电动汽车对电力系统的影响以及交互作用研究
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摘要
依靠燃烧汽油、柴油作为主要驱动力的传统汽车所产生的尾气排放导致环境污染越来越严重。为解决这个严峻的问题，各个国家力求寻找发展一种新能源汽车能够有效地降低大气污染。电动汽车的出现和发展让人们盼望到改善空气质量的新方向。以蓄电池中的电能作为主要驱动力，电动汽车因此减少燃烧不可再生资源而产生的碳氧化合物，也是推动电动汽车行业发展的重要优势，使新能源汽车发展具有强而有力的竞争性。
随着电动汽车的普及和发展，蓄电池充放电等问题逐渐受到人们的关注和重视。当电动汽车发展到一定的规模时候，无序式的充电行为由于主要是伴随着车主的主观意识和电池电量状况的改变而发生，这必然对现有的电力系统造成一定的冲击和影响，如电压变化、供电质量、系统稳定性、无功平衡等问题。相反，从另一角度出发分析，电动汽车的电池具备能够储存电能的特点，利用智能、合理的充放电策略来引导电动汽车充放电行为，在电力系统高峰时段进行集中放电，在用电低峰时期进行有序充电，从而增强电力系统的经济性和稳定性。本文的研究目的是从各种不同类型的电动汽车和充电模式着手探讨，研究在各种充电行为的接入下对电力系统产生的影响，以及如何通过智能充放电策略管理充电行为、实现削峰填谷等积极作用。
本文的主要工作如下：
为解决当今世界面临着能源短缺和汽车尾气过度排放造成大气污染的问题，各国都在积极寻求和开发新的能源或代替能源。电动汽车利用蓄电池的电量作为动力驱动不但有效地降低车主的行驶成本、减少对石油的依赖、实现真正的―零‖排放，而且利用用电低谷时期进行充电可以提高电力系统的效能。本文将首先提出一种电动汽车换电站方案及其运营模式，假设公交车为模拟对象，根据换电站的快速换电特点进行模拟优化，使换电站的整体日均盈利最大、集中充电影响最小，同时用户可以解决购买与维护蓄电池的成本压力问题。
其次，在我国电动汽车的发展处于研发初期向中期步伐迈进的背景下，其普及问题与充电方式和充电设施的建设息息相关。为进一步推广和发展电动汽车，提出基于电池租赁模式下的电动公交车可以通过换电站进行快速补充电力和利用集中充电站对回收电池统一充电的管理策略；同时，分析城市现有配电系统的规划，利用基于地理信息的VORONOI图特性，依次找出选址位置；以集中充电站的运营成本最小和社会效益最大为目标，建立选址和定容的优化模型，最后通过算例说明最优选址方案。
当电动汽车电池和充放电技术发展成熟并逐渐得到人们的认可和普及后，大规模的随意式充电必然给电力系统带来一定的负面影响，甚至严重威胁到系统的安全性。为避免和解决这一问题，本文在此将基于价格影响消费者行为的经济学理论，分析私家车的日常出行习惯、停车习惯、充电习惯，提出相应充电负荷响应矩阵，建立分时充电电价模型，利用充电电价的变化对电动汽车充电行为进行引导，通过优化求解来减少大规模随意式的充电负荷给电力系统带来的负面影响，同时鼓励电动汽车车主调整充电时间，从而达到―削峰填谷‖的新能源调度效果。
为进一步增强通过电动汽车充放电行为有效地实现对电力系统削峰作用，一些学者提出了有关电动汽车的各种充放电策略，其中包括通过研究电动汽车V2G（Vehicle-to-grid）的充放电特性帮助改善电力系统的运行。在此背景下，本文提出一种放电集中、稳定、易于同一管理的放电策略。这种策略针对电动公交车的营运、工作特点，在公交车数量相对恒定、固定营运时间、固定公交路线等条件下，研究其营运模式、充放电行为，并通过建立优化模型提出基于电池租赁模式下V2G集中充放电的优化策略。
最后，电动汽车的动力电池拥有储存电能的特点，其充放电的特殊性使电动汽车或充电站演变成一个个分布式电源的角色。从整个电力系统经济运行的角度出发，当在有电动汽车的集中放电参与下，系统的机组组合得到全新的发电资源分配，同时可以弥补其他分布式电源（如风电场、光电等）不稳定与不确定性。为此，本文将发展一种计及电动汽车集中放电的机组最优组合策略，以整个系统的发电成本为最优目标，减少传统发电机组的启停次数、降低发电成本，最终提高电力系运行的经济性和稳定性。
The emission caused by the traditional automotives which reply on burning gasoline anddiesel oil as the main driving force leads to increasingly serious environmental pollution. Inorder to find a perfect solution, each country seeks to develop a brand new energy vehicle foreffectively reducing air pollution problems. The emergence of electric vehicles brings a newhope and direction to improve air quality and change people’s life. Electric vehicle usingbattery as the main driving force not only effectively solve the emission issues, but also it canhelp current power system to improve operation on power supply, which is of a strongcompetitive on promoting automotive innovation.
With the popularization and development of electric vehicles, people have paid moreattentions on battery charging and discharge’s problem. Unconsciousness charging behaviorsare engaged as long as driver making decision on consciousness. When developing to acertain scale, it definitely will challenge existing power system and brings a certain impactand influences, such as voltage variations, power quality, system stability, reactive powerbalance. However, the battery from electric vehicle has a characteristic that can storeelectrical energy. With intelligent management strategy, electric vehicles having coordinatedcharging on off peak hours and coordinated discharging on peak hours can help enhancing theeconomy and stability of the power system. The purpose of this study is to analyses a varietyof different types of electric vehicles and charging behaviors, study the impact and influenceson existing power system with electric vehicle charging and discharging, develop theintelligent charging and discharging strategy for peak load shaving.
This thesis mainly consists of five parts.
With the traditional energy becoming less and less and the air pollution caused by vehicleexhaust being more and more serious, every country is active seeking and developing a newresource or replace energy. Supplied by a battery as main power source, electric vehicle notonly can effectively reduce users' driving cost and reliance on petroleum, achieve the real"zero" emissions, but also it can increase the efficacy of power system by charging batteriesduring off peak time. In order to further reduce impacts of coordinated charging on theexisting distribution system and the cost to the user, this thesis will proposes a batteryexchange station solution for electric vehicle and its operation model. Assuming modeled onbus and according to the rapid battery exchange character, a simulation is made for maximumannual profit of battery exchange station, minimum the charging impact, meanwhile it helpsusers reduce battery cost and its maintenance problems.
Secondly, for further development of electric vehicles in automotive industry, theconstruction of charging facilities is one of the important key for promotion new energyvehicle. For electric bus, battery lease mode is the best option to run the operation effectivelyand have less impact for local distribution system, which is because all recycled batteries canbe charged in coordinated charging station later in off peak time period. With the analysis ofthe charging profile of electric buses, an optimal model for coordinated charging stations’planning and siting is developed to minimize the operation cost. Finally, by employingVoronoi diagram, the solutions of planning and siting strategy is made and illustrated.
When the developed charging and discharging technology gain people’s recognition,large-scale of uncoordinated charging must bring some negative impact to current powersystem, or even become a serious threat to the security of the operation. In order to avoid andfind the solution, electric vehicle’s driving behaviors, daily travel route, charging habits, andcorresponding charging load response matrix will be studied. Peak and valley time pricemodel is constructed. Using different charging tariff to affect electric vehicle’s chargingbehaviors, an optimization solution is developed to achieve peak load shaving.
The popularity of electric vehicles and the development of battery V2G(Vehicle-to-Grid) technology have brought many conveniences to people's lives and publicsociety. However, the raise of large scale charging load from electric buses impacts thenormal operation of power system. To minimize that impacts, many experts proposed avariety of V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) charging strategy for helping improve the operation ofpower system. In order to transform the negative impacts into active benefits for powersystem, this thesis analyses the operation mode of coordinated charging station for electricbuses. Under the conditions of fixed driving hours, fixed bus routes, charging and operationmode are studied, and an optimal function is developed for establishing the coordinated V2Gcharging and discharging strategy, which is based on the battery leased model.
The random variation of wind power output brings more uncertainties and challenges tounit commitment in power system. By introducing large scale of coordinated charging anddischarging loads, electric vehicles and battery charging stations that acting as distributiongenerations not only help the traditional generating units reallocating the power output anddecreasing operation cost, but also their mobility and stability of power output cover theweaknesses from wind power’s output. Therefore, a new unit commitment model withcoordinated discharging loads of electric vehicle is developed to minimize the operating costfor traditional generating units. A5-unit24hours unit commitment problem is employed todemonstrate the feasibility of this optimal model.
随着电动汽车的普及和发展，蓄电池充放电等问题逐渐受到人们的关注和重视。当电动汽车发展到一定的规模时候，无序式的充电行为由于主要是伴随着车主的主观意识和电池电量状况的改变而发生，这必然对现有的电力系统造成一定的冲击和影响，如电压变化、供电质量、系统稳定性、无功平衡等问题。相反，从另一角度出发分析，电动汽车的电池具备能够储存电能的特点，利用智能、合理的充放电策略来引导电动汽车充放电行为，在电力系统高峰时段进行集中放电，在用电低峰时期进行有序充电，从而增强电力系统的经济性和稳定性。本文的研究目的是从各种不同类型的电动汽车和充电模式着手探讨，研究在各种充电行为的接入下对电力系统产生的影响，以及如何通过智能充放电策略管理充电行为、实现削峰填谷等积极作用。
本文的主要工作如下：
为解决当今世界面临着能源短缺和汽车尾气过度排放造成大气污染的问题，各国都在积极寻求和开发新的能源或代替能源。电动汽车利用蓄电池的电量作为动力驱动不但有效地降低车主的行驶成本、减少对石油的依赖、实现真正的―零‖排放，而且利用用电低谷时期进行充电可以提高电力系统的效能。本文将首先提出一种电动汽车换电站方案及其运营模式，假设公交车为模拟对象，根据换电站的快速换电特点进行模拟优化，使换电站的整体日均盈利最大、集中充电影响最小，同时用户可以解决购买与维护蓄电池的成本压力问题。
其次，在我国电动汽车的发展处于研发初期向中期步伐迈进的背景下，其普及问题与充电方式和充电设施的建设息息相关。为进一步推广和发展电动汽车，提出基于电池租赁模式下的电动公交车可以通过换电站进行快速补充电力和利用集中充电站对回收电池统一充电的管理策略；同时，分析城市现有配电系统的规划，利用基于地理信息的VORONOI图特性，依次找出选址位置；以集中充电站的运营成本最小和社会效益最大为目标，建立选址和定容的优化模型，最后通过算例说明最优选址方案。
当电动汽车电池和充放电技术发展成熟并逐渐得到人们的认可和普及后，大规模的随意式充电必然给电力系统带来一定的负面影响，甚至严重威胁到系统的安全性。为避免和解决这一问题，本文在此将基于价格影响消费者行为的经济学理论，分析私家车的日常出行习惯、停车习惯、充电习惯，提出相应充电负荷响应矩阵，建立分时充电电价模型，利用充电电价的变化对电动汽车充电行为进行引导，通过优化求解来减少大规模随意式的充电负荷给电力系统带来的负面影响，同时鼓励电动汽车车主调整充电时间，从而达到―削峰填谷‖的新能源调度效果。
为进一步增强通过电动汽车充放电行为有效地实现对电力系统削峰作用，一些学者提出了有关电动汽车的各种充放电策略，其中包括通过研究电动汽车V2G（Vehicle-to-grid）的充放电特性帮助改善电力系统的运行。在此背景下，本文提出一种放电集中、稳定、易于同一管理的放电策略。这种策略针对电动公交车的营运、工作特点，在公交车数量相对恒定、固定营运时间、固定公交路线等条件下，研究其营运模式、充放电行为，并通过建立优化模型提出基于电池租赁模式下V2G集中充放电的优化策略。
最后，电动汽车的动力电池拥有储存电能的特点，其充放电的特殊性使电动汽车或充电站演变成一个个分布式电源的角色。从整个电力系统经济运行的角度出发，当在有电动汽车的集中放电参与下，系统的机组组合得到全新的发电资源分配，同时可以弥补其他分布式电源（如风电场、光电等）不稳定与不确定性。为此，本文将发展一种计及电动汽车集中放电的机组最优组合策略，以整个系统的发电成本为最优目标，减少传统发电机组的启停次数、降低发电成本，最终提高电力系运行的经济性和稳定性。
The emission caused by the traditional automotives which reply on burning gasoline anddiesel oil as the main driving force leads to increasingly serious environmental pollution. Inorder to find a perfect solution, each country seeks to develop a brand new energy vehicle foreffectively reducing air pollution problems. The emergence of electric vehicles brings a newhope and direction to improve air quality and change people’s life. Electric vehicle usingbattery as the main driving force not only effectively solve the emission issues, but also it canhelp current power system to improve operation on power supply, which is of a strongcompetitive on promoting automotive innovation.
With the popularization and development of electric vehicles, people have paid moreattentions on battery charging and discharge’s problem. Unconsciousness charging behaviorsare engaged as long as driver making decision on consciousness. When developing to acertain scale, it definitely will challenge existing power system and brings a certain impactand influences, such as voltage variations, power quality, system stability, reactive powerbalance. However, the battery from electric vehicle has a characteristic that can storeelectrical energy. With intelligent management strategy, electric vehicles having coordinatedcharging on off peak hours and coordinated discharging on peak hours can help enhancing theeconomy and stability of the power system. The purpose of this study is to analyses a varietyof different types of electric vehicles and charging behaviors, study the impact and influenceson existing power system with electric vehicle charging and discharging, develop theintelligent charging and discharging strategy for peak load shaving.
This thesis mainly consists of five parts.
With the traditional energy becoming less and less and the air pollution caused by vehicleexhaust being more and more serious, every country is active seeking and developing a newresource or replace energy. Supplied by a battery as main power source, electric vehicle notonly can effectively reduce users' driving cost and reliance on petroleum, achieve the real"zero" emissions, but also it can increase the efficacy of power system by charging batteriesduring off peak time. In order to further reduce impacts of coordinated charging on theexisting distribution system and the cost to the user, this thesis will proposes a batteryexchange station solution for electric vehicle and its operation model. Assuming modeled onbus and according to the rapid battery exchange character, a simulation is made for maximumannual profit of battery exchange station, minimum the charging impact, meanwhile it helpsusers reduce battery cost and its maintenance problems.
Secondly, for further development of electric vehicles in automotive industry, theconstruction of charging facilities is one of the important key for promotion new energyvehicle. For electric bus, battery lease mode is the best option to run the operation effectivelyand have less impact for local distribution system, which is because all recycled batteries canbe charged in coordinated charging station later in off peak time period. With the analysis ofthe charging profile of electric buses, an optimal model for coordinated charging stations’planning and siting is developed to minimize the operation cost. Finally, by employingVoronoi diagram, the solutions of planning and siting strategy is made and illustrated.
When the developed charging and discharging technology gain people’s recognition,large-scale of uncoordinated charging must bring some negative impact to current powersystem, or even become a serious threat to the security of the operation. In order to avoid andfind the solution, electric vehicle’s driving behaviors, daily travel route, charging habits, andcorresponding charging load response matrix will be studied. Peak and valley time pricemodel is constructed. Using different charging tariff to affect electric vehicle’s chargingbehaviors, an optimization solution is developed to achieve peak load shaving.
The popularity of electric vehicles and the development of battery V2G(Vehicle-to-Grid) technology have brought many conveniences to people's lives and publicsociety. However, the raise of large scale charging load from electric buses impacts thenormal operation of power system. To minimize that impacts, many experts proposed avariety of V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) charging strategy for helping improve the operation ofpower system. In order to transform the negative impacts into active benefits for powersystem, this thesis analyses the operation mode of coordinated charging station for electricbuses. Under the conditions of fixed driving hours, fixed bus routes, charging and operationmode are studied, and an optimal function is developed for establishing the coordinated V2Gcharging and discharging strategy, which is based on the battery leased model.
The random variation of wind power output brings more uncertainties and challenges tounit commitment in power system. By introducing large scale of coordinated charging anddischarging loads, electric vehicles and battery charging stations that acting as distributiongenerations not only help the traditional generating units reallocating the power output anddecreasing operation cost, but also their mobility and stability of power output cover theweaknesses from wind power’s output. Therefore, a new unit commitment model withcoordinated discharging loads of electric vehicle is developed to minimize the operating costfor traditional generating units. A5-unit24hours unit commitment problem is employed todemonstrate the feasibility of this optimal model.
引文
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