离婚后子女之监护抚养制度研究
摘要
随着现代社会经济的迅猛发展，离婚现象也日趋频繁，如何保护离婚后未成年子女的合法权益，已成为各国法律越来越关注的问题。儿童是未来社会发展的希望，对离婚后未成年子女的监护、抚养问题的正确处理也是我国当前相当重视的问题。本文从探讨国内外相关制度的演变及趋势入手，在对相关制度进行分析比较的基础上，借鉴国外立法经验，结合我国现状，提出民法典亲属编中关于未成年子女之监护、抚养制度的立法构想。
本文约40，000字，共分四个部分。
第一部分 离婚后子女之监护、抚养制度基本理论探讨。在离婚后子女之监护、抚养制度溯源中，阐述了该监护制度的四个发展阶段：1．古代的子女以随父监护为原则。2．近代的子女以随无过错的父或母监护为原则。3．幼年原则。4．子女最佳利益原则。阐述了监护、亲权、抚养之区别；监护权与探视权的关系；在处理未成年子女监护、抚养制度的原则中，着重阐述了体现子女最佳利益的监护法律理念及子女监护权行使原则及抚养原则。
第二部分 外国离婚后未成年子女监护、抚养制度的立法及评析。一是介绍大陆法系及英美法系几个主要国家及地区的监护制度立法，包括监护权行使原则、监护权变更、监护权的强制执行、子女最佳利益应考虑的因素、以及探视权相关问题，并对两大法系作出比较评析，探讨国外监护制度发展趋势。二是介绍大陆法系及英美法系几个主要国家及地区的抚养制度立法，并对子女抚养费标准、负担期限、给付方式、抚养费的变更及抚养费的强制执行进行对比并作出评析，指出值得借鉴的立法经验。
第三部分 我国现行未成年人监护、子女抚养制度。分别对我国未成年人监护制度、抚养制度进行阐述，分析其立法之不足。我国《婚姻法》现有的离婚后子女之监护、抚养制度不完善，最高人民法院《子女抚养意见》中的规定应归入到婚姻法中，婚姻法中监护制度单采共同监护与现状不符，哺乳期规定不明，有关监护权协议的认定，法院是否可依职权审查也用语不明。对于何为不利于子女身心健康的情形，并没有给予具体规定。对有关监护、抚养判决的强制措施执行不力。
第四部分 提出完善我国未成年人监护制度及子女抚养制度的立法构想。建议以“子女最佳利益原则”为处理子女监护、抚养制度的原则。在
监护制度中兼采共同监护与单独监护;规定子女最佳利益应考虑的因素;
明确规定哺乳期为2周岁以下儿童，对监护判决、抚养费判决建立有力的强
制执行措施。
With the fast development of modern economy, divorce has become a more and more frequent phenomenon. As the minors are the hope of a society, the protection of children's interests of divorced couples has attracted more and more attentions in modem societies, including China. The custody and support of children of divorced couples has also attracted our attentions. Beginning with a discussion of the relative institutions and their evolution, the author compared the different institutions, and gives her suggestions on the legislation of child custody and support of the family part of civil law with a perspective of borrowing from the experiences of other countries and with an eye on the current state of affairs of China
This thesis consists of four parts.
The first part studies the basic theory of child custody and support in divorce cases. The evolution of such institution can be divided into the following four periods: (1) only the father has the right of child custody in ancient times; (2) the father or the mother who is faultless has the right of child custody in modem times; (3) the doctrine of tender years; and (4) the doctrine of the best interest of the children. The author differentiates child custody, parental rights and child support, and discusses the relationship between child custody and child watching. As to the discussion of the doctrines of child custody and support, the author put her emphasize on the doctrine of the best interest of the children, and how to exercise the right of child custody and support.
The second part studies the law and practices of child custody and support in other countries. On the one hand, the author studies the child custody system in both continental and Anglo-American countries. She gives an introduction of how to exercise the right of child custody, the alteration of child custody, the enforcement of the right of child custody and the factors affecting the determining of the best interests of the children from a comparative perspective, for hoping that the reader can better comprehend the evolution of child custody system in foreign countries. On the other hand, the author discusses the child support systems in other countries, especially the standard of paying child support costs, the period of payment, the methods of paying, the modification of child support costs and the enforcement of child support costs. The author points out what we can learn from those countries.
The third part studies the child custody and support system in China The systems promulgated by the Family Law has some drawbacks, such as the system of joint custody which
is in contradiction of the current state of affairs, the ambiguity of the period of lactation, the ambiguity of whether the court can check the agreement of child custody, the shortage of concrete prescription of conditions unfavorable to children's body and mental health, and the inadequacy of enforcement measures of child custody and support The author holds that we should incorporate the Regulations on Child Support into the Family Law.
The last part gives the author's suggestions over the perfection of Chinese law on child custody and support The author holds that we should adopt the doctrine of the best interest of children as the basic principle of child custody and support Child custody should include both joint custody and separate custody. The period of lactation should be two years after the child has been born. There should be powerful enforcement measures for the judgments of child custody and support.
本文约40，000字，共分四个部分。
第一部分 离婚后子女之监护、抚养制度基本理论探讨。在离婚后子女之监护、抚养制度溯源中，阐述了该监护制度的四个发展阶段：1．古代的子女以随父监护为原则。2．近代的子女以随无过错的父或母监护为原则。3．幼年原则。4．子女最佳利益原则。阐述了监护、亲权、抚养之区别；监护权与探视权的关系；在处理未成年子女监护、抚养制度的原则中，着重阐述了体现子女最佳利益的监护法律理念及子女监护权行使原则及抚养原则。
第二部分 外国离婚后未成年子女监护、抚养制度的立法及评析。一是介绍大陆法系及英美法系几个主要国家及地区的监护制度立法，包括监护权行使原则、监护权变更、监护权的强制执行、子女最佳利益应考虑的因素、以及探视权相关问题，并对两大法系作出比较评析，探讨国外监护制度发展趋势。二是介绍大陆法系及英美法系几个主要国家及地区的抚养制度立法，并对子女抚养费标准、负担期限、给付方式、抚养费的变更及抚养费的强制执行进行对比并作出评析，指出值得借鉴的立法经验。
第三部分 我国现行未成年人监护、子女抚养制度。分别对我国未成年人监护制度、抚养制度进行阐述，分析其立法之不足。我国《婚姻法》现有的离婚后子女之监护、抚养制度不完善，最高人民法院《子女抚养意见》中的规定应归入到婚姻法中，婚姻法中监护制度单采共同监护与现状不符，哺乳期规定不明，有关监护权协议的认定，法院是否可依职权审查也用语不明。对于何为不利于子女身心健康的情形，并没有给予具体规定。对有关监护、抚养判决的强制措施执行不力。
第四部分 提出完善我国未成年人监护制度及子女抚养制度的立法构想。建议以“子女最佳利益原则”为处理子女监护、抚养制度的原则。在
监护制度中兼采共同监护与单独监护;规定子女最佳利益应考虑的因素;
明确规定哺乳期为2周岁以下儿童，对监护判决、抚养费判决建立有力的强
制执行措施。
With the fast development of modern economy, divorce has become a more and more frequent phenomenon. As the minors are the hope of a society, the protection of children's interests of divorced couples has attracted more and more attentions in modem societies, including China. The custody and support of children of divorced couples has also attracted our attentions. Beginning with a discussion of the relative institutions and their evolution, the author compared the different institutions, and gives her suggestions on the legislation of child custody and support of the family part of civil law with a perspective of borrowing from the experiences of other countries and with an eye on the current state of affairs of China
This thesis consists of four parts.
The first part studies the basic theory of child custody and support in divorce cases. The evolution of such institution can be divided into the following four periods: (1) only the father has the right of child custody in ancient times; (2) the father or the mother who is faultless has the right of child custody in modem times; (3) the doctrine of tender years; and (4) the doctrine of the best interest of the children. The author differentiates child custody, parental rights and child support, and discusses the relationship between child custody and child watching. As to the discussion of the doctrines of child custody and support, the author put her emphasize on the doctrine of the best interest of the children, and how to exercise the right of child custody and support.
The second part studies the law and practices of child custody and support in other countries. On the one hand, the author studies the child custody system in both continental and Anglo-American countries. She gives an introduction of how to exercise the right of child custody, the alteration of child custody, the enforcement of the right of child custody and the factors affecting the determining of the best interests of the children from a comparative perspective, for hoping that the reader can better comprehend the evolution of child custody system in foreign countries. On the other hand, the author discusses the child support systems in other countries, especially the standard of paying child support costs, the period of payment, the methods of paying, the modification of child support costs and the enforcement of child support costs. The author points out what we can learn from those countries.
The third part studies the child custody and support system in China The systems promulgated by the Family Law has some drawbacks, such as the system of joint custody which
is in contradiction of the current state of affairs, the ambiguity of the period of lactation, the ambiguity of whether the court can check the agreement of child custody, the shortage of concrete prescription of conditions unfavorable to children's body and mental health, and the inadequacy of enforcement measures of child custody and support The author holds that we should incorporate the Regulations on Child Support into the Family Law.
The last part gives the author's suggestions over the perfection of Chinese law on child custody and support The author holds that we should adopt the doctrine of the best interest of children as the basic principle of child custody and support Child custody should include both joint custody and separate custody. The period of lactation should be two years after the child has been born. There should be powerful enforcement measures for the judgments of child custody and support.
引文
1．夏吟兰著：《美国现代婚姻家庭制度》，中国政法大学出版社1999年版。
2．(加)罗德里 菲利普斯著，李公昭译：《离婚简史》，中国对外翻译出版公司1998年版。
3．陈功著：《家庭革命》Http://www.shuku.net: 8080/novels/zatan/dslqnawtjkao/jtgm.html。
4．玛林·格林著，张已宸译：《婚姻关系》，吉林人民出版社1998年版。
5．巫昌桢、杨大文著《走向21世纪的中国婚姻家庭》吉林人民出版社1995年版。
6．蒙晨著：《中西方家庭比较》，科普出版社1991年版。
7．《马克思恩格斯选集》，人民出版社1972年版，第4卷、第16卷。
8．杨大文主编：《亲属法》法律出版社1997年版。
9．陈棋炎等著：《民法亲属新论》，台湾三民书局1995年版。
10．史尚宽：《亲属法论》，北京：中国政法大学出版社2000年版。
11．(意)桑德罗·斯奇巴尼选编，费安玲译：《婚姻、家庭和遗产继承》，中国政法大学出版社2001年版。
12．周枏著：《罗马法原论》，商务印务馆1996年版。
13．费孝通著：《乡土中国生育制度》，北京大学出版社1998年版。
14．威廉·杰·欧·康奈等著，顾培东、杨遂全译：《美国婚姻与婚姻法》，重庆出版社1986年版。
15．(日)利谷信义等著，陈明侠、许继华译：《离婚法社会学》，北京大学出版社1991年版。
16．雷文玫：“以子女最佳利益之名：离婚后父母对未成年子女权利义务行使与负担之研究”载《台大法学论丛》，1999年版，第28卷第3期。
17．陈苇著：《中国婚姻家庭法立法研究》，群众出版社2000年版。
18．林秀雄著：《婚姻家庭法之研究》，中国政法大学出版社2001年版。
19. (America) Harry D. Krause, family law, law Publishers, 1999。
20．宋豫、陈苇主编：《中国大陆与港、澳、台婚姻家庭法比较研究》，重庆出版社2002年版。
21．王书江译：《日本民法典》，中国法制出版社2000年版。
22．殷生根、王燕译：《瑞士民法典》，中国政法大学出版社1999年版。
23．郑冲、贾红梅译：《德国民法典》，法律出版社2001年版。
24．罗结珍译：《法国民法典》，中国法制出版社1999年版。
25．费安玲、丁玫译：《意大利民法典》，中国政法大学出版社1997年版。
26．中国法学会婚姻法学研究会编：《外国婚姻家庭法汇编》，群众出版社2000年版。
27．李泽沛主编：《香港法律概述》，法律出版社1987年版。
28．杨立新、秦秀敏“论探望权及其强制执行”，Http://www.yangLx.com/shownews.asp?
29．张学军：“论离婚后未成年子女的抚养”，载《法制与社会发展》，1996年第6期。
30．陈惠馨：“比较研究中、德有关父母离婚后父母子女间法律关系”，载《政大法学评论》1998年版，第38期。
2．(加)罗德里 菲利普斯著，李公昭译：《离婚简史》，中国对外翻译出版公司1998年版。
3．陈功著：《家庭革命》Http://www.shuku.net: 8080/novels/zatan/dslqnawtjkao/jtgm.html。
4．玛林·格林著，张已宸译：《婚姻关系》，吉林人民出版社1998年版。
5．巫昌桢、杨大文著《走向21世纪的中国婚姻家庭》吉林人民出版社1995年版。
6．蒙晨著：《中西方家庭比较》，科普出版社1991年版。
7．《马克思恩格斯选集》，人民出版社1972年版，第4卷、第16卷。
8．杨大文主编：《亲属法》法律出版社1997年版。
9．陈棋炎等著：《民法亲属新论》，台湾三民书局1995年版。
10．史尚宽：《亲属法论》，北京：中国政法大学出版社2000年版。
11．(意)桑德罗·斯奇巴尼选编，费安玲译：《婚姻、家庭和遗产继承》，中国政法大学出版社2001年版。
12．周枏著：《罗马法原论》，商务印务馆1996年版。
13．费孝通著：《乡土中国生育制度》，北京大学出版社1998年版。
14．威廉·杰·欧·康奈等著，顾培东、杨遂全译：《美国婚姻与婚姻法》，重庆出版社1986年版。
15．(日)利谷信义等著，陈明侠、许继华译：《离婚法社会学》，北京大学出版社1991年版。
16．雷文玫：“以子女最佳利益之名：离婚后父母对未成年子女权利义务行使与负担之研究”载《台大法学论丛》，1999年版，第28卷第3期。
17．陈苇著：《中国婚姻家庭法立法研究》，群众出版社2000年版。
18．林秀雄著：《婚姻家庭法之研究》，中国政法大学出版社2001年版。
19. (America) Harry D. Krause, family law, law Publishers, 1999。
20．宋豫、陈苇主编：《中国大陆与港、澳、台婚姻家庭法比较研究》，重庆出版社2002年版。
21．王书江译：《日本民法典》，中国法制出版社2000年版。
22．殷生根、王燕译：《瑞士民法典》，中国政法大学出版社1999年版。
23．郑冲、贾红梅译：《德国民法典》，法律出版社2001年版。
24．罗结珍译：《法国民法典》，中国法制出版社1999年版。
25．费安玲、丁玫译：《意大利民法典》，中国政法大学出版社1997年版。
26．中国法学会婚姻法学研究会编：《外国婚姻家庭法汇编》，群众出版社2000年版。
27．李泽沛主编：《香港法律概述》，法律出版社1987年版。
28．杨立新、秦秀敏“论探望权及其强制执行”，Http://www.yangLx.com/shownews.asp?
29．张学军：“论离婚后未成年子女的抚养”，载《法制与社会发展》，1996年第6期。
30．陈惠馨：“比较研究中、德有关父母离婚后父母子女间法律关系”，载《政大法学评论》1998年版，第38期。