轮胎断面轮廓重构关键技术研究
|
摘要
轮胎的断面轮廓结构设计是轮胎设计中四大部分之一,轮胎断面轮廓设计的好坏直接影响轮胎质量,以致影响汽车行驶性能。目前,轮胎轮廓设计虽然有较为完备的理论作为指导,但在实际中往往采用测量经典轮廓后进行组合和变参数设计。另外,轮胎成品断面轮廓检测也非常重要,通过对照实际轮胎断面尺寸和设计图纸的异同,分析质量事故的原因,改进生产工艺,提高产品质量。课题的研究目的就是通过图像处理及计算机图形学技术重构轮胎断面数字化模型,获取轮廓整体参数,这对于提高轮胎关键尺寸检测和设计水平,有着非常重要的意义。
本课题以CCD相机采集的轮胎断面图像为研究对象,在图像预处理和轮廓提取、轮廓特征点识别和轮廓重构方法等方面进行了较为深入地研究。
在图像预处理和轮廓提取研究中,主要在分析图像特征之后,利用图像中心化和中值滤波方法提高图像质量,重点分析了图像二值化的几种方法,通过实验对比后采用局部阈值分割算法；对二值图像进行后续处理并实现轮廓提取。
在特征点识别技术研究中,分析了轮胎轮廓结构模型,在此基础上重点研究了基于尽余弦算法的特征点识别模型,结合轮胎断面轮廓特征,提出了改进型K-余弦算法的特征点精细识别技术,并给出特征点识别的整体模型,最后通过示例进行验证。
在轮廓重构方法研究中,针对轮胎断面轮廓主要由直线和圆弧构成的特点,采用了最小二乘拟合法实现单段曲线重构,重点分析了圆弧拟合中的代数距离法和几何距离法,通过实验对比采用基于最小二乘的几何距离法；然后对方程组求交实现轮廓整体重构,针对轮廓连接不上的情况,提出利用双端点约束的改进算法；并通过示例验证轮廓重构算法的有效性。
最后,本文对重构精度的问题进行了探讨并分析了误差来源及改进办法。
Section contour structure design of tire is one of the four parts of the tire's structure design, which directly influences the quality of tyres and vehicle performance. Currently, although there are more tyres complete design theory as guidance, in practice the combination of design and the variable parameter design are often uesd based on classics contour with measuring the tyres'section contour parameters.Besides, tyres'finished section contour inspection is very important, we can analysis the causes of accidents, improve the quality of production process, improve product quality through comparing the similarities and differences of the design and product. The subject research aim is to reconstruct tires'section digital model and the contour integral parameter through the image processing and computer graphics technology, which has very important significance on improving the level of tyres' design and detection.
Based on the research object of tyre's section image gathering by CCD camera, this paper conducts systematical research work on the image preprocessing and contour extraction, contour recognition and contour reconstruction technique etc.
In the part of image preprocessing and contour extraction, at first, this paper used image polarized and median filtering algorithm to improve image quality after the analysis of image features, Then emphatically analyzed sevral typical methods of binary image processing, and chosed local threshold segmentation method by experiments analysis. In the end, the further process of binary image was done and the contour was extracted.
In the part of contour feature recognition, the article made the study of the algorithm based on K-cosine feature points identification model after analysing the tire structure model, proposed feature points recognition technology based on improved K-cosine model combined with tire section contour features. Finally, examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the model.
In the part of contour reconstruction technique, this paper using the least squares fitting method to achieve single curve reconstruction combined with which section contour are made of lines and arcs.Then emphatically analyzed GD and AD algorithm and chosed GD method by experiments analysis.Then obtained reconstruction integral model by solving equations. According to the situation in contour unconnection, the improved algorithm based on double endpoints constraint was proposed, and examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of this method.
At last, the reconstruct precision was discussed and then analyzed the error sources and ways how to improve the reconstruction system.
本课题以CCD相机采集的轮胎断面图像为研究对象,在图像预处理和轮廓提取、轮廓特征点识别和轮廓重构方法等方面进行了较为深入地研究。
在图像预处理和轮廓提取研究中,主要在分析图像特征之后,利用图像中心化和中值滤波方法提高图像质量,重点分析了图像二值化的几种方法,通过实验对比后采用局部阈值分割算法；对二值图像进行后续处理并实现轮廓提取。
在特征点识别技术研究中,分析了轮胎轮廓结构模型,在此基础上重点研究了基于尽余弦算法的特征点识别模型,结合轮胎断面轮廓特征,提出了改进型K-余弦算法的特征点精细识别技术,并给出特征点识别的整体模型,最后通过示例进行验证。
在轮廓重构方法研究中,针对轮胎断面轮廓主要由直线和圆弧构成的特点,采用了最小二乘拟合法实现单段曲线重构,重点分析了圆弧拟合中的代数距离法和几何距离法,通过实验对比采用基于最小二乘的几何距离法；然后对方程组求交实现轮廓整体重构,针对轮廓连接不上的情况,提出利用双端点约束的改进算法；并通过示例验证轮廓重构算法的有效性。
最后,本文对重构精度的问题进行了探讨并分析了误差来源及改进办法。
Section contour structure design of tire is one of the four parts of the tire's structure design, which directly influences the quality of tyres and vehicle performance. Currently, although there are more tyres complete design theory as guidance, in practice the combination of design and the variable parameter design are often uesd based on classics contour with measuring the tyres'section contour parameters.Besides, tyres'finished section contour inspection is very important, we can analysis the causes of accidents, improve the quality of production process, improve product quality through comparing the similarities and differences of the design and product. The subject research aim is to reconstruct tires'section digital model and the contour integral parameter through the image processing and computer graphics technology, which has very important significance on improving the level of tyres' design and detection.
Based on the research object of tyre's section image gathering by CCD camera, this paper conducts systematical research work on the image preprocessing and contour extraction, contour recognition and contour reconstruction technique etc.
In the part of image preprocessing and contour extraction, at first, this paper used image polarized and median filtering algorithm to improve image quality after the analysis of image features, Then emphatically analyzed sevral typical methods of binary image processing, and chosed local threshold segmentation method by experiments analysis. In the end, the further process of binary image was done and the contour was extracted.
In the part of contour feature recognition, the article made the study of the algorithm based on K-cosine feature points identification model after analysing the tire structure model, proposed feature points recognition technology based on improved K-cosine model combined with tire section contour features. Finally, examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the model.
In the part of contour reconstruction technique, this paper using the least squares fitting method to achieve single curve reconstruction combined with which section contour are made of lines and arcs.Then emphatically analyzed GD and AD algorithm and chosed GD method by experiments analysis.Then obtained reconstruction integral model by solving equations. According to the situation in contour unconnection, the improved algorithm based on double endpoints constraint was proposed, and examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of this method.
At last, the reconstruct precision was discussed and then analyzed the error sources and ways how to improve the reconstruction system.
引文
[1]吴敏.中国汽车产销量世界第一[J].广东交通,2010,(1)：54-55
[2]王传铸.轮胎与汽车性能匹配分析[R].第十三届全国轮胎技术研讨会,2000：51-55
[3]俞淇.子午线轮胎结构设计与制造技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社.2006
[4]贾云得.机器视觉[M].北京：科学出版社.2000
[5]刘庆民.基于计算机视觉的小尺寸零件精密测量技术研究[D].长春：吉林大学机械科学与工程学院,2006
[6]Feng Z.E, Xu Ch.G, Xiao D.G, et al.In-pipe profile detectionusing circular structured lightand its calibration technique[C].Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation,ICIA 2008:1437-1441
[7]Perkins W.A.Inspector:A computer vision system which learns to inspect parts[C]. IEEE Trans,PAMI.5:584-592
[8]Wilson W.S.The role of vision in a dimensional control strategy[J].Proc.of the Society of Manufacturing Engineers Conf.on Vision,1985,7:43-55
[9]Mills R. Development of a line-scan camera for 2D high accuracy measurement [J]. Machine Vision,1991:267-277
[10]Bremner J F. Automatic vision inspection system for the inspection of shapes cut in sheet material[J].Pro.On Image Processing,1986:40-43
[11]Dajle Q.On-line inspection of extruded profile geometry [J].Vision 90,1990:1-17
[12]Lim K C,Lee J W. Dimension measurement of 3D object through stereometric image processing[J].Ibid,2005:495-508
[13]Landman M, Roberton S.J. A flexible industrial system for automated three-dimensional inspection[J].SPIE,1986,7(28):203-209
[14]杨丽凤,韩冀皖,李元宗.面阵高精度测量技术的应用[J].太原理工大学学报,2001,32(5)：455-458
[15]马强,唐文彦,陈金存等.自由环状零件尺寸图像测量系统研究[J].航天制造技术,2004(1)：27-31
[16]贺秋伟.基于计算机视觉的微小尺寸精密检测理论与技术研究[D].长春：吉林大学机械科学与工程学院,2007
[17]田建东,唐延东.基于几何特征的快速高精度角点检测算法[J].仪器仪表学报,2009,30(2)：287-291
[18]王英惠,赵汝嘉.栗全庆.基于逐层切削扫描测量法的实用化逆向工程[J].小型微型计算机系统,2003,24(7)：1405-1408、
[19]任朴林.基于散乱数据的截面线生成及模型重构技术研究[D].硕士学位论文.南京：南京航空航天大学,2003
[20]Sheu H.T. Hu W.C.A Rotationally Invariant Two-Phase Scheme for Corner Detection[J]. Pattern Recognition.1996, (29):819-828
[21]Rosin P.L. Techniques for Assessing Polygonal Approximations of Curves[C].IEEE Trans.Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.1997,(19):659-666
[22]Farago F.T. Handbook of Dimensional Measurement[M],Second ed. NewYork:Ind ustrial Press,1982
[23]Te-Hsiu Sun.K-Cosine Corner Detection[J].JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS,2008, 3(7):529-667
[24]侯学智,杨平,赵云松.CCD图像的轮廓特征点提取算法[J].电子科技大学学报,2004,33(4)：446-448
[25]王英惠,吴维勇,赵汝嘉.平面轮廓的分段与识别技术[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2002,14(12)：1142-1145,1151
[26]李全信.圆曲线的拟合方法与精度分析[J],北京测绘,2001(3)：29-41
[27]Fitzgibbon A, Pilu M, Fisher R.B Direct least square fitting of ellipses [J],IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Ma-chine Intelligence,1999,21(5):476-48
[28]Gander W,Golub G H, Strebel R. Least-square fitting of circlesand ellipses[J].B IT,1994,34(4):558-578
[29]田社平,张守愚,李定学.平面圆圆心及半径的最小二拟合[J]实用测量技术,1995(5)：23-25
[30]陈月林,王平江,朱建新等.基于曲率晶轮廓精确分段技术[J].华中理工大学学报.1995,23(6)：20-23
[31]刘元朋,张定华,桂元坤.用带约束的最小二乘法拟合平面圆曲线[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报2003,16(10)：1382-1385
[32]刘珂,周富强,张广军.半径约束最小二乘圆拟合方法及其误差分析[J].光电子·激光.2006,17(5)：605-607
[33]王英惠,吴维勇.基于分段与识别技术的平面轮廓的精确重构[J].工程图学学报2007(5)：43-48
[34]SCHIELE B.Object recognition Using Receptive Field Histograms[D].France,Gre -noble:Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble,1997
[35]章毓晋.图像分割[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2001
[36]李弼程,彭天强.智能图像处理技术[M.电子工业出版社.2004
[37]姚庆梅,牛君.一种基于方向形态学的图像轮廓提取方法[J].山东大学学报：工学版,2005,35(4)：47-50
[38]吴凤和.基于计算机视觉测量技术的图像轮廓提取方法研究[J].计量学报,2007,28(1)：18-22
[39]王程,王润生.SAR图像直线提取[J].电子学报,2003,31(6)：816-820
[40]陈向伟.机械零件计算机视觉检测关键技术的研究[D].博士学位论文.长春：吉林大学.2005
[41]Zugaj D, Lattuati V. A New Approach of Color Images Segmentation Based on Fusing Region and Edge Segmentation Outputs[J].Pattern Recogni-tion,1998,31 (2):105-113
[42]章毓晋.图象处理和分析[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2000,254-275
[43]何斌,马天予,王运坚等.Visual C++数字图像处理[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2001
[44]王庆年,赵子亮,李幼德等.汽车轮胎断面几何轮廓的计算机实现[J].吉林工业大学自然科学学报,2000,30(2)：1-5
[45]张士齐.轮胎力学与热学[M].北京：化学工业出版社,1988
[46]郑正仁,黄崇期.汽车轮胎制造与测试[M].北京：化学工业出版社,1987
[47]吴凤和,施法中.基于图像数据的数控编程系统研究与开发[J].中国机械工程,2005,16(17)：1541-1545
[48]文贡坚,王润生.数字曲线上特征点的检测[J].计算机学报.1998,21(6)：520-526
[49]PikazA,Dinstein L. OptimalPolygonalaPproximatlonofdigitaleurves[J].PatternRecog niti,1995,28(3):373-379
[50]周辉,李涛,邢启江等.数字曲线的线性逼近和分段识别[J].大连理工大学学报.1997,37(5)：576-580
[51]郑军,刘正文,马兆瑞等.基于最小误差逼近的轮廓特征点提取[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版)2008,48(2)：165-168
[52]A.Rosenfeld and E.Johnson. Angle detection on digitalcurves[J].IEEE Transacti ons on Computers.1973,(22):875-878
[53]吴维勇,王英惠,周晏.平面轮廓识别与分段技术的研究与快速实现[J].工程图学学报,2003,24(4)：14-19
[54]Lukacs G,Martin R.R, Marshall A.D.Faithful least-squares fitting of spheres, cyl inders,cones and tori for reliable segmen-tation [A] In:Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Computer Vision, Freiburg, Germany,1998:671-686
[2]王传铸.轮胎与汽车性能匹配分析[R].第十三届全国轮胎技术研讨会,2000：51-55
[3]俞淇.子午线轮胎结构设计与制造技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社.2006
[4]贾云得.机器视觉[M].北京：科学出版社.2000
[5]刘庆民.基于计算机视觉的小尺寸零件精密测量技术研究[D].长春：吉林大学机械科学与工程学院,2006
[6]Feng Z.E, Xu Ch.G, Xiao D.G, et al.In-pipe profile detectionusing circular structured lightand its calibration technique[C].Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation,ICIA 2008:1437-1441
[7]Perkins W.A.Inspector:A computer vision system which learns to inspect parts[C]. IEEE Trans,PAMI.5:584-592
[8]Wilson W.S.The role of vision in a dimensional control strategy[J].Proc.of the Society of Manufacturing Engineers Conf.on Vision,1985,7:43-55
[9]Mills R. Development of a line-scan camera for 2D high accuracy measurement [J]. Machine Vision,1991:267-277
[10]Bremner J F. Automatic vision inspection system for the inspection of shapes cut in sheet material[J].Pro.On Image Processing,1986:40-43
[11]Dajle Q.On-line inspection of extruded profile geometry [J].Vision 90,1990:1-17
[12]Lim K C,Lee J W. Dimension measurement of 3D object through stereometric image processing[J].Ibid,2005:495-508
[13]Landman M, Roberton S.J. A flexible industrial system for automated three-dimensional inspection[J].SPIE,1986,7(28):203-209
[14]杨丽凤,韩冀皖,李元宗.面阵高精度测量技术的应用[J].太原理工大学学报,2001,32(5)：455-458
[15]马强,唐文彦,陈金存等.自由环状零件尺寸图像测量系统研究[J].航天制造技术,2004(1)：27-31
[16]贺秋伟.基于计算机视觉的微小尺寸精密检测理论与技术研究[D].长春：吉林大学机械科学与工程学院,2007
[17]田建东,唐延东.基于几何特征的快速高精度角点检测算法[J].仪器仪表学报,2009,30(2)：287-291
[18]王英惠,赵汝嘉.栗全庆.基于逐层切削扫描测量法的实用化逆向工程[J].小型微型计算机系统,2003,24(7)：1405-1408、
[19]任朴林.基于散乱数据的截面线生成及模型重构技术研究[D].硕士学位论文.南京：南京航空航天大学,2003
[20]Sheu H.T. Hu W.C.A Rotationally Invariant Two-Phase Scheme for Corner Detection[J]. Pattern Recognition.1996, (29):819-828
[21]Rosin P.L. Techniques for Assessing Polygonal Approximations of Curves[C].IEEE Trans.Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.1997,(19):659-666
[22]Farago F.T. Handbook of Dimensional Measurement[M],Second ed. NewYork:Ind ustrial Press,1982
[23]Te-Hsiu Sun.K-Cosine Corner Detection[J].JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS,2008, 3(7):529-667
[24]侯学智,杨平,赵云松.CCD图像的轮廓特征点提取算法[J].电子科技大学学报,2004,33(4)：446-448
[25]王英惠,吴维勇,赵汝嘉.平面轮廓的分段与识别技术[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2002,14(12)：1142-1145,1151
[26]李全信.圆曲线的拟合方法与精度分析[J],北京测绘,2001(3)：29-41
[27]Fitzgibbon A, Pilu M, Fisher R.B Direct least square fitting of ellipses [J],IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Ma-chine Intelligence,1999,21(5):476-48
[28]Gander W,Golub G H, Strebel R. Least-square fitting of circlesand ellipses[J].B IT,1994,34(4):558-578
[29]田社平,张守愚,李定学.平面圆圆心及半径的最小二拟合[J]实用测量技术,1995(5)：23-25
[30]陈月林,王平江,朱建新等.基于曲率晶轮廓精确分段技术[J].华中理工大学学报.1995,23(6)：20-23
[31]刘元朋,张定华,桂元坤.用带约束的最小二乘法拟合平面圆曲线[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报2003,16(10)：1382-1385
[32]刘珂,周富强,张广军.半径约束最小二乘圆拟合方法及其误差分析[J].光电子·激光.2006,17(5)：605-607
[33]王英惠,吴维勇.基于分段与识别技术的平面轮廓的精确重构[J].工程图学学报2007(5)：43-48
[34]SCHIELE B.Object recognition Using Receptive Field Histograms[D].France,Gre -noble:Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble,1997
[35]章毓晋.图像分割[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2001
[36]李弼程,彭天强.智能图像处理技术[M.电子工业出版社.2004
[37]姚庆梅,牛君.一种基于方向形态学的图像轮廓提取方法[J].山东大学学报：工学版,2005,35(4)：47-50
[38]吴凤和.基于计算机视觉测量技术的图像轮廓提取方法研究[J].计量学报,2007,28(1)：18-22
[39]王程,王润生.SAR图像直线提取[J].电子学报,2003,31(6)：816-820
[40]陈向伟.机械零件计算机视觉检测关键技术的研究[D].博士学位论文.长春：吉林大学.2005
[41]Zugaj D, Lattuati V. A New Approach of Color Images Segmentation Based on Fusing Region and Edge Segmentation Outputs[J].Pattern Recogni-tion,1998,31 (2):105-113
[42]章毓晋.图象处理和分析[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2000,254-275
[43]何斌,马天予,王运坚等.Visual C++数字图像处理[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2001
[44]王庆年,赵子亮,李幼德等.汽车轮胎断面几何轮廓的计算机实现[J].吉林工业大学自然科学学报,2000,30(2)：1-5
[45]张士齐.轮胎力学与热学[M].北京：化学工业出版社,1988
[46]郑正仁,黄崇期.汽车轮胎制造与测试[M].北京：化学工业出版社,1987
[47]吴凤和,施法中.基于图像数据的数控编程系统研究与开发[J].中国机械工程,2005,16(17)：1541-1545
[48]文贡坚,王润生.数字曲线上特征点的检测[J].计算机学报.1998,21(6)：520-526
[49]PikazA,Dinstein L. OptimalPolygonalaPproximatlonofdigitaleurves[J].PatternRecog niti,1995,28(3):373-379
[50]周辉,李涛,邢启江等.数字曲线的线性逼近和分段识别[J].大连理工大学学报.1997,37(5)：576-580
[51]郑军,刘正文,马兆瑞等.基于最小误差逼近的轮廓特征点提取[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版)2008,48(2)：165-168
[52]A.Rosenfeld and E.Johnson. Angle detection on digitalcurves[J].IEEE Transacti ons on Computers.1973,(22):875-878
[53]吴维勇,王英惠,周晏.平面轮廓识别与分段技术的研究与快速实现[J].工程图学学报,2003,24(4)：14-19
[54]Lukacs G,Martin R.R, Marshall A.D.Faithful least-squares fitting of spheres, cyl inders,cones and tori for reliable segmen-tation [A] In:Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Computer Vision, Freiburg, Germany,1998:671-686