草地螟的雷达监测与早期预警研究
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摘要
草地螟是我国东北、华北和西北（三北）地区重大害虫，暴发时为害严重，造成损失重大，明确其迁飞、扩散规律以及与境外虫源交流情况，对早期预警和有效防治具有重要意义。2010－2011年，利用垂直监测昆虫雷达作为监测工具，结合高空探照灯和地面灯灯诱虫情、迁飞高峰期雌虫卵巢解剖、区域大气环流形势和迁飞轨迹分析，在内蒙古锡林浩特西郊对草地螟的迁飞行为进行研究。
2010－2011年的雷达观测结果表明：牧区越冬代、一代和二代草地螟成虫迁飞高度主要集中在300－400m。迁飞高峰出现时间较农区偏晚，集中在0:00－5:00之间。本研究观测显示牧区草地螟成虫迁飞高峰期具有以下特点：（1）越冬代、一代草地螟成虫迁飞峰期相对较短，二代草地螟成虫迁飞峰期持续时间长。2010年一代草地螟成虫有两次迁飞峰期，第一次从2010年7月1日持续至7月6日，第二次从2010年7月10日持续至7月21日，2011年越冬代草地螟成虫迁飞峰期从2011年6月22日持续至6月30日，相对较短；而二代草地螟成虫迁飞峰期则相对持续时间较长，2010年从8月8日持续至8月21日，2011年从7月26日持续至8月23日，均持续将近一个月的时间。（2）高峰日诱虫数量大。2010年二代草地螟成虫迁飞高峰期内的高峰日是8月11日，高空灯单日单灯诱集到9167头草地螟；2011年二代草地螟成虫迁飞高峰期内有几个高峰日，当日高空探照灯诱虫数量都比较大，7月26日诱集到75560头。（3）突增突减情况明显。在二代草地螟成虫迁飞峰期中突增突减现象表现的尤为突出，2011年7月26日草地螟迁飞数量从前一日的61头突增为75560头，而后一日7月27日则突减为277头；7月31日高空探照灯下集虫器内只有107头，8月1日就突增至20652头，8月2日又突减到34头。（4）卵巢发育级别低。2010年到2011年共监测到的5次草地螟成虫诱集高峰，检查其雌蛾卵巢发育进度发现都以1－2级为主。
轨迹分析显示，牧区越冬代草地螟成虫迁飞受到风场影响，虫源来自我国内蒙古东北地区，是一个我国虫源影响他国的个例。牧区一代草地螟成虫虫源主要来自蒙古国，2010年7月1日至7月6日以及2010年7月10日至7月21日两次高峰期迁入的虫源都来自蒙古国中东部和东北部地区。牧区二代草地螟成虫虫源主要来自蒙古人民共和国，2010年8月8日至8月21日以及2011年7月26日至8月4日的两次高峰期，草地螟虫源地都来自蒙古国中东部以及东南部地区；但是二代草地螟成虫虫源也可以来自国内，2010年8月23日的轨迹显示其来自锡林郭勒盟西部。
东亚地区的西太平洋副热带高压与西伯利亚低压对我国牧区草地螟成虫的迁出和迁入有着非常重要的影响，西太平洋副热带高压脊线经过第三次北跳后，稳定在25－30°N，北界位于35－40°N之间，其西北侧西南气流活跃，对北方牧区上空的大气流场起着非常重要的作用。冷高压或脊以及气旋、锋面、槽或锋面气旋这些大气背景与境外草地螟的迁入和降落都有着密切的联系，可以说它们是蒙古草地螟迁入我国并导致灾变的重要引导性因素。
降雨与草地螟成虫的迁入和迁出有非常密切的关系，本研究所诱集到的五次高峰期中均有降雨。2010－2011年两年中，高空探照灯下集虫器内一代草地螟成虫的突增之前都有降雨情况出现，而高空探照灯下集虫器内二代草地螟成虫诱集高峰期也是在降雨之后开始的。
The meadow moth (Loxostege sticticalis L.), in the family Crambidae, is a worldwide pest that ismainly distributed in arid areas of the northern temperate regions. It is one of the most serious migratorypests in the northern farming and pastoral areas of China. Ascertaining its patterns of migration andpopulation expansion and tracking the routes by which it enters China from neighboring nations couldprovide a scientific basis for forecasting the moth's movements and effectively controlling thiseconomically damaging pest. During2010and2011, we carried out a long-term monitoring of the pestaround the western suburbs of Xilinhaote City, Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China.Thestudy included: the use of a vertical-looking radar (VLR) combined with a searchlight, light-trapping onthe ground, assessing the ovarian developmental status of female moths captured at the light traps atdifferent periods, estimating the source areas of the second generation of meadow moth by backwardcalculating their trajectory, and analyzing how the atmospheric circulation patterns influenced theirmigrations.
The VLR echoes during2010and2011appeared that: the meadow moth populations(overwintering、the first generation and the second generation) mainly at a height of300–400m. Thepeak in the pastoral areas is later than in the farming areas, mainly between0:00–5:00am. The resultsof this study showed that the meadow moth from the pastoral areas had the features as following duringthe migration peak:(1) The migration peaks of the overwinter and the first generation meadow moth arerelatively short, and the migration peaks of the second generation are relatively long. There were twomigration peaks of the first generation meadow moth in2010, the first was from1July to6July and thesecond was from10July to21July, The migration peaks of the first generation meadow moth in2010was from22June to30June, relatively short; While the migration peaks of the second generation arerelatively long, The migration peak in2010was from8August to21August and from26July to23August in2011, all lasted nearly a month.(2) The amount of the meadow moth trapped in the peak dayis great. The migration peak day of the second generation meadow moth in2010was11August and theamount was9167one day one light; There were few peaks day of the second generation meadow mothin2011, we trapped75560moths on26July and20652on1August.(3) The uprush and the anticlimaxof the meadow moth amount is obvious. Particularly in the second generation meadow moth, the amoutof the meadow moth trapped in the light was75560, but only61in the previous day (25July) and277in the next day (27July); the amout of the meadow moth trapped in the light was20652, but only107inthe previous day (31July) and34in the next day (2August).(4) The ovaries of the female meadowmoths are developping in low grade. There were five migration peaks of the meadow moth during2010to2011, Check the ovaries of the female meadow moths and the results show that they were mainly indevelopmental stage I or II.
The trajectory analysis of the migrations showed that the source of the overwinter generationmeadow moth come from norheast of Inner Mongolia, this is one case study that the meadow moth source in our Country influence the meadow moth overseas. The first generation in the pastoral areasmainly come from Mongolia, the source of the meadow moth during1July to6July and10July to21July in2010came from the middleeast and northeast of Mongolia. The second generation in the pastoralareas mainly come from Mongolia, the source of the meadow moth during from8August to21Augustin2010and26July to4August in2011came from the middleeast and southeast of Mongolia;Neverthless, The source of the second generation in the pastoral areas also can come from our Country,such as the source on23August in2011was from the west of Xilinguole.
West Pacific Subtropical High in East Asia and Siberia low pressure are very important to themigration of the pastoral areas of China, after the third leap of West Pacific subtropical high, stable at25–30°N, the northern boundary is located35–40°N, between the northwest side of the activesouthwesterly airstream over the northern pastoral areas of flow field plays a very important role. TheCold high-pressure or ridge as well as cyclones, fronts, trough or frontal cyclone atmospheric are veryclose to meadow moth immigration and landing.
The rainfall is close to the taking-off, landing of the meadow moth. This study showed that duringall5migration peaks of meadow moth, always associated with the rainfall. The meadow moth uprushin July and August2010, June2011and two days(26July、23August) during the migration peaks ofsecond generation meadow moth in2011all begin after the rainfall.
2010－2011年的雷达观测结果表明：牧区越冬代、一代和二代草地螟成虫迁飞高度主要集中在300－400m。迁飞高峰出现时间较农区偏晚，集中在0:00－5:00之间。本研究观测显示牧区草地螟成虫迁飞高峰期具有以下特点：（1）越冬代、一代草地螟成虫迁飞峰期相对较短，二代草地螟成虫迁飞峰期持续时间长。2010年一代草地螟成虫有两次迁飞峰期，第一次从2010年7月1日持续至7月6日，第二次从2010年7月10日持续至7月21日，2011年越冬代草地螟成虫迁飞峰期从2011年6月22日持续至6月30日，相对较短；而二代草地螟成虫迁飞峰期则相对持续时间较长，2010年从8月8日持续至8月21日，2011年从7月26日持续至8月23日，均持续将近一个月的时间。（2）高峰日诱虫数量大。2010年二代草地螟成虫迁飞高峰期内的高峰日是8月11日，高空灯单日单灯诱集到9167头草地螟；2011年二代草地螟成虫迁飞高峰期内有几个高峰日，当日高空探照灯诱虫数量都比较大，7月26日诱集到75560头。（3）突增突减情况明显。在二代草地螟成虫迁飞峰期中突增突减现象表现的尤为突出，2011年7月26日草地螟迁飞数量从前一日的61头突增为75560头，而后一日7月27日则突减为277头；7月31日高空探照灯下集虫器内只有107头，8月1日就突增至20652头，8月2日又突减到34头。（4）卵巢发育级别低。2010年到2011年共监测到的5次草地螟成虫诱集高峰，检查其雌蛾卵巢发育进度发现都以1－2级为主。
轨迹分析显示，牧区越冬代草地螟成虫迁飞受到风场影响，虫源来自我国内蒙古东北地区，是一个我国虫源影响他国的个例。牧区一代草地螟成虫虫源主要来自蒙古国，2010年7月1日至7月6日以及2010年7月10日至7月21日两次高峰期迁入的虫源都来自蒙古国中东部和东北部地区。牧区二代草地螟成虫虫源主要来自蒙古人民共和国，2010年8月8日至8月21日以及2011年7月26日至8月4日的两次高峰期，草地螟虫源地都来自蒙古国中东部以及东南部地区；但是二代草地螟成虫虫源也可以来自国内，2010年8月23日的轨迹显示其来自锡林郭勒盟西部。
东亚地区的西太平洋副热带高压与西伯利亚低压对我国牧区草地螟成虫的迁出和迁入有着非常重要的影响，西太平洋副热带高压脊线经过第三次北跳后，稳定在25－30°N，北界位于35－40°N之间，其西北侧西南气流活跃，对北方牧区上空的大气流场起着非常重要的作用。冷高压或脊以及气旋、锋面、槽或锋面气旋这些大气背景与境外草地螟的迁入和降落都有着密切的联系，可以说它们是蒙古草地螟迁入我国并导致灾变的重要引导性因素。
降雨与草地螟成虫的迁入和迁出有非常密切的关系，本研究所诱集到的五次高峰期中均有降雨。2010－2011年两年中，高空探照灯下集虫器内一代草地螟成虫的突增之前都有降雨情况出现，而高空探照灯下集虫器内二代草地螟成虫诱集高峰期也是在降雨之后开始的。
The meadow moth (Loxostege sticticalis L.), in the family Crambidae, is a worldwide pest that ismainly distributed in arid areas of the northern temperate regions. It is one of the most serious migratorypests in the northern farming and pastoral areas of China. Ascertaining its patterns of migration andpopulation expansion and tracking the routes by which it enters China from neighboring nations couldprovide a scientific basis for forecasting the moth's movements and effectively controlling thiseconomically damaging pest. During2010and2011, we carried out a long-term monitoring of the pestaround the western suburbs of Xilinhaote City, Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China.Thestudy included: the use of a vertical-looking radar (VLR) combined with a searchlight, light-trapping onthe ground, assessing the ovarian developmental status of female moths captured at the light traps atdifferent periods, estimating the source areas of the second generation of meadow moth by backwardcalculating their trajectory, and analyzing how the atmospheric circulation patterns influenced theirmigrations.
The VLR echoes during2010and2011appeared that: the meadow moth populations(overwintering、the first generation and the second generation) mainly at a height of300–400m. Thepeak in the pastoral areas is later than in the farming areas, mainly between0:00–5:00am. The resultsof this study showed that the meadow moth from the pastoral areas had the features as following duringthe migration peak:(1) The migration peaks of the overwinter and the first generation meadow moth arerelatively short, and the migration peaks of the second generation are relatively long. There were twomigration peaks of the first generation meadow moth in2010, the first was from1July to6July and thesecond was from10July to21July, The migration peaks of the first generation meadow moth in2010was from22June to30June, relatively short; While the migration peaks of the second generation arerelatively long, The migration peak in2010was from8August to21August and from26July to23August in2011, all lasted nearly a month.(2) The amount of the meadow moth trapped in the peak dayis great. The migration peak day of the second generation meadow moth in2010was11August and theamount was9167one day one light; There were few peaks day of the second generation meadow mothin2011, we trapped75560moths on26July and20652on1August.(3) The uprush and the anticlimaxof the meadow moth amount is obvious. Particularly in the second generation meadow moth, the amoutof the meadow moth trapped in the light was75560, but only61in the previous day (25July) and277in the next day (27July); the amout of the meadow moth trapped in the light was20652, but only107inthe previous day (31July) and34in the next day (2August).(4) The ovaries of the female meadowmoths are developping in low grade. There were five migration peaks of the meadow moth during2010to2011, Check the ovaries of the female meadow moths and the results show that they were mainly indevelopmental stage I or II.
The trajectory analysis of the migrations showed that the source of the overwinter generationmeadow moth come from norheast of Inner Mongolia, this is one case study that the meadow moth source in our Country influence the meadow moth overseas. The first generation in the pastoral areasmainly come from Mongolia, the source of the meadow moth during1July to6July and10July to21July in2010came from the middleeast and northeast of Mongolia. The second generation in the pastoralareas mainly come from Mongolia, the source of the meadow moth during from8August to21Augustin2010and26July to4August in2011came from the middleeast and southeast of Mongolia;Neverthless, The source of the second generation in the pastoral areas also can come from our Country,such as the source on23August in2011was from the west of Xilinguole.
West Pacific Subtropical High in East Asia and Siberia low pressure are very important to themigration of the pastoral areas of China, after the third leap of West Pacific subtropical high, stable at25–30°N, the northern boundary is located35–40°N, between the northwest side of the activesouthwesterly airstream over the northern pastoral areas of flow field plays a very important role. TheCold high-pressure or ridge as well as cyclones, fronts, trough or frontal cyclone atmospheric are veryclose to meadow moth immigration and landing.
The rainfall is close to the taking-off, landing of the meadow moth. This study showed that duringall5migration peaks of meadow moth, always associated with the rainfall. The meadow moth uprushin July and August2010, June2011and two days(26July、23August) during the migration peaks ofsecond generation meadow moth in2011all begin after the rainfall.
引文
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