公路限速区划分与限速梯级过渡段设置研究
|
摘要
根据近几年交通事故统计,超速行为已经成为诱发交通事故的主要原因之一,它给道路交通安全带来极大的威胁,由此造成的社会经济损失和人员伤亡不可估量。为了实现高效、安全、经济和舒适的运输,必须采用恰当的速度控制方式和速度限制方法对道路进行管理,减少潜在的交通安全隐患。然而不恰当的限速往往会适得其反,事与愿违。
目前,中国的《道路交通安全法》已规定了城市道9路和高速公路的最高限速值。但是这些限速的制定并没有考虑车辆性能、道路情况、路侧环境等因素对行驶造成的影响,限速方法和流程缺乏一定的合理性。
本论文依托2007年西部交通建设科技项目“西部地区公路速度限制标准与速度控制技术研究”,以中国的高速公路、具有干线功能的一、二级公路为主要研究对象,采集了广东、陕西、云南、江西、新疆等地多条高速公路和干线一、二级公路的交通量、道路线形、车辆运行速度等基础数据资料,采用统计分析、数学建模与求解、回归分析等方法对限速区和限速过渡段的制定流程展开具体研究。论文内容包括限速区车辆运行速度差的影响因素量化、限速区段划分方法、限速区和过渡段位置确定、限速区和过渡段最短长度确定等。
全线限速是目前使用较为普遍和广泛的限速方法,其主要依据设计速度的大小确定,设计过程简单、实施方便。但是单一限速值不能如实反映道路实际行车条件,往往与车辆的实际运行速度存在不一致性,导致限速标志的可信度下降。所以,必须根据道路的具体情况,进行划分,对于每个路段进行限速区限速的制定。
论文首先明确了公路限速区与过渡段的相关概念。根据不同的公路类型分别研究限速区的制定方法和流程,研究对象分成三种:(1)平原高速公路(2)山区高速公路(3)具有干线功能的一、二级等级公路。论文首先分析了不同类型道路限速区的影响因素,提出基于运行速度差的限速区设置阈值思路。使用基准值法对各个影响因素进行量化排序,根据相邻路段各个因素的变异系数结果进行限速区路段的聚类分析,聚类的结果即为限速区的最终划分。
提出基于概率的运行速度差判别方法,对高速公路和等级道路的限速区更新与过渡段设置进行确定。在VISSIM软件环境中设计典型的道路场景,仿真在不同运行速度差10km/h、15km/h、20km/h、30km/h、40km/h条件下车辆的运行状况、选取小车运行速度稳定性作为指标判断设置新限速区的标准。采集相邻断面运行速度差为10km/h、15km/h、20km/h、30km/h、40km/h件下,相邻断面运行速度变化趋势以及运行速度稳定性。根据仿真结果得出,相邻断面运行速度差大于10km/h的情况下,需要更新限速区。结合相邻断面运行速度协调性判断准则,在运行速度差大于20km/h的情况下,应该考虑在限速区之间插入过渡段。
对平原高速公路的限速区进行分析后,得出仅在互通立交桥区以及收费站路段才需要设置新限速区,限速值的大小一般在40km/h~80km/h之间,同时为了避免车辆的运行速度差过大还需要插入限速过渡段。对于山区高速公路,限速区限速值的确定需要综合考虑平曲线半径、纵坡坡长、交通量、交通组成等。在运用SPSS统计软件进行相关性分析后,表明平曲线半径小于300米、长大下坡、长隧道等路段需要设置新限速区。对于具有干线功能的一、二级公路,由于其干扰因素复杂、限速区的设置更加繁琐。在小半径平曲线处推荐使用建议限速标志;而穿村公路、长下坡等路段需要更新限速区,限速比主线低10km/h~30km/h。
论文从驾驶安全性和短期记忆时间的角度出发,考虑限速区最短长度确定。选择42个驾驶员进行室内模拟实验。在5s、10s、15s、20s、25s、35s、45s后对驾驶员短期记忆进行测试,拟合出指数形式的短期记忆模型。结合《公路安全保障工程实施技术指南》的研究结果,限速小于80km/h的路段,限速区的最短长度宜为驾驶员平稳驾驶40秒的距离与交通标志前置距离之和。限速大于80km/h的路段,限速区的最短长度宜为驾驶员平稳驾驶60秒的距离与交通标志前置距离之和。通过实际的踏勘数据和模拟舱的实验对过渡段长度进行研究,考虑交通标志视认距离、驾驶安全距离以及相邻限速区的限速差等几个因素计算出合理的过渡段长度。
本论文的成果全部以实际踏勘数据为基础,提出了成套的高速公路和具有干线功能的一、二公路限速区限速方法。通过软件仿真,给出了限速区的更新阈值与限速过渡段的设置阈值,为高速公路和等级公路的车速管理提供依据和理论基础。
Speeding is a leading cause of traffic accidents according to related statistics in China , which threats road safety.The total number of road traffic injuries and fatalities can not be able to forecast exactly .Up till now ,government has undertook many measures to balance the interests of mobility and safety. Successful speed management is an important component of roadway management,while unreasonable speed limits may play an verse.
At present,China road traffic satety law establishes the maximum speed limit at which vehicles are permitted to travel on freeway and urban roadway. However, it does not consider factors such as vehicles’features, roadside interference ,roadway factors.What’s more, setting flow of speed limit is not reasonable and uniform.
The paper introduces a western transportation construction projects called speed management and speed control which took freeway and first and secondary roadways as research subjects. Traffic volulmes,road aligment and passenger car were collected from Xinjiang,Yunnan,Sichuan,Jiangxi,Shaanxi provinces. Statistics and mathmatics modeling process and linear regression are applied to speed zones and transitions zones setting process.The paper includes speed difference analysis, speed zones division identify , determination of length of speed zones and transition zones .
Uniform speed limit is a popular and widely used method, which mainly depend on design speed . All design process is easy and convienet.Single speed limit are not inconsistant with raodway atcual condition which leads to low compliance.
The paper first figures out concepts of speed zone and speed transition zone.It develops methods and procedures on different roadway respectively.The subjects are divided into three types:1)Plain Expressway; 2)Mountainous Highway; 3)First and Secondary roads.The paper first analyzes the impact facts of speed zone and proposed a speed limit schedule based on speed difference threshold. Targent method are used to quantify various factors ,then cluster analysis are used according to adjacent sections of coefficient of variation .Clustering results is the final division .
Speed difference probability concept was introduced to identify highway and secondary road for updating speed zone and transition zone setting. Typical road scences which leads to 10km /h, 15km /h, 20km/h, 30km/h、40km/h speed differences under VISSIM software environment . Car speed stability is taken as an indicator to determine when to update speed zone. Speed difference of adjacent section under 10km/h, 15km/h, 20km/h, 40km/h under conditions of the adjacent section of the speed and speed stability of the trend.The simulation results shows that if speed difference is greater than the adjacent section of 10km / h in the case, speed limit zone needs to be updated.If the speed difference is greater than 20km / h transition section should be inserted between speed zones.
Data from highway speed zonse on the plains freeway were analysized. Only in the interchange area and road toll stations need to update speed zone. Speed limit is generally between 40km / h ~ 80km / h, speed transition zone should be insert.Speed limit value should consider radis,length of slope,traffic volumes and traffic composition. Coorelation analysis with SPSS software is used to determine speed zone updated at small radius sections,long slope and long tunnel. Because of its interference factors are more complex for secondary roads, advisory speed signs are proposed for small radius horizontal curve, roadway through village, long downhill.Road speed limit should 10km / h ~ 30km / h lower than arterial.
Driving safety and short-term memory includes to consider the minimum length of speed limit zone. 42 subjects are selected to take part in indoor laboratory. Exponential model for short-term memory are fitting using memory data after 5s, 10s, 15s, 20s, 25s, 35s, 45s. Minimum length of speed limit zones should consists of a distance of 40 seconds for a safety driving and a traffic signs in advance when speed limit is lower than 80km/h.While is consists of a 60 seconds distrance , when speed limit is higher than 80km/h. The actual experimental data and simulor are applied to caculate the length of transition zones. Considering traffic sign legibility distance, safety distance and difference between adjacent speed areas to calculate a reasonable length of transition zone.
This paper results are based on actual data and complete the proposal for setting speed limit for highway and rural two lane.Through software simulation, the speed zone update threshold and speed transition zone threshold are provided for highway speed management.
目前,中国的《道路交通安全法》已规定了城市道9路和高速公路的最高限速值。但是这些限速的制定并没有考虑车辆性能、道路情况、路侧环境等因素对行驶造成的影响,限速方法和流程缺乏一定的合理性。
本论文依托2007年西部交通建设科技项目“西部地区公路速度限制标准与速度控制技术研究”,以中国的高速公路、具有干线功能的一、二级公路为主要研究对象,采集了广东、陕西、云南、江西、新疆等地多条高速公路和干线一、二级公路的交通量、道路线形、车辆运行速度等基础数据资料,采用统计分析、数学建模与求解、回归分析等方法对限速区和限速过渡段的制定流程展开具体研究。论文内容包括限速区车辆运行速度差的影响因素量化、限速区段划分方法、限速区和过渡段位置确定、限速区和过渡段最短长度确定等。
全线限速是目前使用较为普遍和广泛的限速方法,其主要依据设计速度的大小确定,设计过程简单、实施方便。但是单一限速值不能如实反映道路实际行车条件,往往与车辆的实际运行速度存在不一致性,导致限速标志的可信度下降。所以,必须根据道路的具体情况,进行划分,对于每个路段进行限速区限速的制定。
论文首先明确了公路限速区与过渡段的相关概念。根据不同的公路类型分别研究限速区的制定方法和流程,研究对象分成三种:(1)平原高速公路(2)山区高速公路(3)具有干线功能的一、二级等级公路。论文首先分析了不同类型道路限速区的影响因素,提出基于运行速度差的限速区设置阈值思路。使用基准值法对各个影响因素进行量化排序,根据相邻路段各个因素的变异系数结果进行限速区路段的聚类分析,聚类的结果即为限速区的最终划分。
提出基于概率的运行速度差判别方法,对高速公路和等级道路的限速区更新与过渡段设置进行确定。在VISSIM软件环境中设计典型的道路场景,仿真在不同运行速度差10km/h、15km/h、20km/h、30km/h、40km/h条件下车辆的运行状况、选取小车运行速度稳定性作为指标判断设置新限速区的标准。采集相邻断面运行速度差为10km/h、15km/h、20km/h、30km/h、40km/h件下,相邻断面运行速度变化趋势以及运行速度稳定性。根据仿真结果得出,相邻断面运行速度差大于10km/h的情况下,需要更新限速区。结合相邻断面运行速度协调性判断准则,在运行速度差大于20km/h的情况下,应该考虑在限速区之间插入过渡段。
对平原高速公路的限速区进行分析后,得出仅在互通立交桥区以及收费站路段才需要设置新限速区,限速值的大小一般在40km/h~80km/h之间,同时为了避免车辆的运行速度差过大还需要插入限速过渡段。对于山区高速公路,限速区限速值的确定需要综合考虑平曲线半径、纵坡坡长、交通量、交通组成等。在运用SPSS统计软件进行相关性分析后,表明平曲线半径小于300米、长大下坡、长隧道等路段需要设置新限速区。对于具有干线功能的一、二级公路,由于其干扰因素复杂、限速区的设置更加繁琐。在小半径平曲线处推荐使用建议限速标志;而穿村公路、长下坡等路段需要更新限速区,限速比主线低10km/h~30km/h。
论文从驾驶安全性和短期记忆时间的角度出发,考虑限速区最短长度确定。选择42个驾驶员进行室内模拟实验。在5s、10s、15s、20s、25s、35s、45s后对驾驶员短期记忆进行测试,拟合出指数形式的短期记忆模型。结合《公路安全保障工程实施技术指南》的研究结果,限速小于80km/h的路段,限速区的最短长度宜为驾驶员平稳驾驶40秒的距离与交通标志前置距离之和。限速大于80km/h的路段,限速区的最短长度宜为驾驶员平稳驾驶60秒的距离与交通标志前置距离之和。通过实际的踏勘数据和模拟舱的实验对过渡段长度进行研究,考虑交通标志视认距离、驾驶安全距离以及相邻限速区的限速差等几个因素计算出合理的过渡段长度。
本论文的成果全部以实际踏勘数据为基础,提出了成套的高速公路和具有干线功能的一、二公路限速区限速方法。通过软件仿真,给出了限速区的更新阈值与限速过渡段的设置阈值,为高速公路和等级公路的车速管理提供依据和理论基础。
Speeding is a leading cause of traffic accidents according to related statistics in China , which threats road safety.The total number of road traffic injuries and fatalities can not be able to forecast exactly .Up till now ,government has undertook many measures to balance the interests of mobility and safety. Successful speed management is an important component of roadway management,while unreasonable speed limits may play an verse.
At present,China road traffic satety law establishes the maximum speed limit at which vehicles are permitted to travel on freeway and urban roadway. However, it does not consider factors such as vehicles’features, roadside interference ,roadway factors.What’s more, setting flow of speed limit is not reasonable and uniform.
The paper introduces a western transportation construction projects called speed management and speed control which took freeway and first and secondary roadways as research subjects. Traffic volulmes,road aligment and passenger car were collected from Xinjiang,Yunnan,Sichuan,Jiangxi,Shaanxi provinces. Statistics and mathmatics modeling process and linear regression are applied to speed zones and transitions zones setting process.The paper includes speed difference analysis, speed zones division identify , determination of length of speed zones and transition zones .
Uniform speed limit is a popular and widely used method, which mainly depend on design speed . All design process is easy and convienet.Single speed limit are not inconsistant with raodway atcual condition which leads to low compliance.
The paper first figures out concepts of speed zone and speed transition zone.It develops methods and procedures on different roadway respectively.The subjects are divided into three types:1)Plain Expressway; 2)Mountainous Highway; 3)First and Secondary roads.The paper first analyzes the impact facts of speed zone and proposed a speed limit schedule based on speed difference threshold. Targent method are used to quantify various factors ,then cluster analysis are used according to adjacent sections of coefficient of variation .Clustering results is the final division .
Speed difference probability concept was introduced to identify highway and secondary road for updating speed zone and transition zone setting. Typical road scences which leads to 10km /h, 15km /h, 20km/h, 30km/h、40km/h speed differences under VISSIM software environment . Car speed stability is taken as an indicator to determine when to update speed zone. Speed difference of adjacent section under 10km/h, 15km/h, 20km/h, 40km/h under conditions of the adjacent section of the speed and speed stability of the trend.The simulation results shows that if speed difference is greater than the adjacent section of 10km / h in the case, speed limit zone needs to be updated.If the speed difference is greater than 20km / h transition section should be inserted between speed zones.
Data from highway speed zonse on the plains freeway were analysized. Only in the interchange area and road toll stations need to update speed zone. Speed limit is generally between 40km / h ~ 80km / h, speed transition zone should be insert.Speed limit value should consider radis,length of slope,traffic volumes and traffic composition. Coorelation analysis with SPSS software is used to determine speed zone updated at small radius sections,long slope and long tunnel. Because of its interference factors are more complex for secondary roads, advisory speed signs are proposed for small radius horizontal curve, roadway through village, long downhill.Road speed limit should 10km / h ~ 30km / h lower than arterial.
Driving safety and short-term memory includes to consider the minimum length of speed limit zone. 42 subjects are selected to take part in indoor laboratory. Exponential model for short-term memory are fitting using memory data after 5s, 10s, 15s, 20s, 25s, 35s, 45s. Minimum length of speed limit zones should consists of a distance of 40 seconds for a safety driving and a traffic signs in advance when speed limit is lower than 80km/h.While is consists of a 60 seconds distrance , when speed limit is higher than 80km/h. The actual experimental data and simulor are applied to caculate the length of transition zones. Considering traffic sign legibility distance, safety distance and difference between adjacent speed areas to calculate a reasonable length of transition zone.
This paper results are based on actual data and complete the proposal for setting speed limit for highway and rural two lane.Through software simulation, the speed zone update threshold and speed transition zone threshold are provided for highway speed management.
引文
1. JTG -2003公路工程技术标准[S]. 2003.
2.姜学锋,交通事故三项指数再下降.道路交通安全与管理[J],2008,5(8),PP3.5.
3.何勇,张建军,我国高速公路交通安全问题分析与对策[R].交通世界,2005.12.
4.公安部交通管理局,中华人民共和国道路交通事故统计年报(2008年度)[R].江苏无锡:公安部交通管理科学研究所,2009,4.
5.公安部交通管理局,中华人民共和国道路交通事故统计年报[R(]2007年度)[R],江苏,无锡:公安部交通管理科学研究所,2008,5.
6.公安部交通管理局,中华人民共和国道路交通事故统计年报[R(]2006年度)[R],江苏,无锡:公安部交通管理科学研究所,2007,5.
7.公安部交通管理局,中华人民共和国道路交通事故统计年报[R(]2005年度)[R],江苏,无锡:公安部交通管理科学研究所,2006,5.
8. NHTSA., Traffic Safety Facts 2006[R], DOT-HS-808-649.U.S Department of Transportation,.2007.12.
9. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Report. 2003.
10.唐琤琤,车速与安全[J].公路交通科技,2005(3),PP97-100, 2005. 2005(3).
11.黄晓峰,交通法则详解超速行驶[J],汽车运用,2005(3),PP46-47,2005.07.
12.王华荣,孙小端、贺玉龙,美国公路限速制定方法及其对我国相关研究的启示[J].中外公路, 2008. 28.
13.刘运通,道路交通安全指南[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2004.7:72-74.
14. Ferguso, S., Relation of speed and speed limits to crashes[C].National Forum on speeding.Washington, D.C, 2005.6
15.王迎华,李凤超,杨国辉,限速与交通安全[J].吉林工程学院学报, 2007. 24(2).PP15-18
16. Solomon, D., Accidents on Main Rural Highways Related to Speed, Driver and Vehicle[R]. Bureau of Public Roads, Washington: Federal Highway Administration,, D.C.,1964,7
17. Cerillo, J.A., Interstate system accident research study II. Interim Report II[J]. Public Road, 1968.35(5). PP71-75
18. Hauer, E., Observational Before-After Studies in Road Safety[M].Great Britain:Pergamon, Oxford, U.K. .
19. West, L.B.a.D., J.W, Accidents, speed deviations, and speed limits[J]. Traffic Engineering, 1971.41(10). PP52-55.
20. Taylor, W.C., he Impact of Raising the Speed Limit on Freeways in Michigan, Final Report[R]. College of Engineering, Michigan State University. 2000.
21. Harkey, D.L. ,R. Mera, Safety Impacts of Different Speed Limits on Cars and Trucks: Final Report. Report No. FHWA-RD-93-161[R], Federal Highway Administration, Office of Safety and Traffic Operations,1994.
22. Garber, N.J. and R. Gadiraju, Speed Variance and its Influence on Accidents[R]. Washington, DC:Traffic Safety, July 1988.
23. Authority, R.a.T., Speed Problem Definition and Countermeasure Summary{R]. Roads and Traffic Authority,2002.PP2-5.
24. Navin, F. and K. Chow, Speed and the Probability of a Crash [M].Research ScientistCenter for Transportation. 2001.
25. Bowie, N.N.,J.a. M, Data Analysis of the Speed-Related Crash Issue[J]. Auto and Traffic Safety,1994.2(1):pp2-3.
26. Joksch, H.C., Velocity Change and Fatality Risk in a Crash-A Rule of Thumb[J]. Accident Analysis and Prevention,1993.25(1):PP4-6,
27. O'Day, J.,J. Flora, Alternative Measures of Restratint System Effectiveness: Interaction with Crash Severity Factors[J]. SAE Technical 1982.
28. Kloeden, C.N., J.J. McLean, V.M.M.a. G, Travelling Speed and the Risk of Crash Involvement,Report No. CR 172[R],Federal Office of Road Safety, 1997.
29. Wolley, J., Recent Advantages of Lower Speed Limits in Australia[J]. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies,2005(6),PP 3562-3573,
30.马玉春,高速公路车速与安全关系研究:北京交通大学硕士学位论文[D].北京:北京交通大学,2006.
31. Burritt, B.E., Analysis of the relation of accidents and the 88-km/h (55-mph) speed limit on Arizona highways[J]. Transportation Research Record ,1976(609):PP34-35,
32. Forester, T.H., R.F. McNown,L.D. Singell, A cost-benefit analysis of the 55 mph speed limit[J]. Southern Economic Journal,1984,50(4).
33. Dart, O.K., Effects of the 88.5-km/h (55-mph) speed limit and its enforcement on traffic speeds and accidents[J],Transportation Research Record, 1977(643), PP23-32, PP631-634
34. Wagenaar, A.C., F.M. Streff, R.H. Schultz, Effects of the 65 mph speed limit on injury morbidity and mortality[J]. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 1990.22(6),PP571-585,
35. Lave, C. and P. Elias, Did the 65 mph Speed Limit Save Lives? [J]. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 1994,26(1) ,:pp.49-62.
36. Shafi, S.,L. Gentilello, A nationwide speed limit≤65 miles per hour will save thousands of lives.[C]. 19th Annual Scientific Assembly of the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST), 2006.
37. C, D., et al, System-wide implications of the repeal of the national maximum speed limit [J]. Accident Analysis & Prevention,2007,39(1),PP180-189.
38. Bartle, S.T., et al., 70-mph speed limit and motor vehicular fatalities on interstate highways[J]. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine,2003.21(5),PP429-434,
39. Patterson, T.L., et al.,The effect of increasing rural interstate speed limits in the United States[J]. Traffic Injury Prevention,2002,(3),PP316-320,
40. Farmer, C.M., R.A. Retting, A.K. Lund., Effect of 1996 Speed Limit Changes on Motor Vehicle Occupant Fatalities[R]. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 1997,10,pp12.
41. Najjar, Y.M., et al., New speed limits on Kansas highways: Impact on crashes and fatalities[J]. Journal of the Transportation Research Forum, 2002,56(4), : pp119-147.
42. Ossiander, E.M.,P. Cummings, Freeway speed limits and traffic fatalities in Washington State. Accident Analysis and Prevention,2002, 34(1), pp. 13-18.
43. Jernigan, J.D. and C.W. Lynn, Impact of 65-mph speed limit on Virginia’s rural interstate highways through 1989[J]. Transportation Research Record, 1991,(1318),pp. 14-21.
44. Fitzpatrick, K., et al., Design Speed, Operating Speed, and Posted Speed Practices[R].Final Report NCHRP 15-18. TexasTransportation Institute, College Station, Texas. (2002).
45. Freedman, M.,J.R. Esterlitz, Effects of the 65-mph speed limit on speeds in three states[J]. Transportation Research Record, 1990,(1281), pp.52-61.
46. Parker, M.R., Effects of Raising and Lowering Speed Limits on Selected Roadway Sections[R], Office of Safety and Traffic Operations R&D,Federal Highway Administration,USA. 1997.
47.胡功宏,高速公路交通流状态安全性评价与对策研究[D],.重庆交通大学硕士学位论文, 2008.03.
48. Edgar, A., A Consist Method For Rural Speed zoning 85th percentile speed Profiles vs risk based caculation //[C] 22nd ARRB Conference,Canberra Australia, 2006. 2006.
49. Freedman, M., et al., Field Test of the Impact of Setting and Enforcing Rational Speed Limits; Final Report for Gulfport, Mississippi--Demonstration Community[R],USA:Office of Research and Technology National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.,2007
50. Managing speed review of practice for setting and enforcing speed limits-Special Report 254[R]. Transportation Research Board National Research Council,Washington D.C,1998.
51. Mannual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices of Australia.[S],
52. Lee, C., B. Hellinga, and F. Saccoomanno, Evaluation of Variable speed Limit to Improve Traffie Safety[J].Transportation Research Record 2006(1953), Washington,D.C ,PP:21-30.
53. Elvik, R., Optimal Speed Limits of Optimality Models[J],Transportation Research Reocrd (1818),PP32-36. 2002.
54. Jondrow, M.B. J., and R.A.Levy, Optimal Speed Limit:A new Approach [J]. Transportation Research Record ,1982(887),PP1-2,
55. Donald, D., Using Expert System Technology to Set Appropriate Consistent Speed Limits-The Australian Experience[C]. //Third International Conference on Safety and the Environment in the 21st Century: Lessons from the Past, Shaping the Future, Tel Aviv, Israel, 1994 pp. 284-295.
56. Lee, C., B. Hellinga, and F. Saccomanno, Evaluation of variable speed limits to improve transportation safety[J],Transportation Research Part C,2006(14), pp:213-228.
57. Hancock, K.L., Summary Report of Speed Management Practices,Task 20: Speed and Traffic Operations Evaluation[R] ,Massachusetts Traffic Safety Research Program ,USA:Boston, 2004.8.
58. the Institute of Engineers (ITE) document entitled Speed Zone Guidelines– A Proposed Recommended Practice[R],USA:Washington,1993.
59. Procedures for EstablishingSpeed Zones[R],Texas Department of Transportation,2006,11
60. ITE Speed Zoning Guidelines-Road and Traffic Standards[J],Network & Asset Planning Traffic Engineering Manual Volume 1 - Traffic Management,2006,10
61. Srinivasan, R., et al., Expert System For Recommending Speed Limits In Speed Zones Final Report[R],National Cooperative Highway Research Program Transportation Reserach Board ,. 2006.11.
62. Road and Traffic Standards[S],United States of America
63. Hildebrand, et al., Effectiveness of Transitional Speed Zones[J], The Institute of Transportation Engineers. 2004,(10),PP32-35
64. S.D.e., Setting of speed limits in South Africa[R]. Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Transport, 2000.
65. Speed Zone Guidelines– A Proposed Recommended actice,1993.
66. M.R.P.,Comparison of Speed Zoning Procedures and Their Effectiveness[R],Michigan Department of Transportation ,Traffic and Safety Division,1992,10.
67. Establishment of Speed Limits and Zones[R],State of Alask Department of Transportation and Public Facilities ,2000
68 http://www.mainroads.wa.gov.au/Internet/Standard/Rtems/trafficmgmt/spped-zone
69. Gaffney, S., J. Bunker, and J. Wikman, The Transition Between The Divided And Undivided Road On Australia's Highways[c]// 30 th Australasian Transport Research Forum, 2003:.PP1-6
70. Ribbens, H., Guidelines for setting speed limits[R]. National institute for transport and road research,csir,south Africa,1986,2.
71.人民公安报,公安交通科技之窗2010,2,PP43-45.
72. A, C.,P.E. Lopez, Procedures for Establishing Speed Zones[R],USA:Texas Department of Transportation. 2006.
73. Angelia H.Parham, P.E,K. Fitzpatrick, Investigationg speed management techniques.[R].USA:Texas Transportation Institute ,. 1998.
74. Garrod, G.D., R. Scarpa,,K.G. Willis., Estimating the Benefits of Traffic Calming on Through Routes: A Choice Experiment Approach[J]. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy,2002,36(2).
75. Karen Dixon,H. Zhu, Determinine effective roadway design treatment for transitioning from rural areas to urban areas on state highways final Report SPR 631[R],Federal highway Administration,Washington,DC,2008,9.
76. Stamatiadis, N., J. G. Pigman, and D. Hartman., Safety Consequences from Design Flexibility in Rural to Urban Transitions[C]. TRB 85th Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers,2006, Washington, DC.
77. Crowley, F. and A. MacDermott., Evaluation Of Traffic Calming Schemes Constructed On National Roads 1993-1996[J]. Road Safety Engineering. PP460,.
78.《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法实施条例》.
79. Florida Department of Transportation.The Speed zoning for Highways,Roads and Streets inFlorida[M].Tallahassee;FDOT,1997,PP2-36
80.李建明,高速公路速度与流量关系及车速管理研究[D],哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文. 2004,12.
81.梁建国,公路限速控制技术研究,长安大学公路学院硕士学位论文[D],陕西西安2009,4
82.钟连德,孙小端,陈永胜,高速公路大、小车速度差与事故率的关系[J],北京工业大学学报,2007,33(2),PP185-188.
83.邹志,大中城市居民出行强度的聚类分析[J],交通运输工程与信息学报, 2006,5(2),PP8-12.
84.李敏,.何理,聚类分析在证券投资基本分析中的应用[J],辽宁师范大学学报(自然科学版),2006,29(2),PP145-148.
85.付超,张香平,闰瑞一,李谦,张锁江,绿色度方法中环境影响因子权值的确定[J],计算机与应用化学,2008,25(9),PP1068-1072.
86. Park, J.Modeling of Setting Speed Limits on Urban and Suburban Roadways [D],University of South Florida,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 2003.
87.冯文丽,崔洪庆,刘远征,基于有序聚类法的风化岩体定量分带研究[J],岩土工程技术,2006,20(6),PP297-300.
88.张心哲,关伟,基于聚类分析的城市交通路段划分研究[J],交通运输系统工程与信息,2009.9(3):PP36-40.
89.田雨佳,基于驾驶员期望的山区高速公路限速标志设置[D],长安大学硕士论文:公路学院,陕西,西安,2010.5.
90.李鑫铭,陆.建,谭丹丹,普通公路驾驶员期望车速调查分析与建模.交通信息与安全, 2010. 28(154).
91.曹荷红,高速公路互通式立交变速车道研究(硕士学位论文)[D].北京,北京工业大学交通工程研究所,1999.
92.江晓霞,袁宏伟,高速公路互通立交安全性设计研究[J],公路,2006,4(4),PP167-172.公路, 2006.
93.苏世毅,基于运行速度设计方法的互通立交出口匝道设计[J].北方交通,2010,(7),PP41-43.
94.苏世毅,基于运行速度设计方法的互通立交出口匝道设计[J],北方交通,2010(7),PP46-50.
95.孟巧娟,孙家驷, and杨森顺,立交出口匝道安全性判断的探讨[J].公路交通技术,2006.12(6),PP128-133, 2006. 6.
96.张晋伟,高速公路隧道及互通区运行速度车速模型[D].重庆交通大学,道路与铁道工程, 2009.
97.周广振,高速公路隧道限速研究[D].重庆交通大学,道路与铁道工程, 2008.3.
98.杜志刚,崔显忠,浙江交通职业技术学院学报,2008,9(3),PP2-5,
99. Bonneson, J., et al., Development of guidelines for establishing effevtive curve arvisory speeds[R]. Texas Transportation Institute,The Texas A&M University System,College Station, Texas 2007.10.
100.李娟,姬为宇,蔡加发,高速公路分段限速值研究[J].公路交通技术,2007,10(5), PP117-120,
101.王晓楠,山区高速公路合理限速分段方法研究[D].长安大学公路学院硕士学位论文,2009.6.
102.王利军,吕幸,唐红叶,何智勇,高速公路交通标志设计[J],中外公路,2009,29(3)P270~275.
103.龙先军,张炎,闫柱,公路限速标志设置的位置研究[J],西部交通科技,2010,9(38),PP52-54.
104.贾洪飞,司银霞,孙宝凤,驾驶员自身因素对限速标志识别能力的影响分析[J].中国安全科学学报,2007,17(2),PP50-55.
105.汤筠筠,高速公路雾区限速问题探讨[J].公路交通科技,2004,21(11),PP10-13, 2004.
106 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials·A Policy onGeometric Design ofHighways and Streets [M]·Washington, D·C: 2001·.
107.陈俊,驾驶人对交通标志视认的短时记忆衰减研究[D].长安大学公路学院硕士学位论文, 2009.5.
108.黄希庭,心理学导论(第二版)[M].北京:人民教育出版社, 2007.
109.詹嘉,潘晓东, and杜志刚,高速公路指路标志视认性与行车安全性研究[J],公路与汽车,2007,1(1),PP36~39.
110.王力军,汽车驾驶模拟系统的研究与进展[J].农业装备与车辆工程,PP34-38, 2009.5.
111. Aronsson, K.F.M., Speed characteristics of urban streets based on driver behaviour studies and simulation[D] , Sweden,Stockholm:Royal Institute of Technology 2006.
112.王建军,道路交通标志设计理论与方法[M],北京:人民交通出版社,2008.
113.王建军,王娟,吴海刚,道路交通标志信息过载阈值研究[J],公路,2009,4(4), PP174-178;.
114.张小蒂,抽样调查技术与应用[M].上海:上海科技文献出版社, 1991.7.
115.周志强,公路安全保障工程实施技术指南及技术标准手册2005[M].北京:交通部公路司, 2005.
2.姜学锋,交通事故三项指数再下降.道路交通安全与管理[J],2008,5(8),PP3.5.
3.何勇,张建军,我国高速公路交通安全问题分析与对策[R].交通世界,2005.12.
4.公安部交通管理局,中华人民共和国道路交通事故统计年报(2008年度)[R].江苏无锡:公安部交通管理科学研究所,2009,4.
5.公安部交通管理局,中华人民共和国道路交通事故统计年报[R(]2007年度)[R],江苏,无锡:公安部交通管理科学研究所,2008,5.
6.公安部交通管理局,中华人民共和国道路交通事故统计年报[R(]2006年度)[R],江苏,无锡:公安部交通管理科学研究所,2007,5.
7.公安部交通管理局,中华人民共和国道路交通事故统计年报[R(]2005年度)[R],江苏,无锡:公安部交通管理科学研究所,2006,5.
8. NHTSA., Traffic Safety Facts 2006[R], DOT-HS-808-649.U.S Department of Transportation,.2007.12.
9. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Report. 2003.
10.唐琤琤,车速与安全[J].公路交通科技,2005(3),PP97-100, 2005. 2005(3).
11.黄晓峰,交通法则详解超速行驶[J],汽车运用,2005(3),PP46-47,2005.07.
12.王华荣,孙小端、贺玉龙,美国公路限速制定方法及其对我国相关研究的启示[J].中外公路, 2008. 28.
13.刘运通,道路交通安全指南[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2004.7:72-74.
14. Ferguso, S., Relation of speed and speed limits to crashes[C].National Forum on speeding.Washington, D.C, 2005.6
15.王迎华,李凤超,杨国辉,限速与交通安全[J].吉林工程学院学报, 2007. 24(2).PP15-18
16. Solomon, D., Accidents on Main Rural Highways Related to Speed, Driver and Vehicle[R]. Bureau of Public Roads, Washington: Federal Highway Administration,, D.C.,1964,7
17. Cerillo, J.A., Interstate system accident research study II. Interim Report II[J]. Public Road, 1968.35(5). PP71-75
18. Hauer, E., Observational Before-After Studies in Road Safety[M].Great Britain:Pergamon, Oxford, U.K. .
19. West, L.B.a.D., J.W, Accidents, speed deviations, and speed limits[J]. Traffic Engineering, 1971.41(10). PP52-55.
20. Taylor, W.C., he Impact of Raising the Speed Limit on Freeways in Michigan, Final Report[R]. College of Engineering, Michigan State University. 2000.
21. Harkey, D.L. ,R. Mera, Safety Impacts of Different Speed Limits on Cars and Trucks: Final Report. Report No. FHWA-RD-93-161[R], Federal Highway Administration, Office of Safety and Traffic Operations,1994.
22. Garber, N.J. and R. Gadiraju, Speed Variance and its Influence on Accidents[R]. Washington, DC:Traffic Safety, July 1988.
23. Authority, R.a.T., Speed Problem Definition and Countermeasure Summary{R]. Roads and Traffic Authority,2002.PP2-5.
24. Navin, F. and K. Chow, Speed and the Probability of a Crash [M].Research ScientistCenter for Transportation. 2001.
25. Bowie, N.N.,J.a. M, Data Analysis of the Speed-Related Crash Issue[J]. Auto and Traffic Safety,1994.2(1):pp2-3.
26. Joksch, H.C., Velocity Change and Fatality Risk in a Crash-A Rule of Thumb[J]. Accident Analysis and Prevention,1993.25(1):PP4-6,
27. O'Day, J.,J. Flora, Alternative Measures of Restratint System Effectiveness: Interaction with Crash Severity Factors[J]. SAE Technical 1982.
28. Kloeden, C.N., J.J. McLean, V.M.M.a. G, Travelling Speed and the Risk of Crash Involvement,Report No. CR 172[R],Federal Office of Road Safety, 1997.
29. Wolley, J., Recent Advantages of Lower Speed Limits in Australia[J]. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies,2005(6),PP 3562-3573,
30.马玉春,高速公路车速与安全关系研究:北京交通大学硕士学位论文[D].北京:北京交通大学,2006.
31. Burritt, B.E., Analysis of the relation of accidents and the 88-km/h (55-mph) speed limit on Arizona highways[J]. Transportation Research Record ,1976(609):PP34-35,
32. Forester, T.H., R.F. McNown,L.D. Singell, A cost-benefit analysis of the 55 mph speed limit[J]. Southern Economic Journal,1984,50(4).
33. Dart, O.K., Effects of the 88.5-km/h (55-mph) speed limit and its enforcement on traffic speeds and accidents[J],Transportation Research Record, 1977(643), PP23-32, PP631-634
34. Wagenaar, A.C., F.M. Streff, R.H. Schultz, Effects of the 65 mph speed limit on injury morbidity and mortality[J]. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 1990.22(6),PP571-585,
35. Lave, C. and P. Elias, Did the 65 mph Speed Limit Save Lives? [J]. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 1994,26(1) ,:pp.49-62.
36. Shafi, S.,L. Gentilello, A nationwide speed limit≤65 miles per hour will save thousands of lives.[C]. 19th Annual Scientific Assembly of the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST), 2006.
37. C, D., et al, System-wide implications of the repeal of the national maximum speed limit [J]. Accident Analysis & Prevention,2007,39(1),PP180-189.
38. Bartle, S.T., et al., 70-mph speed limit and motor vehicular fatalities on interstate highways[J]. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine,2003.21(5),PP429-434,
39. Patterson, T.L., et al.,The effect of increasing rural interstate speed limits in the United States[J]. Traffic Injury Prevention,2002,(3),PP316-320,
40. Farmer, C.M., R.A. Retting, A.K. Lund., Effect of 1996 Speed Limit Changes on Motor Vehicle Occupant Fatalities[R]. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 1997,10,pp12.
41. Najjar, Y.M., et al., New speed limits on Kansas highways: Impact on crashes and fatalities[J]. Journal of the Transportation Research Forum, 2002,56(4), : pp119-147.
42. Ossiander, E.M.,P. Cummings, Freeway speed limits and traffic fatalities in Washington State. Accident Analysis and Prevention,2002, 34(1), pp. 13-18.
43. Jernigan, J.D. and C.W. Lynn, Impact of 65-mph speed limit on Virginia’s rural interstate highways through 1989[J]. Transportation Research Record, 1991,(1318),pp. 14-21.
44. Fitzpatrick, K., et al., Design Speed, Operating Speed, and Posted Speed Practices[R].Final Report NCHRP 15-18. TexasTransportation Institute, College Station, Texas. (2002).
45. Freedman, M.,J.R. Esterlitz, Effects of the 65-mph speed limit on speeds in three states[J]. Transportation Research Record, 1990,(1281), pp.52-61.
46. Parker, M.R., Effects of Raising and Lowering Speed Limits on Selected Roadway Sections[R], Office of Safety and Traffic Operations R&D,Federal Highway Administration,USA. 1997.
47.胡功宏,高速公路交通流状态安全性评价与对策研究[D],.重庆交通大学硕士学位论文, 2008.03.
48. Edgar, A., A Consist Method For Rural Speed zoning 85th percentile speed Profiles vs risk based caculation //[C] 22nd ARRB Conference,Canberra Australia, 2006. 2006.
49. Freedman, M., et al., Field Test of the Impact of Setting and Enforcing Rational Speed Limits; Final Report for Gulfport, Mississippi--Demonstration Community[R],USA:Office of Research and Technology National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.,2007
50. Managing speed review of practice for setting and enforcing speed limits-Special Report 254[R]. Transportation Research Board National Research Council,Washington D.C,1998.
51. Mannual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices of Australia.[S],
52. Lee, C., B. Hellinga, and F. Saccoomanno, Evaluation of Variable speed Limit to Improve Traffie Safety[J].Transportation Research Record 2006(1953), Washington,D.C ,PP:21-30.
53. Elvik, R., Optimal Speed Limits of Optimality Models[J],Transportation Research Reocrd (1818),PP32-36. 2002.
54. Jondrow, M.B. J., and R.A.Levy, Optimal Speed Limit:A new Approach [J]. Transportation Research Record ,1982(887),PP1-2,
55. Donald, D., Using Expert System Technology to Set Appropriate Consistent Speed Limits-The Australian Experience[C]. //Third International Conference on Safety and the Environment in the 21st Century: Lessons from the Past, Shaping the Future, Tel Aviv, Israel, 1994 pp. 284-295.
56. Lee, C., B. Hellinga, and F. Saccomanno, Evaluation of variable speed limits to improve transportation safety[J],Transportation Research Part C,2006(14), pp:213-228.
57. Hancock, K.L., Summary Report of Speed Management Practices,Task 20: Speed and Traffic Operations Evaluation[R] ,Massachusetts Traffic Safety Research Program ,USA:Boston, 2004.8.
58. the Institute of Engineers (ITE) document entitled Speed Zone Guidelines– A Proposed Recommended Practice[R],USA:Washington,1993.
59. Procedures for EstablishingSpeed Zones[R],Texas Department of Transportation,2006,11
60. ITE Speed Zoning Guidelines-Road and Traffic Standards[J],Network & Asset Planning Traffic Engineering Manual Volume 1 - Traffic Management,2006,10
61. Srinivasan, R., et al., Expert System For Recommending Speed Limits In Speed Zones Final Report[R],National Cooperative Highway Research Program Transportation Reserach Board ,. 2006.11.
62. Road and Traffic Standards[S],United States of America
63. Hildebrand, et al., Effectiveness of Transitional Speed Zones[J], The Institute of Transportation Engineers. 2004,(10),PP32-35
64. S.D.e., Setting of speed limits in South Africa[R]. Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Transport, 2000.
65. Speed Zone Guidelines– A Proposed Recommended actice,1993.
66. M.R.P.,Comparison of Speed Zoning Procedures and Their Effectiveness[R],Michigan Department of Transportation ,Traffic and Safety Division,1992,10.
67. Establishment of Speed Limits and Zones[R],State of Alask Department of Transportation and Public Facilities ,2000
68 http://www.mainroads.wa.gov.au/Internet/Standard/Rtems/trafficmgmt/spped-zone
69. Gaffney, S., J. Bunker, and J. Wikman, The Transition Between The Divided And Undivided Road On Australia's Highways[c]// 30 th Australasian Transport Research Forum, 2003:.PP1-6
70. Ribbens, H., Guidelines for setting speed limits[R]. National institute for transport and road research,csir,south Africa,1986,2.
71.人民公安报,公安交通科技之窗2010,2,PP43-45.
72. A, C.,P.E. Lopez, Procedures for Establishing Speed Zones[R],USA:Texas Department of Transportation. 2006.
73. Angelia H.Parham, P.E,K. Fitzpatrick, Investigationg speed management techniques.[R].USA:Texas Transportation Institute ,. 1998.
74. Garrod, G.D., R. Scarpa,,K.G. Willis., Estimating the Benefits of Traffic Calming on Through Routes: A Choice Experiment Approach[J]. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy,2002,36(2).
75. Karen Dixon,H. Zhu, Determinine effective roadway design treatment for transitioning from rural areas to urban areas on state highways final Report SPR 631[R],Federal highway Administration,Washington,DC,2008,9.
76. Stamatiadis, N., J. G. Pigman, and D. Hartman., Safety Consequences from Design Flexibility in Rural to Urban Transitions[C]. TRB 85th Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers,2006, Washington, DC.
77. Crowley, F. and A. MacDermott., Evaluation Of Traffic Calming Schemes Constructed On National Roads 1993-1996[J]. Road Safety Engineering. PP460,.
78.《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法实施条例》.
79. Florida Department of Transportation.The Speed zoning for Highways,Roads and Streets inFlorida[M].Tallahassee;FDOT,1997,PP2-36
80.李建明,高速公路速度与流量关系及车速管理研究[D],哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文. 2004,12.
81.梁建国,公路限速控制技术研究,长安大学公路学院硕士学位论文[D],陕西西安2009,4
82.钟连德,孙小端,陈永胜,高速公路大、小车速度差与事故率的关系[J],北京工业大学学报,2007,33(2),PP185-188.
83.邹志,大中城市居民出行强度的聚类分析[J],交通运输工程与信息学报, 2006,5(2),PP8-12.
84.李敏,.何理,聚类分析在证券投资基本分析中的应用[J],辽宁师范大学学报(自然科学版),2006,29(2),PP145-148.
85.付超,张香平,闰瑞一,李谦,张锁江,绿色度方法中环境影响因子权值的确定[J],计算机与应用化学,2008,25(9),PP1068-1072.
86. Park, J.Modeling of Setting Speed Limits on Urban and Suburban Roadways [D],University of South Florida,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 2003.
87.冯文丽,崔洪庆,刘远征,基于有序聚类法的风化岩体定量分带研究[J],岩土工程技术,2006,20(6),PP297-300.
88.张心哲,关伟,基于聚类分析的城市交通路段划分研究[J],交通运输系统工程与信息,2009.9(3):PP36-40.
89.田雨佳,基于驾驶员期望的山区高速公路限速标志设置[D],长安大学硕士论文:公路学院,陕西,西安,2010.5.
90.李鑫铭,陆.建,谭丹丹,普通公路驾驶员期望车速调查分析与建模.交通信息与安全, 2010. 28(154).
91.曹荷红,高速公路互通式立交变速车道研究(硕士学位论文)[D].北京,北京工业大学交通工程研究所,1999.
92.江晓霞,袁宏伟,高速公路互通立交安全性设计研究[J],公路,2006,4(4),PP167-172.公路, 2006.
93.苏世毅,基于运行速度设计方法的互通立交出口匝道设计[J].北方交通,2010,(7),PP41-43.
94.苏世毅,基于运行速度设计方法的互通立交出口匝道设计[J],北方交通,2010(7),PP46-50.
95.孟巧娟,孙家驷, and杨森顺,立交出口匝道安全性判断的探讨[J].公路交通技术,2006.12(6),PP128-133, 2006. 6.
96.张晋伟,高速公路隧道及互通区运行速度车速模型[D].重庆交通大学,道路与铁道工程, 2009.
97.周广振,高速公路隧道限速研究[D].重庆交通大学,道路与铁道工程, 2008.3.
98.杜志刚,崔显忠,浙江交通职业技术学院学报,2008,9(3),PP2-5,
99. Bonneson, J., et al., Development of guidelines for establishing effevtive curve arvisory speeds[R]. Texas Transportation Institute,The Texas A&M University System,College Station, Texas 2007.10.
100.李娟,姬为宇,蔡加发,高速公路分段限速值研究[J].公路交通技术,2007,10(5), PP117-120,
101.王晓楠,山区高速公路合理限速分段方法研究[D].长安大学公路学院硕士学位论文,2009.6.
102.王利军,吕幸,唐红叶,何智勇,高速公路交通标志设计[J],中外公路,2009,29(3)P270~275.
103.龙先军,张炎,闫柱,公路限速标志设置的位置研究[J],西部交通科技,2010,9(38),PP52-54.
104.贾洪飞,司银霞,孙宝凤,驾驶员自身因素对限速标志识别能力的影响分析[J].中国安全科学学报,2007,17(2),PP50-55.
105.汤筠筠,高速公路雾区限速问题探讨[J].公路交通科技,2004,21(11),PP10-13, 2004.
106 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials·A Policy onGeometric Design ofHighways and Streets [M]·Washington, D·C: 2001·.
107.陈俊,驾驶人对交通标志视认的短时记忆衰减研究[D].长安大学公路学院硕士学位论文, 2009.5.
108.黄希庭,心理学导论(第二版)[M].北京:人民教育出版社, 2007.
109.詹嘉,潘晓东, and杜志刚,高速公路指路标志视认性与行车安全性研究[J],公路与汽车,2007,1(1),PP36~39.
110.王力军,汽车驾驶模拟系统的研究与进展[J].农业装备与车辆工程,PP34-38, 2009.5.
111. Aronsson, K.F.M., Speed characteristics of urban streets based on driver behaviour studies and simulation[D] , Sweden,Stockholm:Royal Institute of Technology 2006.
112.王建军,道路交通标志设计理论与方法[M],北京:人民交通出版社,2008.
113.王建军,王娟,吴海刚,道路交通标志信息过载阈值研究[J],公路,2009,4(4), PP174-178;.
114.张小蒂,抽样调查技术与应用[M].上海:上海科技文献出版社, 1991.7.
115.周志强,公路安全保障工程实施技术指南及技术标准手册2005[M].北京:交通部公路司, 2005.