塔南凹陷断裂生长变形机制及控制作用
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摘要
以塔南凹陷三维地震资料解释为基础,本文研究认为塔南凹陷在垂向上由三种不同性质的盆地叠加而成,自下而上依次为：由铜钵庙组构成的山间残留盆地、南一段和南二段构成的被动裂谷盆地、南三段到青元岗组的主动裂谷盆地。其中主动裂谷盆地可进一步划分为三大构造层,即由南三段和南四段构成的断陷构造层、由大磨拐河组和伊敏组构成的断—坳构造层、由青元岗组及其上部构成坳陷构造层。不同成盆期受构造变形性质差异的影响,形成了不同的构造样式。其中,被动裂陷时期,受走滑作用影响产生大量反向断层；主动裂陷时期,地幔柱上涌,断裂伸展变形强烈形成大规模“中央背斜带”；断-坳转化时期,盆地在张扭应力作用下断裂形成“似花状”的构造样式；构造反转期,盆地受挤压应力的影响而使断裂呈现反转构造样式。
塔南凹陷主要发育两条转换斜坡(“软连接”)型转换带和九条“硬连接”型转换带。应用“三图一剥”技术反演不同类型转换带的形成及演化过程,认为转换带主要形成于南三段和南四段时期且发现转换带明显地控制扇体的分布。塔南凹陷三种不同性质的盆地形成三个不同样式的盆地构造样式：铜钵庙时期为“山间残留盆地”；被动裂陷时期为“泛盆”；主动裂陷时期是“复式小型断陷湖盆”。盆地主要发育两套烃源岩,时期为南二段和南三段。其中,被动裂陷时期形成的南二段烃源岩,品质优、排烃效率高、全区发育,受断层影响小,是塔南凹陷的主力烃源岩。主动裂陷时期形成的南三段烃源岩,品质较优,排烃效率稍差,主要发育于洼槽内部,受断层控制明显,是塔南凹陷的重要烃源岩。塔南凹陷在区域走滑应力作用下形成反向断层,并导致远离断层的地层发生翘倾。翘倾部位由于受到大气水长期淋滤作用而形成良好的储层。根据塔南凹陷断裂的形成演化过程可分为四套断裂系统：早期伸展断裂系统、中期张扭断裂系统、早期伸展中期张扭断裂系统、早期伸展中期张扭晚期反转断裂系统。其中,早期伸展和早期伸展中期张扭对油气聚集起到遮挡作用,封闭南一、二段的油气；早期伸展中期张扭晚期反转对油气的聚集起到桥梁和纽带作用,调节下部油气运移到南四段和大二段成藏。
塔南凹陷断裂控藏模式主要为以下三种：油气侧向运移反向断层遮挡低隆起聚集模式、油气初次运移同向断层遮挡或岩性尖灭洼槽变换部位聚集模式、油气垂向运移反转断层输导反转构造聚集模式。
Based on interpretation of 3-D seismic data, Tanan depression is divided into 3 basins vertically, from bottom to up as follows:interment-basin whichi formed in Tongbomiao group, passive rift in Nanyiduan and naner member, active rift in the period of from nansan member to qing yuan gang group.the active rift can be divided into 3 major tectonic statas: fault depression strata in Nansan member and Nansi member, rift-depression strata in Dayi member and Daer member; depression strata in qingyuangang group.Tanan depression is duplex half graben-rift which is composed of 4 different types of basins. Each type of basin has its own period of structural styles, strike-slip activity resulted in a large number of antithetic faults in passive rifting period; these was a large scale "the central anticline belt" in active rifting period;the faults structural style looked like flower shape in rift-depression period; the fracture showed inverted structural styles by the compressive stress in the basin of inversion.
Tanan depression mainly developed two transformation zone and nine hard-linkage transformation zone.Using "three diagram and a stripped picture" to interpretate evolution of the different kinds of transformation zone,we draw a conclusion that transformation zone mainly developed in Naner member and Nansan member and controlled the distribution of sandbody.Different kinds of basin tectonic styles composed different characteristic basins:mountain residue basin in Tongbomiao group,basin in passive rifting period, small multiple faulted basin in active rifting period.There were two sets of hydrocarbon source rock in Naner and Nansan member. Hydrocarbon source rock of Naner member was the main hydrocarbon source rock. Hydrocarbon source rock of Nansan member was the important hydrocarbon source rock. Regional strike-slip activity resulted in antithetic faults which caused the strata upward,the strata because of long-term eluviation of atmosphere and water become favourable store rock.According to the formation and evolution of Tanan depression, the fracture can be divided into four sets of fault systems:early extensional fault system, medium trans-tensional fault system, early-extensional mid-transtensional fault system, early-extensional mid-transtensional late-reversal fault system. Early extensional fault system and early-extensional mid-transtensional fault system prevented hydrocarbone from losing in Naner member and Nanyi member.the early-extensional mid-transtensional late-reversal fault system played a part of bridge and link for hydrocarbone storage,made the underneath hydrocarbone migrate to formate reservoir in Nansi member and Daer member.
Fractures of poor-controlling model in Tanan depression can be divided into three types:the model of hydrocarbone lateral migration and antithetic faults hiding and lower uplift accumulating,the model of hydrocarbone primary migration and synthetic faults sealing or lithologic pinch out accumulating in groove, the model of hydrocarbone vertical migration and reversal faults conducting and reversal fractures accumulating.
塔南凹陷主要发育两条转换斜坡(“软连接”)型转换带和九条“硬连接”型转换带。应用“三图一剥”技术反演不同类型转换带的形成及演化过程,认为转换带主要形成于南三段和南四段时期且发现转换带明显地控制扇体的分布。塔南凹陷三种不同性质的盆地形成三个不同样式的盆地构造样式：铜钵庙时期为“山间残留盆地”；被动裂陷时期为“泛盆”；主动裂陷时期是“复式小型断陷湖盆”。盆地主要发育两套烃源岩,时期为南二段和南三段。其中,被动裂陷时期形成的南二段烃源岩,品质优、排烃效率高、全区发育,受断层影响小,是塔南凹陷的主力烃源岩。主动裂陷时期形成的南三段烃源岩,品质较优,排烃效率稍差,主要发育于洼槽内部,受断层控制明显,是塔南凹陷的重要烃源岩。塔南凹陷在区域走滑应力作用下形成反向断层,并导致远离断层的地层发生翘倾。翘倾部位由于受到大气水长期淋滤作用而形成良好的储层。根据塔南凹陷断裂的形成演化过程可分为四套断裂系统：早期伸展断裂系统、中期张扭断裂系统、早期伸展中期张扭断裂系统、早期伸展中期张扭晚期反转断裂系统。其中,早期伸展和早期伸展中期张扭对油气聚集起到遮挡作用,封闭南一、二段的油气；早期伸展中期张扭晚期反转对油气的聚集起到桥梁和纽带作用,调节下部油气运移到南四段和大二段成藏。
塔南凹陷断裂控藏模式主要为以下三种：油气侧向运移反向断层遮挡低隆起聚集模式、油气初次运移同向断层遮挡或岩性尖灭洼槽变换部位聚集模式、油气垂向运移反转断层输导反转构造聚集模式。
Based on interpretation of 3-D seismic data, Tanan depression is divided into 3 basins vertically, from bottom to up as follows:interment-basin whichi formed in Tongbomiao group, passive rift in Nanyiduan and naner member, active rift in the period of from nansan member to qing yuan gang group.the active rift can be divided into 3 major tectonic statas: fault depression strata in Nansan member and Nansi member, rift-depression strata in Dayi member and Daer member; depression strata in qingyuangang group.Tanan depression is duplex half graben-rift which is composed of 4 different types of basins. Each type of basin has its own period of structural styles, strike-slip activity resulted in a large number of antithetic faults in passive rifting period; these was a large scale "the central anticline belt" in active rifting period;the faults structural style looked like flower shape in rift-depression period; the fracture showed inverted structural styles by the compressive stress in the basin of inversion.
Tanan depression mainly developed two transformation zone and nine hard-linkage transformation zone.Using "three diagram and a stripped picture" to interpretate evolution of the different kinds of transformation zone,we draw a conclusion that transformation zone mainly developed in Naner member and Nansan member and controlled the distribution of sandbody.Different kinds of basin tectonic styles composed different characteristic basins:mountain residue basin in Tongbomiao group,basin in passive rifting period, small multiple faulted basin in active rifting period.There were two sets of hydrocarbon source rock in Naner and Nansan member. Hydrocarbon source rock of Naner member was the main hydrocarbon source rock. Hydrocarbon source rock of Nansan member was the important hydrocarbon source rock. Regional strike-slip activity resulted in antithetic faults which caused the strata upward,the strata because of long-term eluviation of atmosphere and water become favourable store rock.According to the formation and evolution of Tanan depression, the fracture can be divided into four sets of fault systems:early extensional fault system, medium trans-tensional fault system, early-extensional mid-transtensional fault system, early-extensional mid-transtensional late-reversal fault system. Early extensional fault system and early-extensional mid-transtensional fault system prevented hydrocarbone from losing in Naner member and Nanyi member.the early-extensional mid-transtensional late-reversal fault system played a part of bridge and link for hydrocarbone storage,made the underneath hydrocarbone migrate to formate reservoir in Nansi member and Daer member.
Fractures of poor-controlling model in Tanan depression can be divided into three types:the model of hydrocarbone lateral migration and antithetic faults hiding and lower uplift accumulating,the model of hydrocarbone primary migration and synthetic faults sealing or lithologic pinch out accumulating in groove, the model of hydrocarbone vertical migration and reversal faults conducting and reversal fractures accumulating.
引文
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[8]Morley C K, Nelson R A, Patton T L, et al. S G transfer zones in the east African rift system and their relevance to hydrocarbon exploration in rifts[J].American Assoc Petroleum Geol Bull,1990,74:1159-1191.
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[10]Rosendahl B R. Architecture of continental rifts with special reference to East Africa [J].Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1987,15:445-504.
[11]Fauld J E, Varga R J. The role of accommodation zones and transfer zones in the regional segmentation of extended terranes Faulds J E, Stewart J H. Accommodation Zones and Transfer Zones:The Regional Segmentation of the Basin and Range Province[J].Geological Society of America Special Paper,1998, (323):1-46.
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[13]刘德来,王伟,马莉.伸展盆地转换带分析—以松辽盆地北部为例[J].地质科技情报,1994,13(2)：5-8.
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