上海市残疾人社会空间研究
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摘要
随着以人为本的科学发展观和构建和谐社会战略思想的提出,残疾人群体及其生活现状成为国家和社会关注的焦点。随着我国社会经济的迅速发展,残疾人群体的生活状况得到不断改善。但是,在竞争严酷的大城市,残疾人与以健全人为主的“主流社会”关系如何?残疾人是否得到“主流社会”公平和公正的对待呢?这是本研究的缘起。
社会空间是地理学和社会学相融合的概念,包括就业行为空间、日常生活空间及意象空间,反映了群体社会属性的空间差异及其社会学涵义。本文以上海市为例,结合社会发展的新兴理论-社会排斥理论分析城市残疾人社会空间,探析其在大规模城市更新和社会经济发展中的现状特征及社会排斥作用表象,期望对残疾人事业发展有些许贡献。
基于空间作为公共资源的公平性,本文的研究假设是：在城市发展及更新运动中,城市残疾人就业行为空间被压缩,居住就业空间相对集中；城市残疾人的日常生活空间较为狭窄,活动类型单调,活动内容贫乏,社会参与水平低；相比城市社会主体的健全人而言,城市残疾人群体意象空间的覆盖范围小,涉及的内容较简单,且形成的意象也十分模糊。
1梳理了城市残疾人群体社会化特征及上海市残疾人社会经济现状。发现城市残疾人群体的社会化过程、社会角色履行及人际关系比较特殊；上海市残疾人社会经济状况低于社会平均水平。
2基于残疾人就业心理及就业机制,从微观的角度分析了上海市残疾人的就业行为空间特征。发现就业与居住空间邻近性,降低就业行为空间风险；就业行为空间的隔离；就业行为的社会歧视；残疾人就业行为空间范围与残疾等级和残疾类别有关。
3分析了中年残疾人及青年残疾人的日常活动空间特征,并探讨其社会排斥机制。发现家庭经济状况是城市残疾人购物空间的主要影响因素：城市残疾人娱乐休闲空间集中在居住地附近,跨省区旅游活动较少；残疾人现实社会交往空间较小,形成亚文化群体,电脑网络拓展了虚拟社交。
4基于城市残疾人的认知草图及访谈,分析了残疾人城市评估意象及结构性意象空间。发现残疾人对改革开放以来本市社会经济事业的发展表示了充分的肯定,并感到自豪,但是在社会参与、生活状态及生活感知中,残疾人群体对于目前的自身状况并不满意,人情淡薄、生活压力大等是残疾人对生存环境的的普遍评价；残疾人城市结构性意象空间范围比较狭小,主要集中在居住地周围和就业活动范围,准确度不高,一定程度上体现了城市残疾人的社会空间特征。
5基于社会排斥视角对城市残疾人社会空间展开理论探讨。总结并归纳了上海市残疾人劳动力市场分割,教育排斥、机动性排斥和经济排斥等社会排斥表象；提出了残疾人劳动力市场属于低端劳动力市场,就业层次较低；社会排斥因素引起残疾人社会空间分异；机动性是一种重要的公共资源,残疾人机动性(mobility)缺失导致城市空间排斥等理论探讨。
With the human-oriented development view and strategic thought of constructing harmonious society, Disabled people and their living situation become the focus of govement and society. And at the same time, with th rapid social and economic development of our country, the current living conditions of disabled people are becoming better and better. However, in big cities with sever competition, how is the relationship between disabled people and "mainstream society" composed of healthy persons? Whether disabled people are treated by "mainstream society" equally and justly or not? This is the origin of this study.
Social space is the concept integrating geography and sociology, which includs employment behavior space, everyday space and image space, reflecting spatial differentiation and its implication of groups'social attributes. This paper takes the city of Shanghai as a case of study, analysizing social space of urban disabed people combined with new theory of social development-social exclusion, exploring its current characteristics and reprentations of social exclusion in the context of large-scale urban renewal and development of urban social economy. Expecting to make a little contribution to the disabled people.
Based on spacial equality as public resource, this paper puts forward the following hypotheses. During the urban development and urban renewal, the employment behavior space of urban disabled people is compressed, settlement and employment behavior space is relatively concentrating;everyday space is small, types of activity are tedium; the level of community involvement is low; compared with the urban social agents of healthy persons, the image space of urban people is simple and blurry, and its coverage area is also small.
1 Carding the socialization features of urban disabled people and the current social economy situation of disabled people in Shanghai. Finding that the socialization,social role fufillment and interpersonal relationship are special, The current social economy status of disabled people is below that of healthy people in Shanghai.
2 Based on the psychology and mechanism of employment, analysing the spacial features of employment behavior of urban disabled people from microcosmic view. Finding that employment and settlement behavior space of urban disabled people is neighbouring in order to avoid employment risks; employment behavior has the phenomena of social prejudice and spacial isolation; the employment behavior space of urban disabled people is related to disability scale and disability types.
3 Analysing the everyday space of middle-aged and young disabled people. Finding that family income is the main influential factor for the shopping space of urban disabled people; leisure and entertainment space is around settlement area, long-distance tourism activites is seldom; real social communication space is small as a cultural sub-group, internet extends virtual social communications for urban disabled people; economy and mobility exclusion are the main influential factors.
4 Analysing the evaluation image and structural image of urban disabled people by the cognitive map. Finding that urban disabled people are proud of social economy development in Shanghai since the reform and open policy, While urban disabled people are not satisfied with current social involvement,living conditons and perceived life. The bad milk of human kindness and high living pressure are the main evaluation to the living environment;The structural urban image of disabled people focuses on the area of settlement and employment, reflecting the features of social space for urban disabled people to some extent.
5 Theoretical study on the social space of urban disabled people based on the perspective of social exclusion.This paper summarizes some presentation of social exclusion in Shanghai such as labor market segmentation,education exclusion,mobility exclusion,economic exclusion and so on. Putting forward that Urban disabled people belong to low-end labor market, Employment level is low. Social exclusion faceors lead to socio-spacial differentiation; Mobility is an important public resource, mobility deficiency for urban disabled people causes spacial exclusion.
社会空间是地理学和社会学相融合的概念,包括就业行为空间、日常生活空间及意象空间,反映了群体社会属性的空间差异及其社会学涵义。本文以上海市为例,结合社会发展的新兴理论-社会排斥理论分析城市残疾人社会空间,探析其在大规模城市更新和社会经济发展中的现状特征及社会排斥作用表象,期望对残疾人事业发展有些许贡献。
基于空间作为公共资源的公平性,本文的研究假设是：在城市发展及更新运动中,城市残疾人就业行为空间被压缩,居住就业空间相对集中；城市残疾人的日常生活空间较为狭窄,活动类型单调,活动内容贫乏,社会参与水平低；相比城市社会主体的健全人而言,城市残疾人群体意象空间的覆盖范围小,涉及的内容较简单,且形成的意象也十分模糊。
1梳理了城市残疾人群体社会化特征及上海市残疾人社会经济现状。发现城市残疾人群体的社会化过程、社会角色履行及人际关系比较特殊；上海市残疾人社会经济状况低于社会平均水平。
2基于残疾人就业心理及就业机制,从微观的角度分析了上海市残疾人的就业行为空间特征。发现就业与居住空间邻近性,降低就业行为空间风险；就业行为空间的隔离；就业行为的社会歧视；残疾人就业行为空间范围与残疾等级和残疾类别有关。
3分析了中年残疾人及青年残疾人的日常活动空间特征,并探讨其社会排斥机制。发现家庭经济状况是城市残疾人购物空间的主要影响因素：城市残疾人娱乐休闲空间集中在居住地附近,跨省区旅游活动较少；残疾人现实社会交往空间较小,形成亚文化群体,电脑网络拓展了虚拟社交。
4基于城市残疾人的认知草图及访谈,分析了残疾人城市评估意象及结构性意象空间。发现残疾人对改革开放以来本市社会经济事业的发展表示了充分的肯定,并感到自豪,但是在社会参与、生活状态及生活感知中,残疾人群体对于目前的自身状况并不满意,人情淡薄、生活压力大等是残疾人对生存环境的的普遍评价；残疾人城市结构性意象空间范围比较狭小,主要集中在居住地周围和就业活动范围,准确度不高,一定程度上体现了城市残疾人的社会空间特征。
5基于社会排斥视角对城市残疾人社会空间展开理论探讨。总结并归纳了上海市残疾人劳动力市场分割,教育排斥、机动性排斥和经济排斥等社会排斥表象；提出了残疾人劳动力市场属于低端劳动力市场,就业层次较低；社会排斥因素引起残疾人社会空间分异；机动性是一种重要的公共资源,残疾人机动性(mobility)缺失导致城市空间排斥等理论探讨。
With the human-oriented development view and strategic thought of constructing harmonious society, Disabled people and their living situation become the focus of govement and society. And at the same time, with th rapid social and economic development of our country, the current living conditions of disabled people are becoming better and better. However, in big cities with sever competition, how is the relationship between disabled people and "mainstream society" composed of healthy persons? Whether disabled people are treated by "mainstream society" equally and justly or not? This is the origin of this study.
Social space is the concept integrating geography and sociology, which includs employment behavior space, everyday space and image space, reflecting spatial differentiation and its implication of groups'social attributes. This paper takes the city of Shanghai as a case of study, analysizing social space of urban disabed people combined with new theory of social development-social exclusion, exploring its current characteristics and reprentations of social exclusion in the context of large-scale urban renewal and development of urban social economy. Expecting to make a little contribution to the disabled people.
Based on spacial equality as public resource, this paper puts forward the following hypotheses. During the urban development and urban renewal, the employment behavior space of urban disabled people is compressed, settlement and employment behavior space is relatively concentrating;everyday space is small, types of activity are tedium; the level of community involvement is low; compared with the urban social agents of healthy persons, the image space of urban people is simple and blurry, and its coverage area is also small.
1 Carding the socialization features of urban disabled people and the current social economy situation of disabled people in Shanghai. Finding that the socialization,social role fufillment and interpersonal relationship are special, The current social economy status of disabled people is below that of healthy people in Shanghai.
2 Based on the psychology and mechanism of employment, analysing the spacial features of employment behavior of urban disabled people from microcosmic view. Finding that employment and settlement behavior space of urban disabled people is neighbouring in order to avoid employment risks; employment behavior has the phenomena of social prejudice and spacial isolation; the employment behavior space of urban disabled people is related to disability scale and disability types.
3 Analysing the everyday space of middle-aged and young disabled people. Finding that family income is the main influential factor for the shopping space of urban disabled people; leisure and entertainment space is around settlement area, long-distance tourism activites is seldom; real social communication space is small as a cultural sub-group, internet extends virtual social communications for urban disabled people; economy and mobility exclusion are the main influential factors.
4 Analysing the evaluation image and structural image of urban disabled people by the cognitive map. Finding that urban disabled people are proud of social economy development in Shanghai since the reform and open policy, While urban disabled people are not satisfied with current social involvement,living conditons and perceived life. The bad milk of human kindness and high living pressure are the main evaluation to the living environment;The structural urban image of disabled people focuses on the area of settlement and employment, reflecting the features of social space for urban disabled people to some extent.
5 Theoretical study on the social space of urban disabled people based on the perspective of social exclusion.This paper summarizes some presentation of social exclusion in Shanghai such as labor market segmentation,education exclusion,mobility exclusion,economic exclusion and so on. Putting forward that Urban disabled people belong to low-end labor market, Employment level is low. Social exclusion faceors lead to socio-spacial differentiation; Mobility is an important public resource, mobility deficiency for urban disabled people causes spacial exclusion.
引文
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