青岛市环胶州湾污染控制单元主要污染物排放容量估算
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摘要
随着青岛市经济高速发展、人口持续增加,胶州湾沿岸化学污染物排海总量逐年增加,导致胶州湾海水水质日益恶化,而原有的浓度控制和目标总量控制制度已不能满足海洋环境的需求,实施污染物排海容量总量控制是改善海洋环境质量的重要措施。本论文针对目前我国总量控制方案缺乏可操作性的现状,在胶州湾主要化学污染物海洋环境容量和主要排污管理区分配容量研究工作的基础上,依据多目标非线性规划原理,估算了基于街道办(或镇)级行政区的环胶州湾控制单元的主要化学污染物排放容量,并初步提出了基于此控制单元的污染物排海总量控制方案,主要研究成果如下:
(1)对研究区域内的自然条件、资源、社会和经济发展状况,特别是主要污染源及排放特征等进行全面深入的调查和分析基础上,基于街道办(或镇)级行政区划分污染控制单元,并系统分析了各控制单元的污染物排放特征。青岛市共179个污染控制单元,其中,从各控制单元COD排放通量来讲,四方区的阜新街道控制单元排放通量最高,年排放量为1321吨,其次为崂山区的中韩街道、四方区的嘉兴、兴隆路和海伦街道控制单元,排放量分别为830吨/年、712吨/年、706吨/年和684吨/年;从来源比例来讲,居民生活COD污染排放比例从1.7%到97.5%,其所占比例在50.0%以上的控制单元有57个,主要分布在团岛、麦岛、海泊河、李村河、墨水河等排污管理区;各控制单元的氨氮的污染源排放中,居民生活污染为主要来源,所占比例平均为57.0%,各控制单元中,居民生活污染氨氮排放比例从2.0%到98.6%,其所占比例在50.0%以上的控制单元有84个;总磷污染以面源污染来源为主,青岛市各控制单元面源总磷污染比例平均为60.5%,所占比例在50.0%以上的有104个控制单元。
(2)以实现胶州湾海洋环境容量、排污管理区分配容量和控制单元排放容量最大为目标函数,以经济增长、污染物排放强度、环境投资等为约束条件建立了水污染物排放容量的优化分配模型,依据多目标非线性规划方法,估算了各控制单元的排放容量。结果表明,团岛排污管理区中,登州路控制单元的COD排放容量最大,约为361吨/年,占整个排污区约27%,其次为辽宁路和八大峡街道控制单元;海泊河排污管理区中,阜新路的COD排放容量最大,约为1321吨/年;李村河排污管理区中,中韩街道的COD排放容量最大,约为830吨/年,占整个排污区约32%,其次为水清沟和九水路街道控制单元;楼山河排污管理区中,楼山街道的COD排放容量最大,约为512吨/年,占整个排污区约26%,其次为兴华路和湘潭路街道控制单元;墨水河排污管理区中,通济街道的COD排放容量最大,约为174吨/年,占整个排污区的30%,其次为棘洪滩和上马街道控制单元;大沽河排污管理区中,蓝村镇的COD排放容量最大,约为486吨/年,占整个排污区约11%;洋河排污管理区中,红石崖街道的COD排放容量最大,约为516吨/年;镰湾河排污管理区中,辛安街道的COD排放容量最大,约为550吨/年。
(3)根据各污染控制单元的排放容量和现状排放量以及污染物排放特征,初步提出了基于街道办(或镇)级行政区的环胶州湾控制单元的主要污染物的排海总量控制方案,主要包括削减量(率)和相应的污染控制措施等。在国家一类和海洋功能区划海水水质标准下,约79%的控制单元的COD排放量需要不同程度的削减,平均削减率为44.8%,主要分布在墨水河、大沽河、海泊河等排污管理区;约21%控制单元还有剩余COD排放容量,平均剩余率为69.8%,主要分布在团岛和镰湾河等排污管理区;在国家一类海水水质标准下约77%以上的控制单元的氨氮排放量需要不同程度的削减,平均削减率为45.6%,主要分布墨水河、大沽河、海泊河等排污管理区;约占23%的控制单元还有剩余的氨氮允许排放量,平均剩余率为74.4%,主要分布在团岛和镰湾河等排污管理区。
根据各排污单元各主要污染物的削减数量,提出污染物总量控制的相应措施。主要包括加快污水处理厂及其配套管网建设,提高污水处理率,提高企业污水排放标准以及发展生态农业,科学施用肥料,减少面源污染等。
研究成果不仅可以为胶州湾排海污染物的减排方案制定提供必要的技术支撑,而且可以为“环湾保护、拥湾发展”战略的顺利实施以及胶州湾海洋生态环境保护、治理和改善以及青岛市社会经济的可持续发展提供科学基础。
With the rapid development of economy and the lasting increasement of population in Qingdao, more and more pollutants have been discharged into Jiaozhou Bay. However, the original concentration control and target total emission control systems are unable to meet the demand of the marine environment management. The implementation of capacity total emission control of pollutants is an important and effective measure to improve marine water quality. The capacity total emission control contains several steps, such as estimation of pollutant fluxes into the sea, calculation of marine environmental capacity and allocated capacity, optimization and allocation of capacity. Among them, the pollutant flux estimation is the base, and the calculation, allocation and optimization of capacity is the key of the research. Aimed at the optimization and allocation of capacity, a forefront and hotspot of this field, the research is carried out based on the study of marine environmental capacity and allocated capacity of Jiaozhou Bay. The allowable emission capacities of main chemical pollutions are calculated according to the principle of multi-target nonlinear programming and the scheme of total emission control is proposed. The main methods and results of research are showed as follows:
(1) Based of the data of the nature, resources, society and economic development, as well as the major pollution sources and pollution discharge characters in the research regions, pollution control units (PCUs) are divided based on street or rural-town district were divided. Their discharging pollutant properties were also invetigated. In total 179 PCUs were divided in Qingdao. Among them, the COD discharging value of the Fuxin PCU in Sifang District is the highest and as high as 132 t·a-1, following Zhonghan PCU in Laoshan District, Jiaxing PCU, Xinglong PCU and Hailun PCU in Sifang District, the discharge value of COD respectively is 830 t·a-1, 712 t·a-1, 706 t·a-1and 684 t·a-1. In the source percent run, the percent of the domestic sewage is from 1.7% to 97.5%, and there are 57 PCUs are above 50%, they primarily distribute in the administration region of pollution discharge (ARPD) of Tuandao, Maidao, Haibo River, Licun River and Moshui River. According to the discharge value of NH4-N, the main source is from domestic sewage. The average percent is 57.0%. It is from 2.0%-98.6% in all PCU,and there are 84 PCUs are above 50%.The pollution of TP is the main source from nonpoint, there are 104 PCUs are above 50%.
(2)According to multi-objective nonlinear programming, with Jiaozhou Bay, each ARPR capacity, each ARPR allocated capacity and each PCU emission capacity as the objective function, with constrains economic growth, population growth, pollutant emission intensity, environmental investment etc. as constrains, the capacity allocation model was setting and each PCU allowable emission capacity (AEC) was caculated. The caculation results showed that, in the Tuandao ARPD, the Dengzhou PCU has the most AEC of COD. It is is 361 t·a-1 takes about 27% of the Tuandao PCU. In the Haibo River ARPR, the Fuxin PCU has the most AEC of COD , and is 1321 t·a-1. In the Licun River ARPD, ,the Zhonghan PCU has the most AEC of COD. It is 830t·a-1 and takes about 32% of the total ARPD..In the Lousshan ARPD, of the Loushan PCU has the most AEC of COD. It is 512t·a-1 and takes about 26% of the total ARPD, In the Moshui River ARPD, the Tongji PCU has the most AEC of COD, is 174t·a-1, and takes about 30% of the ARPD. In the Dagu River ARPD, the PCU Lancun have the most AEC of COD. It is about 486t·a-1 and takes about 11% of the total ARPD. In the Yang River ARPD, the Hongshiya PCU have the most AECof COD, It is about 516t·a-1. In the Lianwan River ARPD, the Xin’an PCU have the most AEC of COD and it is about 550t·a-1.
(3) The total emission control scheme based on PCUs around Jiaozhou Bay was proposed. About 79% of the units should reduce their discharge of COD under GradeⅠof the National Seawater Quality Standards (NSQS), the average reducing grate is 44.8%, primarily in the Moshui River, Dagu River, Haibo River ARPD .About 21% of the PCUs also have remain allowable emission capacity of COD,, the average remaination is 69.8%, primarily in the Tuandao and Lianwan River ARPD About 77% of PCUs should reduce their discharge of NH4-N under GradeⅠof the NSQS, the average reducingrate was 45.6%, primarily in the Moshui River, Dagu River, Haibo River ARPD; About 23% of PCUs also have remain allowable emission capacity of NH4-N, the average remaination is 77.4%, primarily in the Tuandao and Lianwan River ARPD.
According to the AECs and current pollutant discharging characteristics of PCUs around Jiaozhou Bay, a series of pollution control measures are proposed, involved in speeding up the construction of the sewage treatment works and pipeline, raising the standard of factory sewage discharge and developing the ecological agriculture, fertilizing in science and so on.
The research results can not only provide the necessary technical support for Jiaozhou Bay about pollutants emission, but also can provides the scientific basis for smooth implementation of the strategy of Jiaozhou Bay marine ecological environment protection, and improving Qingdao social economic and sustainable development .
(1)对研究区域内的自然条件、资源、社会和经济发展状况,特别是主要污染源及排放特征等进行全面深入的调查和分析基础上,基于街道办(或镇)级行政区划分污染控制单元,并系统分析了各控制单元的污染物排放特征。青岛市共179个污染控制单元,其中,从各控制单元COD排放通量来讲,四方区的阜新街道控制单元排放通量最高,年排放量为1321吨,其次为崂山区的中韩街道、四方区的嘉兴、兴隆路和海伦街道控制单元,排放量分别为830吨/年、712吨/年、706吨/年和684吨/年;从来源比例来讲,居民生活COD污染排放比例从1.7%到97.5%,其所占比例在50.0%以上的控制单元有57个,主要分布在团岛、麦岛、海泊河、李村河、墨水河等排污管理区;各控制单元的氨氮的污染源排放中,居民生活污染为主要来源,所占比例平均为57.0%,各控制单元中,居民生活污染氨氮排放比例从2.0%到98.6%,其所占比例在50.0%以上的控制单元有84个;总磷污染以面源污染来源为主,青岛市各控制单元面源总磷污染比例平均为60.5%,所占比例在50.0%以上的有104个控制单元。
(2)以实现胶州湾海洋环境容量、排污管理区分配容量和控制单元排放容量最大为目标函数,以经济增长、污染物排放强度、环境投资等为约束条件建立了水污染物排放容量的优化分配模型,依据多目标非线性规划方法,估算了各控制单元的排放容量。结果表明,团岛排污管理区中,登州路控制单元的COD排放容量最大,约为361吨/年,占整个排污区约27%,其次为辽宁路和八大峡街道控制单元;海泊河排污管理区中,阜新路的COD排放容量最大,约为1321吨/年;李村河排污管理区中,中韩街道的COD排放容量最大,约为830吨/年,占整个排污区约32%,其次为水清沟和九水路街道控制单元;楼山河排污管理区中,楼山街道的COD排放容量最大,约为512吨/年,占整个排污区约26%,其次为兴华路和湘潭路街道控制单元;墨水河排污管理区中,通济街道的COD排放容量最大,约为174吨/年,占整个排污区的30%,其次为棘洪滩和上马街道控制单元;大沽河排污管理区中,蓝村镇的COD排放容量最大,约为486吨/年,占整个排污区约11%;洋河排污管理区中,红石崖街道的COD排放容量最大,约为516吨/年;镰湾河排污管理区中,辛安街道的COD排放容量最大,约为550吨/年。
(3)根据各污染控制单元的排放容量和现状排放量以及污染物排放特征,初步提出了基于街道办(或镇)级行政区的环胶州湾控制单元的主要污染物的排海总量控制方案,主要包括削减量(率)和相应的污染控制措施等。在国家一类和海洋功能区划海水水质标准下,约79%的控制单元的COD排放量需要不同程度的削减,平均削减率为44.8%,主要分布在墨水河、大沽河、海泊河等排污管理区;约21%控制单元还有剩余COD排放容量,平均剩余率为69.8%,主要分布在团岛和镰湾河等排污管理区;在国家一类海水水质标准下约77%以上的控制单元的氨氮排放量需要不同程度的削减,平均削减率为45.6%,主要分布墨水河、大沽河、海泊河等排污管理区;约占23%的控制单元还有剩余的氨氮允许排放量,平均剩余率为74.4%,主要分布在团岛和镰湾河等排污管理区。
根据各排污单元各主要污染物的削减数量,提出污染物总量控制的相应措施。主要包括加快污水处理厂及其配套管网建设,提高污水处理率,提高企业污水排放标准以及发展生态农业,科学施用肥料,减少面源污染等。
研究成果不仅可以为胶州湾排海污染物的减排方案制定提供必要的技术支撑,而且可以为“环湾保护、拥湾发展”战略的顺利实施以及胶州湾海洋生态环境保护、治理和改善以及青岛市社会经济的可持续发展提供科学基础。
With the rapid development of economy and the lasting increasement of population in Qingdao, more and more pollutants have been discharged into Jiaozhou Bay. However, the original concentration control and target total emission control systems are unable to meet the demand of the marine environment management. The implementation of capacity total emission control of pollutants is an important and effective measure to improve marine water quality. The capacity total emission control contains several steps, such as estimation of pollutant fluxes into the sea, calculation of marine environmental capacity and allocated capacity, optimization and allocation of capacity. Among them, the pollutant flux estimation is the base, and the calculation, allocation and optimization of capacity is the key of the research. Aimed at the optimization and allocation of capacity, a forefront and hotspot of this field, the research is carried out based on the study of marine environmental capacity and allocated capacity of Jiaozhou Bay. The allowable emission capacities of main chemical pollutions are calculated according to the principle of multi-target nonlinear programming and the scheme of total emission control is proposed. The main methods and results of research are showed as follows:
(1) Based of the data of the nature, resources, society and economic development, as well as the major pollution sources and pollution discharge characters in the research regions, pollution control units (PCUs) are divided based on street or rural-town district were divided. Their discharging pollutant properties were also invetigated. In total 179 PCUs were divided in Qingdao. Among them, the COD discharging value of the Fuxin PCU in Sifang District is the highest and as high as 132 t·a-1, following Zhonghan PCU in Laoshan District, Jiaxing PCU, Xinglong PCU and Hailun PCU in Sifang District, the discharge value of COD respectively is 830 t·a-1, 712 t·a-1, 706 t·a-1and 684 t·a-1. In the source percent run, the percent of the domestic sewage is from 1.7% to 97.5%, and there are 57 PCUs are above 50%, they primarily distribute in the administration region of pollution discharge (ARPD) of Tuandao, Maidao, Haibo River, Licun River and Moshui River. According to the discharge value of NH4-N, the main source is from domestic sewage. The average percent is 57.0%. It is from 2.0%-98.6% in all PCU,and there are 84 PCUs are above 50%.The pollution of TP is the main source from nonpoint, there are 104 PCUs are above 50%.
(2)According to multi-objective nonlinear programming, with Jiaozhou Bay, each ARPR capacity, each ARPR allocated capacity and each PCU emission capacity as the objective function, with constrains economic growth, population growth, pollutant emission intensity, environmental investment etc. as constrains, the capacity allocation model was setting and each PCU allowable emission capacity (AEC) was caculated. The caculation results showed that, in the Tuandao ARPD, the Dengzhou PCU has the most AEC of COD. It is is 361 t·a-1 takes about 27% of the Tuandao PCU. In the Haibo River ARPR, the Fuxin PCU has the most AEC of COD , and is 1321 t·a-1. In the Licun River ARPD, ,the Zhonghan PCU has the most AEC of COD. It is 830t·a-1 and takes about 32% of the total ARPD..In the Lousshan ARPD, of the Loushan PCU has the most AEC of COD. It is 512t·a-1 and takes about 26% of the total ARPD, In the Moshui River ARPD, the Tongji PCU has the most AEC of COD, is 174t·a-1, and takes about 30% of the ARPD. In the Dagu River ARPD, the PCU Lancun have the most AEC of COD. It is about 486t·a-1 and takes about 11% of the total ARPD. In the Yang River ARPD, the Hongshiya PCU have the most AECof COD, It is about 516t·a-1. In the Lianwan River ARPD, the Xin’an PCU have the most AEC of COD and it is about 550t·a-1.
(3) The total emission control scheme based on PCUs around Jiaozhou Bay was proposed. About 79% of the units should reduce their discharge of COD under GradeⅠof the National Seawater Quality Standards (NSQS), the average reducing grate is 44.8%, primarily in the Moshui River, Dagu River, Haibo River ARPD .About 21% of the PCUs also have remain allowable emission capacity of COD,, the average remaination is 69.8%, primarily in the Tuandao and Lianwan River ARPD About 77% of PCUs should reduce their discharge of NH4-N under GradeⅠof the NSQS, the average reducingrate was 45.6%, primarily in the Moshui River, Dagu River, Haibo River ARPD; About 23% of PCUs also have remain allowable emission capacity of NH4-N, the average remaination is 77.4%, primarily in the Tuandao and Lianwan River ARPD.
According to the AECs and current pollutant discharging characteristics of PCUs around Jiaozhou Bay, a series of pollution control measures are proposed, involved in speeding up the construction of the sewage treatment works and pipeline, raising the standard of factory sewage discharge and developing the ecological agriculture, fertilizing in science and so on.
The research results can not only provide the necessary technical support for Jiaozhou Bay about pollutants emission, but also can provides the scientific basis for smooth implementation of the strategy of Jiaozhou Bay marine ecological environment protection, and improving Qingdao social economic and sustainable development .
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