中伊朗盆地形成演化与油气前景
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摘要
中伊朗盆地是一典型的新生代弧后盆地,其主要目的层库姆组是陆源碎屑-火山碎屑-碳酸盐岩混积地层,又是典型的裂缝-孔隙型储层。正是因为盆地性质、储层特征和成藏条件的复杂性,油气勘探具有极大的挑战性。论文以前陆盆地分析和石油地质理论为指导,通过地表地质与地下地质、地质-地球物理-地球化学的综合研究,采用“面”和“点”相结合的综合研究方法,研究中伊朗盆地的形成演化和基本石油地质条件。通过地球物理研究得出盆地构造特征、断裂特征、构造演化及圈闭形成演化,进而得出盆地的形成演化;通过野外剖面,岩心、岩屑薄片鉴定研究该区沉积特征,有利沉积相带分布;通过力学性质分析,露头、岩心、成像测井裂缝观察,双侧向测井裂缝参数反演及Aran背斜C_4亚段裂缝空间的定量计算对Kashan地区裂缝性储层进行评价;通过地球化学研究烃源岩特征、油气充注期次。在此基础上,恢复油气成藏过程,探索油气藏的分布规律及其控制因素;对中伊朗盆地的油气地质条件进行综合评估,划分出较有利的油气聚集带与勘探目标,确定勘探的有利区带。并取得了以下主要认识和结论:
1.区域构造上,中伊朗盆地的演化可分为以下四个阶段:古生代克拉通内坳陷阶段;中生代挤压-伸展交替作用阶段;古新世-始新世弧后伸展盆地阶段;渐新世-第四纪碰撞造山-造山后伸展-强烈对冲挤压阶段;
2.Kashan地区的主体构造走向呈北西-南东向展布。可以划分出四个一级构造单元:山前冲断-褶皱带、山前凹陷带、中央隆起带和斜坡带。自Qom组沉积以来,Kashan地区主要经历了晚阿尔卑斯挤压构造运动。晚阿尔卑斯挤压构造运动在该地区可划分出5个较为强烈的构造活动幕次。晚阿尔卑斯构造运动对Aran背斜地区的具体影响为:上红组M_1段沉积末,Aran背斜已经形成雏形;M_2段开始沉积到结束,构造挤压活动强度有所加大,Aran背斜隆起幅度相对有所增大;第四系以后发生了一次强烈的构造运动使Aran背斜的褶皱幅度、特别是曲度明显的加大,至此Aran背斜基本定型。
3.薄片分析得出Fkh-1井Qom组沉积水动力要比Am-1井、Am-2井沉积水动力弱。三口井Qom组岩石类型多样,以陆源碎屑-火山碎屑-碳酸盐岩混积沉积为主,混积特征明显。通过单井相、地震相及岩性分布特征的研究,认为该区从渐新世至早中新世经历了7次海平面升降旋回变化,其中Qom组内部包含5个三级层序S_1-S_5。海平面升降旋回变化控制着Qom组内部各段岩性变化。
4.Kashan地区存在两套有效烃源岩,一套为侏罗系Shemshak组泥岩,另一套为中新统-渐新统Qom组泥灰岩。侏罗系烃源岩具有二次生烃的特征,在早白垩世开始进入生烃门限,晚白垩世时期的剥蚀卸载使侏罗系烃源岩的生烃作用停止;新生代早期的盆地沉降使侏罗系烃源岩开始二次生烃,并进入高成熟阶段,开始大量生成湿气。Qom组在新生代中晚期(约4 Ma-5Ma)盆地快速沉降阶段进入生油阶段,而此时侏罗系已达到过成熟阶段,大量生成干气。Arn-1井烃源岩以Qom组源岩为主,以侏罗系源岩为辅,属于混源油气藏。但Qom组源岩生烃量不足。
5.Kashan地区主要储集层为Qom组海相碳酸盐岩,它是一种裂缝-孔隙型储层,属于低孔低渗储层,岩石表现为脆性。同时声发射测试得出Fkh-1井Qom组E段地层应力远远小于岩石破裂强度,储层存在严重的不均一性。总体看,各段中C段储层最为发育,其次为E段。Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类储层主要发育于滩微相及生物碎屑灰岩。三口井中,Arn-1井储层最发育,Arn-2井次之,Fkh-1井最差。根据野外露头调查,裂缝的发育程度受褶曲作用和断裂作用的双重控制。断层相关裂缝带的宽度小但裂缝非常发育。节理或劈理的发育与岩性及层厚相关,即厚度越大、能干性越好,节理越稀疏,反之,节理越密或发育劈理。在平面上Aran背斜C_4亚段可以分成3个复合的裂缝发育系统。Aran背斜的西北倾伏端是裂缝性储层发育最有利的部位。
6.Aran背斜圈闭的形成时间同步或晚于油气生成、运移时间,能有效地捕获油气,形成以Qom组为源岩的自生自储型油气藏。从成藏条件来看,Aran背斜带圈闭条件好,近油源,生烃期和圈闭形成时期得到有机的匹配,有利于油气的聚集。在充足的油气源条件和准确预测裂缝发育分布的前提下,相比较其他地区,Aran背斜带是区内最有利的勘探目标。
Central Iran basin is a typical Cenozoic retro-arc basin, in which the target layer Qom Formation is the mixed siliciclastic-pyroclastics -carbonate formation, and a typical fracture and pore reservoir. Because of the complexity property of the basin, reservoir characteristics, and reservoir-forming conditions, hydrocarbon exploration in the basin is of great challenge. Based on the theory of petroleum geology and foreland basin analysis, the present paper has synthetically studied the tectonic evolution and petroleum geologic conditions through surface and underground geological conditions, geology-geophysics-geochemistry from point to area. The characteristics of the structure-fault system, tectonic evolution and trap characteristics are studied by using geophysics. The characteristics of rocks and distribution of favorable sedimentary facies belts are studied by using profiles, cores and cutting. The fractured carbonate reservoir are evaluated by using the experimental analysis of mechanical properties and outcrop、core、imaging logging fracture observation, dual laterolog fracture parameter interpret and fracture void quantitative calculation of C4 sub-member in the Aran anticline. The properties of source rocks, filling period of hydrocarbon are studied by using geochemistry, and then condition and process of hydrocarbon reservoir are resumed, regularities of distribution and controlling factor of reservoir are discussed. Finally, the paper has evaluated synthetically petroleum geologic conditions and pointed out that favorable petroleum accumulation zone and targets in central Iran basin. The following achievements have been achieved.
1. Regional tectonic evolution of central Iran basin can be divided into four phases: the Craton depression, the compressive-extensional stage in Mesozoic Era; the retro-arc extensional basin in Paleocene-Eocene, the collision-orogenesis- ??extension- compressive in Oligocene-Quaternary.
2. The main structure strike of Kashan area distributed in NW-SE direction. Kashan area can be divided into four first-tectonic units from south to north: foothill thrust-folded belt, foothill depression, central uplift and slope belt. Kashan area underwent compression in late Alpine movement. Tectonization in late Alpine movement can be divided into five strong tectonic episodes based on the characteristics of stratum sediment and unconformity. Tectonization effects on Aran anticline exhibited as the follows: Aran anticline begin form rudiment in Ml member of URF; stronger compressive aggrandized extent of uplift in M2 member of URF; the strongest Tectonization aggrandized ultimately extent, especially in curvature of Aran anticline in later Quaternary sediment, Aran anticline finalized the design.
3. Thin section identification results show sedimentary hydrodynamics of Arn-2 well and Arn-1 well is stronger than Fkh-1 well. There were various types of lithology in Qom Formation within these three wells, which were typically mixture of siliciclastic-pyroclastics-carbonate sediments. Through Wells facies、seismic facies and characteristic of lithology distribution integration analysis, the paper has pointed out that there exist seven sea-level cycle and five third order sequences in Kashan area (S1～S5). Lithology changes of Qom formation were controlled by eustasy change.
4. There are two sets of active source rocks in Kashan area. One is Shemshak shale in Jurassic, the other is marl in Oligocene-Miocene Qom Formation. Source rocks in Jurassic have characteristics of secondary hydrocarbon generation. Firstly Source rocks enter hydrocarbon generating threshold at early Cretaceous, but the denudation stopped hydrocarbon generating in late Cretaceous. The basin subsidence in early Cenozoic made source rocks of Jurassic continue to generate hydrocarbon, and enter highly matured stage. Source rocks in Qom formation entered hydrocarbon generation stage for the basin quickly subsidence in late Cenozoic (about 4-5Ma), meanwhile source rocks in Jurassic have entered highly matured stage, generated lots of gas. The crude oil in well Arn-1 is mostly derived from Qom formation and other source rocks as well, belong to mixed oil reservoir. Hydrocarbon-generation amount of Qom Formation was not enough.
5. The predominant reservoir of Qom Formation in Kashan area is marine carbonate rock, most of whom is bioclastic limestone. The reservoir is the fracture-pore reservoir with low porosity and low permeability. The rocks show brittle failure, and stress of well Fkh-1 in E member from AE testing was far less than compressive strengths of rocks . There is a serious heterogeneity of reservoir. Overall, C member of the reservoir was most developed. Among three wells, reservoir of the Arn-1 Well was most developed, followed by Arn-2 wells. Fkh-1 Well was the worst. According to the outcrop survey, the development of fracture was controlled by dual role of the fold and fault. The development of joints or cleavage related to lithology and thickness, the greater thickness, capable of better, sparser jointed, on the contrary, joint or cleavage more developed. Aran anticline in the plane C4 sub-mermber can be divided into three compound fracture system. Aran anticline northwest dumping fractured reservoir development is the most favorable position.
6. The formation time of Aran traps is synchronization or late of oil and gas generation, migration, it is can effectively capture of oil and gas. Based on accumulation condition analysis of the Aran Structural, hydrocarbon and traps period of the good match is conducive to the oil and gas gathering. In adequate oil and gas sources and to accurately predict the distribution of fracture, compared to other area, Aran anticline is the most favorable target for exploration
1.区域构造上,中伊朗盆地的演化可分为以下四个阶段:古生代克拉通内坳陷阶段;中生代挤压-伸展交替作用阶段;古新世-始新世弧后伸展盆地阶段;渐新世-第四纪碰撞造山-造山后伸展-强烈对冲挤压阶段;
2.Kashan地区的主体构造走向呈北西-南东向展布。可以划分出四个一级构造单元:山前冲断-褶皱带、山前凹陷带、中央隆起带和斜坡带。自Qom组沉积以来,Kashan地区主要经历了晚阿尔卑斯挤压构造运动。晚阿尔卑斯挤压构造运动在该地区可划分出5个较为强烈的构造活动幕次。晚阿尔卑斯构造运动对Aran背斜地区的具体影响为:上红组M_1段沉积末,Aran背斜已经形成雏形;M_2段开始沉积到结束,构造挤压活动强度有所加大,Aran背斜隆起幅度相对有所增大;第四系以后发生了一次强烈的构造运动使Aran背斜的褶皱幅度、特别是曲度明显的加大,至此Aran背斜基本定型。
3.薄片分析得出Fkh-1井Qom组沉积水动力要比Am-1井、Am-2井沉积水动力弱。三口井Qom组岩石类型多样,以陆源碎屑-火山碎屑-碳酸盐岩混积沉积为主,混积特征明显。通过单井相、地震相及岩性分布特征的研究,认为该区从渐新世至早中新世经历了7次海平面升降旋回变化,其中Qom组内部包含5个三级层序S_1-S_5。海平面升降旋回变化控制着Qom组内部各段岩性变化。
4.Kashan地区存在两套有效烃源岩,一套为侏罗系Shemshak组泥岩,另一套为中新统-渐新统Qom组泥灰岩。侏罗系烃源岩具有二次生烃的特征,在早白垩世开始进入生烃门限,晚白垩世时期的剥蚀卸载使侏罗系烃源岩的生烃作用停止;新生代早期的盆地沉降使侏罗系烃源岩开始二次生烃,并进入高成熟阶段,开始大量生成湿气。Qom组在新生代中晚期(约4 Ma-5Ma)盆地快速沉降阶段进入生油阶段,而此时侏罗系已达到过成熟阶段,大量生成干气。Arn-1井烃源岩以Qom组源岩为主,以侏罗系源岩为辅,属于混源油气藏。但Qom组源岩生烃量不足。
5.Kashan地区主要储集层为Qom组海相碳酸盐岩,它是一种裂缝-孔隙型储层,属于低孔低渗储层,岩石表现为脆性。同时声发射测试得出Fkh-1井Qom组E段地层应力远远小于岩石破裂强度,储层存在严重的不均一性。总体看,各段中C段储层最为发育,其次为E段。Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类储层主要发育于滩微相及生物碎屑灰岩。三口井中,Arn-1井储层最发育,Arn-2井次之,Fkh-1井最差。根据野外露头调查,裂缝的发育程度受褶曲作用和断裂作用的双重控制。断层相关裂缝带的宽度小但裂缝非常发育。节理或劈理的发育与岩性及层厚相关,即厚度越大、能干性越好,节理越稀疏,反之,节理越密或发育劈理。在平面上Aran背斜C_4亚段可以分成3个复合的裂缝发育系统。Aran背斜的西北倾伏端是裂缝性储层发育最有利的部位。
6.Aran背斜圈闭的形成时间同步或晚于油气生成、运移时间,能有效地捕获油气,形成以Qom组为源岩的自生自储型油气藏。从成藏条件来看,Aran背斜带圈闭条件好,近油源,生烃期和圈闭形成时期得到有机的匹配,有利于油气的聚集。在充足的油气源条件和准确预测裂缝发育分布的前提下,相比较其他地区,Aran背斜带是区内最有利的勘探目标。
Central Iran basin is a typical Cenozoic retro-arc basin, in which the target layer Qom Formation is the mixed siliciclastic-pyroclastics -carbonate formation, and a typical fracture and pore reservoir. Because of the complexity property of the basin, reservoir characteristics, and reservoir-forming conditions, hydrocarbon exploration in the basin is of great challenge. Based on the theory of petroleum geology and foreland basin analysis, the present paper has synthetically studied the tectonic evolution and petroleum geologic conditions through surface and underground geological conditions, geology-geophysics-geochemistry from point to area. The characteristics of the structure-fault system, tectonic evolution and trap characteristics are studied by using geophysics. The characteristics of rocks and distribution of favorable sedimentary facies belts are studied by using profiles, cores and cutting. The fractured carbonate reservoir are evaluated by using the experimental analysis of mechanical properties and outcrop、core、imaging logging fracture observation, dual laterolog fracture parameter interpret and fracture void quantitative calculation of C4 sub-member in the Aran anticline. The properties of source rocks, filling period of hydrocarbon are studied by using geochemistry, and then condition and process of hydrocarbon reservoir are resumed, regularities of distribution and controlling factor of reservoir are discussed. Finally, the paper has evaluated synthetically petroleum geologic conditions and pointed out that favorable petroleum accumulation zone and targets in central Iran basin. The following achievements have been achieved.
1. Regional tectonic evolution of central Iran basin can be divided into four phases: the Craton depression, the compressive-extensional stage in Mesozoic Era; the retro-arc extensional basin in Paleocene-Eocene, the collision-orogenesis- ??extension- compressive in Oligocene-Quaternary.
2. The main structure strike of Kashan area distributed in NW-SE direction. Kashan area can be divided into four first-tectonic units from south to north: foothill thrust-folded belt, foothill depression, central uplift and slope belt. Kashan area underwent compression in late Alpine movement. Tectonization in late Alpine movement can be divided into five strong tectonic episodes based on the characteristics of stratum sediment and unconformity. Tectonization effects on Aran anticline exhibited as the follows: Aran anticline begin form rudiment in Ml member of URF; stronger compressive aggrandized extent of uplift in M2 member of URF; the strongest Tectonization aggrandized ultimately extent, especially in curvature of Aran anticline in later Quaternary sediment, Aran anticline finalized the design.
3. Thin section identification results show sedimentary hydrodynamics of Arn-2 well and Arn-1 well is stronger than Fkh-1 well. There were various types of lithology in Qom Formation within these three wells, which were typically mixture of siliciclastic-pyroclastics-carbonate sediments. Through Wells facies、seismic facies and characteristic of lithology distribution integration analysis, the paper has pointed out that there exist seven sea-level cycle and five third order sequences in Kashan area (S1～S5). Lithology changes of Qom formation were controlled by eustasy change.
4. There are two sets of active source rocks in Kashan area. One is Shemshak shale in Jurassic, the other is marl in Oligocene-Miocene Qom Formation. Source rocks in Jurassic have characteristics of secondary hydrocarbon generation. Firstly Source rocks enter hydrocarbon generating threshold at early Cretaceous, but the denudation stopped hydrocarbon generating in late Cretaceous. The basin subsidence in early Cenozoic made source rocks of Jurassic continue to generate hydrocarbon, and enter highly matured stage. Source rocks in Qom formation entered hydrocarbon generation stage for the basin quickly subsidence in late Cenozoic (about 4-5Ma), meanwhile source rocks in Jurassic have entered highly matured stage, generated lots of gas. The crude oil in well Arn-1 is mostly derived from Qom formation and other source rocks as well, belong to mixed oil reservoir. Hydrocarbon-generation amount of Qom Formation was not enough.
5. The predominant reservoir of Qom Formation in Kashan area is marine carbonate rock, most of whom is bioclastic limestone. The reservoir is the fracture-pore reservoir with low porosity and low permeability. The rocks show brittle failure, and stress of well Fkh-1 in E member from AE testing was far less than compressive strengths of rocks . There is a serious heterogeneity of reservoir. Overall, C member of the reservoir was most developed. Among three wells, reservoir of the Arn-1 Well was most developed, followed by Arn-2 wells. Fkh-1 Well was the worst. According to the outcrop survey, the development of fracture was controlled by dual role of the fold and fault. The development of joints or cleavage related to lithology and thickness, the greater thickness, capable of better, sparser jointed, on the contrary, joint or cleavage more developed. Aran anticline in the plane C4 sub-mermber can be divided into three compound fracture system. Aran anticline northwest dumping fractured reservoir development is the most favorable position.
6. The formation time of Aran traps is synchronization or late of oil and gas generation, migration, it is can effectively capture of oil and gas. Based on accumulation condition analysis of the Aran Structural, hydrocarbon and traps period of the good match is conducive to the oil and gas gathering. In adequate oil and gas sources and to accurately predict the distribution of fracture, compared to other area, Aran anticline is the most favorable target for exploration
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