433GW of K, in the East China Sea, accounting for 73% of the total energy from the Pacific. There is 5. 433GW of 0, in the East China Sea, also accounting for 73% of the total energy from the Pacific.
For the four major constituents, there is 140. 901GW tidal energy
flux into the East China Sea from the Paci fie Ocean. The BBL di ssipat ion accounts for 115.178GW, which is about 82% of the total dissipation. Ahout 18% of the tidal energy dissipates in the interior. The wind energy entering the sea circulation is about 5GW in winter, and 0. 07GW in the summer. So the tidal energy dominates the mixing in summer in the study region, and it also at least as important as the wind stress in the winter.
本文利用正交响应法和沿轨调和分析从渤黄东海的TOPEX/POSEIDON卫星高度计资料中提取了主要分潮。结果显示：高度计资料可以较好的反映潮波在黄海和东海的分布特征，特别是在东海开阔区域可以比较准确的反映潮波传播规律。
湍封闭的三维全流动力模式POM可以较理想地模拟渤黄东海的潮波。通过与167个测站的4个主要分潮平均绝对偏差的比较，模拟结果与实测资料符合很好。利用基于最优插值法的混合法将交叉点的调和常数同化到动力模式中，同化后S_2分潮的迟角精度改进最大，可以改进45％，结果显示高度计资料的分析结果对模式结果的精度影响很大。为了克服交叉点上全日分潮精度较低的局限，文中主要将半日分潮同化进模式中，而全日分潮只在部分交叉点上进行了同化，同时同化了沿岸16个验潮站的调和常数，同化高度计资料和沿岸资料后，M_2、S_2、K_1、O_1四个主要分潮的结果精度分别提高36％、48％、20％、12％。
本文利用同化结果对渤黄东海的潮能耗散进行了研究。M_2分潮潮能耗散在东海、黄海和渤海的潮能分别为44.282GW、59.828GW和3.076GW，从太平洋进入渤黄东海的潮能有36.1％耗散在东海，48.8％耗散在黄海，只有2.5
%耗散在渤海内，有12.6%的能量进入台湾海峡。S，分潮潮能耗散在东海、
黄海和渤海的潮能分别为4.782GW、12.48GW和0.630GW，分别占从太平洋传
入总量的22.9%、59.8%和3.0%，大约有1 3.6%的S，分潮潮能进入台湾海
峡。全日分潮的潮能绝大部分耗散在东海里面，K:分潮有7.433GW耗散在东
海里，占从太平洋传入总能量的73%，而0.分潮耗散在东海里的潮能有
5.433GW，同样占从太平洋传入能量的73%。
4个主要分潮从太平洋进入渤黄东海的潮能共有140.901Gw，其中BB以底
边界层)耗散115.178Gw，占进入能量的82%，有18%的能量耗散在海洋
内部。而风提供给环流能量最大在1月份约为SGW左右，最小的在7月份
为O.07GW。可以认为在渤黄东海中潮能所起的混合作用在夏季要远远的超
过风所起的作用，而在冬季最保守也与风具有相同的量级。
Tidal study is very important for science, commerce and society for thousands of years. Satellite altimetry has had a major impact on our knowledge of tides by providing a new method of the sea surface height measurement. Following the launch of TOPEX/POSEIDON in 1992, there has been considerable improvement in the accuracy of the global tidal models. However, the application of global tidal model to the study of shallow sea tides is much worse in the accuracy. Tidal signal in TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetric data is the largest contributor to sea surface height variability and accounts for more than 80% of the signal variance. So it is urgent to develop tide model in the shallow area wi th high accuracy.
Orthogonalized convolution method and the harmonic analysis along satellite orbit are used to withdraw tidal wave from TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite altimeter data in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea. The results show that the altimetric data can give a good distribution of tides in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea, especially in the deep region of the East China Sea.
The three-dimensional ocean mode, POM, which contains an imbedded second moment turbulence closure sub-model could simulate well the tides in the study region. The result agrees well with observations by comparing the simulated result with the 167 tidal gauge data. The assimilation scheme uses a blending approach based on optimal linear
interpolation. The improvement is 45% for the phase-lag of S2 after assimilating the altimetric data of the crossover points, while the correction for the diurnal constituents is not so good as for semidiurnal constituents. The diurnal constituents at some of the crossover points and all of the semi-diurnal constituents at all of the crossover points as well as 16 tidal gauge data are assimilated in the ocean model, this is because the assimilation of the diurnal constituents at some crossover points make the result worse. The improvement is 36% for M2, 54% for S2, 42% for K,, 30% for 01 compared with the results of dynamic model without assimilation.
In the stratified ocean, mixing controls the intensity of the ocean current. The winds and tides are the possible main source of mechanical energy to drive the interior mixing. The tidal energy budget is investigated in this paper based on the result of the numerical model. The energy dissipations of M2 in the East China Sea, Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea are respectively 44.282GW, 59. 828GW and 3. 076GW. Among the tidal energy entering the study region from the Pacific ocean , 36. 1% dissipates in the East China Sea, 48. 8% in the Yellow Sea, 2. 5% in the Bohai Sea and 12.6% in the Taiwan Strait. The energy dissipation of S2 in the East China Sea, Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea are respectively 4. 782GW, 12. 48GW and 0. 630GW, accounting for 22.9%, 59.8% and 3.0 % respectively, about 13.6% of S2 energy enters Taiwan Strait. Most of tidal energy of diurnal tidal constituent dissipates in the East China Sea, and there is 7. 433GW of K, in the East China Sea, accounting for 73% of the total energy from the Pacific. There is 5. 433GW of 0, in the East China Sea, also accounting for 73% of the total energy from the Pacific.
For the four major constituents, there is 140. 901GW tidal energy
flux into the East China Sea from the Paci fie Ocean. The BBL di ssipat ion accounts for 115.178GW, which is about 82% of the total dissipation. Ahout 18% of the tidal energy dissipates in the interior. The wind energy entering the sea circulation is about 5GW in winter, and 0. 07GW in the summer. So the tidal energy dominates the mixing in summer in the study region, and it also at least as important as the wind stress in the winter.
引文
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