论农村离婚妇女权益保障
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摘要
妇女权益保障是衡量一个国家和地区社会文明进步的重要尺度。我国是农业大国,农业人口占绝大多数,广大农村妇女权益的保护是妇女权益保障中的重点。随着农村离婚案件逐年增多,农村离婚妇女权益保障尤显突出。农村离婚妇女相关权益得不到保护,直接导致农村离婚妇女生存危机,束缚了农村妇女的婚姻自由,进一步滋长了农村重男轻女的生育观,为农村社会的稳定注入了诸多不确定因素,对社会主义新农村建设与农村和谐社会的构建带来巨大消极影响。农村离婚案件处理涉及妇女多项权益,如婚姻家庭权利、财产权利、人身权利等。但农村离婚妇女土地承包权、农村离婚妇女离婚损害赔偿及探视权保障是农村离婚妇女权益保障比较显著的三个问题。农村离婚妇女土地承包权问题,直接影响妇女生存,也是一直难以解决的疑难问题。现实中广大农村离婚妇女严重面临无地可耕,一方面与男方离婚后,男方所在村则会以乡规民约强行收回承包地,另一方面娘家也会因其户口不在这方而收回土地。原农村离婚妇女土地承包经营权屡遭侵害的原因:一是“父权社会”结构和男权主义文化传统有关,在这种文化传统下,妇女只是处于弱势和边缘地位,妇女没有或少有相关财产权益;二是法律政策存在漏洞,相关规定太原则。因而需要完善婚姻法、妇女权益保障法、土地承包法等法律中相关规定;完善相关司法制度,主要是立案操作和执行措施并建议设立公田制、完善登记制度等。农村离婚损害中受害方绝大部分为女方,特别是家庭暴力普遍存在,但提起离婚损害赔偿的少之又少,得到赔偿的就更少。其中存在主要原因有农村妇女文化素质低、权利意识淡溥有关,对受害人举证要求过高,离婚损害赔偿判决后难以执行等等。因此应完善婚姻法,扩大损害赔偿范围,将第三者纳入侵权人范围承担共同侵权责任,降低无过错举证责任并推行过错推定原则等来加以保护。农村离婚妇女子女探视权无端受阻、判决后执行难等原因,使农村离婚妇女子女探视权几乎很难实现。因而首先完善相关立法规定,扩大协助方范围,明确中止探视权终止情形,并引入精神损害赔偿制度,将阻碍女方探视子女可以提起精神损害赔偿请求,加大惩罚力度,同时完善执行制度,最大限度保障农村离婚妇女该项权利实现。
The protection of women’rights is an important criterion to balance the civilization and improvement degree of one state or country. As an agricultural state, the rural population is a majority in China, it is an emphases to protect the rural women’rights. With the incessant increasing of the rural divorce cases, the protection of rural divorced women’rights more stand out than before. Because of the relevant rights belong to rural divorced women have not been protected properly, which resulted in living crisis of the rural divorced women immediately, restricted their marriage liberty, as well as developed the birth activities of regarding male but despising female. Furthermore, it produced many unprecedented causes, and made great negative influence on the construction of socialism new country and harmonious society.
The disposal of rural divorce cases connected with many women’rights, such as the right of family and marriage, the right of property, the right of personality. Nowadays, the right of contracting land, the right of divorce damage compensation, and the right of visiting children were more necessarily to be protected than others on these rights belong to rural divorced women.
As an unsolved intractable problem, the right of contracting land is related to rural women’living immediately. At present, there are a great deal of rural divorced women who have been confronted with the crisis of having no land to cultivate, because the villages which their husband lived in might withdraw the land they have contracted compulsorily according to the country rules after they divorced, as well as the villages they were born in have taken back they contracted land for their registered permanent residence was not attached to probably. The reasons to explain why the rural divorced women’right of contracting land was infringed frequently as follows: firstly, under the culture tradition of the structure of father-power society and the male-power ism culture, as a vulnerable group , the women have been located in fringed position, and have no or out-of-the-way to possess of property right. Secondly, the law and policy were not perfect, and the relative rules in defect of maneuverability. Aim at these problems, we must to improve the relative rules which legislated in the marriage law, the women’right protection law, and the contracting land law, as well as the judicial system, which include mainly the case registration maneuver, the enforcement measures. At the last, we suggest to stipulate the public land system, and develop the register system etc.
Female side as a majority of victims on rural divorce damage generally, especially under the environment of the family violence as a common phenomenon, but there were few victims who have instituted a divorce damage compensation procedure, fewer have gotten the compensation. The reasons to explain include: low culture qualities and lack of right consciences, the quote requirements on victims were too high, the enforcement of divorce damage compensation with many difficulty, etc. As a result, we must improve the marriage law, enlarge the damage compensation scope, and the third partier should be stipulated to take the common infringement responsibility, as well as reduce the non-fault quote burden and push the fault deduce principal.
Because the right of visiting children belongs to was always prevented irrationally, the sentence enforcement has great difficulties; the right of visiting their children almost can not be realized. Firstly, we must improve the legislation, enlarge the assistant scope, and clear the condition of stopping visiting children right. Secondly, the system of spirit damage compensation should be introduced, award women with the right to institute spirit damage compensation procedure when they visiting children right has been infringed, then increase the degree of punishment. Thirdly, improve the enforcement system, ensure the realization of the right of rural divorced women maximally.
The protection of women’rights is an important criterion to balance the civilization and improvement degree of one state or country. As an agricultural state, the rural population is a majority in China, it is an emphases to protect the rural women’rights. With the incessant increasing of the rural divorce cases, the protection of rural divorced women’rights more stand out than before. Because of the relevant rights belong to rural divorced women have not been protected properly, which resulted in living crisis of the rural divorced women immediately, restricted their marriage liberty, as well as developed the birth activities of regarding male but despising female. Furthermore, it produced many unprecedented causes, and made great negative influence on the construction of socialism new country and harmonious society.
The disposal of rural divorce cases connected with many women’rights, such as the right of family and marriage, the right of property, the right of personality. Nowadays, the right of contracting land, the right of divorce damage compensation, and the right of visiting children were more necessarily to be protected than others on these rights belong to rural divorced women.
As an unsolved intractable problem, the right of contracting land is related to rural women’living immediately. At present, there are a great deal of rural divorced women who have been confronted with the crisis of having no land to cultivate, because the villages which their husband lived in might withdraw the land they have contracted compulsorily according to the country rules after they divorced, as well as the villages they were born in have taken back they contracted land for their registered permanent residence was not attached to probably. The reasons to explain why the rural divorced women’right of contracting land was infringed frequently as follows: firstly, under the culture tradition of the structure of father-power society and the male-power ism culture, as a vulnerable group , the women have been located in fringed position, and have no or out-of-the-way to possess of property right. Secondly, the law and policy were not perfect, and the relative rules in defect of maneuverability. Aim at these problems, we must to improve the relative rules which legislated in the marriage law, the women’right protection law, and the contracting land law, as well as the judicial system, which include mainly the case registration maneuver, the enforcement measures. At the last, we suggest to stipulate the public land system, and develop the register system etc.
Female side as a majority of victims on rural divorce damage generally, especially under the environment of the family violence as a common phenomenon, but there were few victims who have instituted a divorce damage compensation procedure, fewer have gotten the compensation. The reasons to explain include: low culture qualities and lack of right consciences, the quote requirements on victims were too high, the enforcement of divorce damage compensation with many difficulty, etc. As a result, we must improve the marriage law, enlarge the damage compensation scope, and the third partier should be stipulated to take the common infringement responsibility, as well as reduce the non-fault quote burden and push the fault deduce principal.
Because the right of visiting children belongs to was always prevented irrationally, the sentence enforcement has great difficulties; the right of visiting their children almost can not be realized. Firstly, we must improve the legislation, enlarge the assistant scope, and clear the condition of stopping visiting children right. Secondly, the system of spirit damage compensation should be introduced, award women with the right to institute spirit damage compensation procedure when they visiting children right has been infringed, then increase the degree of punishment. Thirdly, improve the enforcement system, ensure the realization of the right of rural divorced women maximally.
引文
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[25] Renee B. Lettow, NewTrial for Verdict agaimst Law: Judge Jury Relation in Early Nineteenth-Cantury America. 71notre daenel. Rev. 505.516-18, 1996
[26] Cfr., G.B.Ferri, Personaumanae formazionisociali, in Saggi didiritti civile, Seconda, edizione, Rimini, 1994
[27] 杨晋玲. 试论探望权. 学术探索, 2003,(2):33
[28] 刘大庆. 完善我国探视权制度的法律思考. 辽宁教育学院学报. 2003,(3):18
[29] BLAER, WEINER. Resolving Paternal custodydisputes-A comparative exploration [J]. Family Law Quarterly, 2005(39)
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[33] E Adamson Hoebel. Anthropology: The stuely of Man 3rd ed. New york, 1966, 440
[34] 席学君,婚姻法探视权制度若干问题的思考. 新东方新领导, 2004,(8):57
[35] 潘优优. 浅析探视权制度. “Public Science ”. 2007,514
[2] 熊小红,刘斌.农村离婚妇女地地权益流失的现状及其影响研究.农业考古.2006,(3):300
[3] 罗萍.农村妇女土地权益实现的制约因素分析——湖北21市,县农村离婚与丧偶妇 女 调 查 .http://www.chinareform.cn/ 20030120meeting.lunwen 7. htm, 2003-01-20
[4] 王曼. 依法维护农村妇女土地承包权. 农村经济, 2005,(7):51-52
[5] 陆建华. 中国社会问题研究. 北京:石油工业出版社,2002
[6] 韩曦, 黎文森. 农村离婚妇女土地权利流失及其保护. 井冈山学院学报,第26卷第2期. 2005,(9):75
[7] 林娟. 试论离婚损害赔偿. 福建政法管理干部学院学报. 2004,(10):68
[8] 伍以顺, 王冶英. 离婚过错损害赔偿制度的立法不足与完善. 山西高等学校社会科学学报. 2004,12 第16卷第12期
[9] 杨立新. 侵权法论. 人民法院出版社. 2005,10 第三版 149
[10] 胡长清. 中国民法债编总论. 商务印书馆1946年版, 122,153
[11] 杨立新, 刘忠. 损害赔偿总论. 人民法院出版社. 2000,128
[12] 李明舜. 婚姻法中的救助措施与法律责任. 法律出版社 2001,(7):40-41
[13] 田岚. 何俊萍. 论离婚有过错方的精神损害赔偿责任. 东南学术, 2001年第2期16页
[14] 王利明., 杨立新编著: 侵权行为法. 法律出版社,1996,75
[15] 巫昌祯. 中华人民共和国婚姻法讲话[M]. 北京: 中文文献出版社, 2001
[16] 陈群峰. 学术探索. 2006年第2期 55页
[17] 罗丽. 日本关于第三者插足引起家庭破裂的损害赔偿的理论与实际[J]法学评论, 1997,(3)
[18] 美国一妇女向第三者索赔百万元[J]. 民主与法制, 1997,(21)
[19] 牟 新 . 农 村 地 区 离 婚 案 件 中 损 害 赔 偿 问 题 之 深 度 分 析 . 法 学 论 丛 . 2006,(10):81
[20] 赵凤敏, 郭素芳等. 中国农村地区已婚妇女家庭暴力发生情况及其相关知识调查. 中华流行病学杂志,2006,666
[21] 王泽鉴. 民法学说与判例研究. 第2册, 中国政法大学出版社, 1998,376
[22] Roriesherman, “Domestie CAbuse Bills Gain Momentum in Legislatures,” National law Jourral, 4 July 1994 P.AG
[23] 李秀华. 妇女婚姻家庭条文与法律实践差距之实证调查与分析[J]. 河北法学, 2000, 167
[24] 夏吟兰. 离婚救济制度之实证研究[J]. 民商法学, 2004(3), 中国人民大学书报资料中心
[25] Renee B. Lettow, NewTrial for Verdict agaimst Law: Judge Jury Relation in Early Nineteenth-Cantury America. 71notre daenel. Rev. 505.516-18, 1996
[26] Cfr., G.B.Ferri, Personaumanae formazionisociali, in Saggi didiritti civile, Seconda, edizione, Rimini, 1994
[27] 杨晋玲. 试论探望权. 学术探索, 2003,(2):33
[28] 刘大庆. 完善我国探视权制度的法律思考. 辽宁教育学院学报. 2003,(3):18
[29] BLAER, WEINER. Resolving Paternal custodydisputes-A comparative exploration [J]. Family Law Quarterly, 2005(39)
[30] 姜世波. 论探视权的强制执行. 山东理工大学学报(社会科学版) 2003,49
[31] 杨立新. 人身权法论. 人民法院出版社. 2002年版, 267
[32] 哈里·D格劳斯. Family Law. 北京: 法律出版社, 1999,320-321
[33] E Adamson Hoebel. Anthropology: The stuely of Man 3rd ed. New york, 1966, 440
[34] 席学君,婚姻法探视权制度若干问题的思考. 新东方新领导, 2004,(8):57
[35] 潘优优. 浅析探视权制度. “Public Science ”. 2007,514