特高产水稻产量形成机理及定量栽培技术研究
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摘要
本研究在前人研究基础上,以世界著名的水稻特殊高产生态区涛源水稻高产田为试验参照基地,设置不同生态区水稻比较试验、品种产量潜力鉴定试验、南京和涛源生态区氮肥试验、密度试验和氮肥试验,探讨特高产水稻高产形成机理,同时探讨特高产水稻的精确定量栽培技术原理和途径。主要研究结果如下：
1、水稻产量形成的生态差异及高产共性特征
在中国8个典型生态区设置密度试验,共涉及10个当地主推品种,探讨不同生态区水稻的形成的生态差异及高产共性特征。结果表明水稻产量形成的生态差异为：(1)不同生态区水稻在生育期、产量构成、源库大小、粒／叶比、株型特征、干物质积累和分配等方面差异极大；(2)移栽密度对水稻群体质量及产量影响因生态类型不同而异。高产水稻的共性特征为：(1)产量与库容量关系密切,库容量越大,产量越高；建立适宜的LAI,通过提高粒叶比来提高库容量是水稻产量挖潜的主要目标；(2)抽穗前后干物质积累量对产量的贡献率差异极大,但提高干物质积累量,尤其是抽穗后的干物质积累量,有利于产量的提高。
2、水稻特高产形成机理
涛源水稻产量高,2006-2007年,涛源平均产量分别比南京高96%和85%,其中涛源2006年协优107产量达18.5t ha-1。涛源水稻特高产形成的机理主要表现在(1)生理学机理：生物产量高,而收获指数无差异；库容大,其中有效穗高是库容量大的主要原因,同时粒数和粒重达到相当水平；叶源大,涛源最大最适LAI达10,比南京高60%左右；氮素积累量高,但百公斤籽粒吸氮量低,比叶氮(SLN)差异不明显。(2)生态学机理：光辐射量大但光能利用率(RUE)差异不明显,而且特高产水稻全生育期温度适宜；(3)形态学机理：水稻单茎叶面积小,叶片短宽、直立、叶角小,比叶重(SLW)高,消光系数低。
3、特高产水稻穗粒结构等株型指标的基本特征
2007-2008年在涛源特高产区开展了不同新品种的小区产量比较试验。此外,还选择具备相同高产潜力的两个典型品种,II优107(大穗型品种)和协优107(多穗型品种)为供试材料,分别于2006-2008年在江苏省南京市(普通水稻生态区)和涛源(特殊高产生态区)同时种植,分析水稻新品种的产量潜力、籽粒产量和相关性状的复杂关系,调查品种产量在地点和年际间的稳定性分析。研究结果表明,涛源参试品种的水稻产量呈正态分布,生育期、LAI、单位面积穗数和单位面积颖花数均和产量极显著正相关。产量潜力地点间变异较大但年际间稳定。单位面积穗数和产量的相关系数和通径系数最高,其次是穗粒数、粒重和结实率。稳定性分析表明,株高,穗粒数、结实率和千粒重相对比较稳定,很少受地点和年份的影响,生育期(主要是抽穗前天数)和穗数随地点显著变化。增加抽穗前天数、强源扩库能够提高产量潜力。17t ha-1以上的特高产水稻应该具备以下特征：较长生育期(不少于155天)、适宜的株高(110-125cm)、穗数300-400m2,穗粒数200左右,结实率在90%以上,粒重在29-31mg左右。
4、特高产水稻需氮生理机理及特高产水稻栽培定量施氮参数
2008-2009年在南京和涛源水稻特殊高产区设置了施氮量试验,以两生态区均适合种植杂交籼稻品种Ⅱ优107为材料,比较研究氮肥用量对南京和涛源特殊生态区水稻群体质量和产量构成因素的影响,探讨涛源特高产水稻需氮量较高的生理机制,同时为氮肥实地精确定量管理提供依据。结果表明,施氮量对涛源水稻库源大小,株型特征及干物质积累影响效应均超过南京。适量氮肥有利于提高光能利用率(RUE),但生态点间RUE差异不明显。施氮量提高,不同生育阶段SPAD值、氮积累量(NA)和氮积累速率(NAR)均提高,百公斤籽粒吸氮量(NPAG)提高,氮素利用率(NUE)降低,氮素转运率不受影响。涛源特高产水稻各生育阶段NA比南京高,但营养生长期NAR比南京低。涛源特高产水稻氮素农学利用率(AE)和氮素偏生产力(PFP)较高,高产施氮量下涛源AE是南京的2倍,PFP是南京的1.5倍,氮素吸收利用率(RE)和氮收获指数(NHI)差异不明显。南京基础供氮量100kg ha-1,涛源基础供氮量120-150kgha-1,南京高产条件下NPAG为1.90kg,涛源特高产水稻NPAG为1.60kg, RE均为45%。南京施氮量195kg ha-1左右可获得10t ha-1最高产量,涛源施氮量375kg ha-1左右,可获得18t ha-1以上的特高产量。
5、特高产水稻基本苗定量设计及密度配置对产量的影响
通过对2005～2006年特殊生态区不同产量水平超高产群体茎蘖动态调查,建立水稻单株成穗数通式和有效分蘖叶位理论分蘖数函数,并确定特高产水稻的秧苗分蘖成活率(s)、本田期分蘖发生率(r)、分蘖缺位数(bn)、适宜等穗期及校正系数(a)等相关参数。结果表明：所有参试品种都遵循n-3的叶蘖同伸规律,有效分蘖叶位理论分蘖数(A)可以表示为有效分蘖叶位数(E)的函数,有效分蘖叶位数(E)与主茎总叶龄(N)、伸长节间数(n)、移栽叶龄(SN)、分蘖缺位数(bn)和校正系数(a)有关,E=(N-n-SN-bn-a);特高产群体的矫正系数(a值)宜取1.5；常规湿润秧移栽大田后有1.5叶的分蘖缺位(bn),带2叶分蘖成活率(s2)和带1叶分蘖成活率(s1)分别为0.8和0.3；穴盘带土移栽,bn=0.5, s2=1.0, s1=0.5;本田期秧苗活棵至等穗期,分蘖发生率(r)80%左右。特高产水稻常规湿润秧本田期有效分蘖叶位E=(N-n-SN-3),单株分蘖成穗数ES=(1+t3+0.8t2)(1+0.8A)+0.3t1,其中t1、t2、t3分别代表秧苗带1叶、2叶和3叶分蘖数；穴盘小苗移栽本田期有效分蘖叶位E=(N-n-SN-2),单株分蘖成穗数ES=(1+t3)(1+0.8A3)+t2(1+0.8A2)+0.5t1,其中A2、A3分别代表2叶分蘖、3叶分蘖及主茎本田期理论分蘖数。通过两年与实际茎蘖动态的比较,公式描述较好。
中国8个典型生态区共10个主推品种的密度试验结果表明：(1)移栽密度对水稻群体质量及产量影响因生态区不同而异,表明高产栽培应根据生态和品种特点具体设计适宜的移栽密度。(2)宽行窄株的配置方式有利于提高水稻的库容量、抽穗后CGR和干物质积累量,从而提高产量；减少移栽穴数增加单穴苗数的方式不利群体质量优化,因而产量有所降低。
In this paper, a special high yield eco-site, Taoyuan, Yunnan province, was taken as reference field base. A series of field experiments was launched including rice variety comparison, N rate, transplanting density in2005-2008to reveal the yield formation mechanism for high yield at special high-yielding eco-site and the common characteristics of rice for super high yield among different eco-sites. The technique theory and approach of precision quantative cultivation for special high yield eco-site was discussed. Results are as follows:
1. Difference of yield formation and common characteristics of high yield for different eco-sites
Different density experiment was carried out at8typical ecosites in China to explore the rice population quantity characteristics. Results showed that growth stage, yield components, source and sink capacity, grain/leaf, plant types, dry matter accumulation and distribution differs greatly between different ecotype rice varieties. Yield was closely positive related with source capacity. Enhancement of source capacity was the main approach to improve yield potential through the increase of grain/leaf and establishment of optimum LAI. Although the contribution of dry matter accumulation around heading to yield varied greatly with varieties, the increase of dry matter accumulation after heading was benefit for the improvement of yield.
2. Mechanisms of rice yield formation at high yield eco-site
The yield were higher at Taoyuan than Nanjing, and average yield of all varieties at Taoyuan was96%and85%higher than Nanjing in2006and2007, respectively. The highest yield of18.5t ha-1was achieved by Eryou107at Taoyuan in2006. The higher yield in taoyuan were mainly attributed to:(1) physiological factor, the higher biomass accumulation with equal HI, the larger sink size mainly caused by the greater number of panicles per m2, maximum LAI with10,60%higher than Nanjing; higher N accumulation with lower amounts of N to produce100kg grain (NPAG) and equal SLN with Nanjing;(2) Ecological factor:the intense solar radiation with suitable RUE, the large diurnal temperature range and suitable temperature in whole rice growth stage;(3) morphological factor smaller area per stem, shorter, wider and thicker leaves and smaller leaf angles, low specific leaf weight and light extinction coefficient.
3. Traits of plant type for high yield rice
Field experiments with53and48new indica cultivars were carried out in Taoyuan, Yunnan province, in2007and2008, respectively. In addition, two typical indica rice varieties with similar yield potentials, Ⅱyou107as large-panicle-type and Xieyou107as heavy-panicle-type, were planted both there and in Nanjing, Jiangsu province, in2006to2008. The results showed that the yield potential of the tested varieties in2007and2008was normal distributed with average13.69t ha-1and15t ha-1, separately. Growth duration, LAI, panicles per m2and spikelets per m2were all significant and positively correlated with grain yield at0.01level in both years. Yield potential varied greatly with sites but little with years. The correlation and path coefficient with grain yield was the highest for panicle number per m2, then the spikelet per panicle, grain weight and spikelet filling rate. Plant height, spikelets per panicle, spikelets fertile percentage and1000grain weight were stable variety traits, and little affected by site and year, while growth duration (mainly for days before heading) and panicle number were significantly varied with the sites. The yield potential can be improved by increasing the days before heading, strengthening source capacity and enlarging sink size. The optimum traits for super high yield of more than17t ha-1were (1) longer crop growth duration no shorter than155days;(2)110-125cm plant height;(3)300-400panicles per m2;(4)200spikelets per panicle;(5) about90%grain filling;(6)29-31mg grain weight.
3. Parameter of N rate quantification for high yield
Different N rate experiment was carried out both at nanjing and Taoyuan in2008and2009with Ⅱyou107to compare the effect of N rate on rice population quality and yield components. Results showed that effect of N rate on sink and source size, plant type and dry matter accumulation at Taoyuan was superior to Nanjing. With the increasing N rate, Leaf SPAD value, N accumulation (NA), N accumulation rate (NAR) and amounts of N to produce100kg grain (NPAG) increased, and NUE decreased, while no change for NAR. NA at different development stage was higher at Taoyuan than Nanjing, but NAR at vegetative stage was lower than Nanjing. Agronomic efficiency of N and partial factor productivity (PFP) was larger at taoyan than Nanjing, and AEN, PFP under high N rate at taoyuan was twice and1.5times of Nanjing, respectively, while recovery efficiency of N (RN) and NHI differs little. Soil N supply at Nanjing was100kg ha-1while120-150kg ha-1at taoyuan. Under high yield cultivation, NPAG was1.90kg100kg-1at Nanjing and1.60kg100kg-1at Taoyuan, but the RN at both sites was same with45%. The maximum yield (10t ha-1at Nanjing and18t ha-1at Taoyuan) could be obtained with N rate of195kg ha-1at Nanjing and375kg ha-1at Taoyuan, respectively.
4. Basic seedling quantitative model and effect of density on yield formation
The general formula of panicle number per plant (ES) for rice and establish the function of theoretic number of tillers for effective tillering leaf position, and determine the tiller surviving rate of seedling (s), tiller emerging rate after transplanting (r), missing tiller number after transplanting (bn), and adjusting factor (a) was summarized. Field experiments were performed in the special high-yield area at Taoyuan, Yongsheng County, Yunnan province, and tiller number and grain yield were determined. Five transplanting density treatments were conducted with an Indica hybrid rice variety, Eryou107, in2005; and six Indica hybrid rice varieties, Eryou107, Eryou318, Eryou7954, Eryou084, Eryouhang1hao and Xieyou107, were used for high-yield field experiment in2005and2006respectively. All varieties followed the "n-3" law of synchronously emerging of tiller with leaf. The theoretic number of tillers for effective tillering leaf position (A) was calculated as the function of the number of effective tillering leaf position (E). E was related with the total leaf number (N), leaf age at transplanting (SN), elongated node number (n), missing tiller number after transplanting (bn) and adjusting factor(a), E=(N-n-SN-bn-a). The adjusting factor (a) for super high-yield rice should be taken as1.5. For traditional wet-bed seedling, bn was1.5, surviving rate of tillers with2leaves (s2) was0.8, surviving rate of tillers with1leaf (s1) was0.3; while for seedling tray, bn was0.5, S2was1.0, s1was0.5. From seedling recovering to stage of tiller equal panicle, r was80%or so. For traditional wet-bed seedling, E=(N-n-SN-3), ES=(1+t3+0.8t2)(1+0.8A)+0.3t1; for seedling tray, E=(N-n-SN-2), ES=(1+t3)(1+0.8A3)+t2(1+0.8A2)+0.5t1, where t1, t2, t3represents the tillers with1,2and3leaves respectively, A2, A3represents the emerged tiller number after transplanting for tillers with2and3leaves separately. The comparison of theoretical and actual tiller number showed that the formula well depicted the tiller emergence characteristics in super-high yield rice.
Effect of transplanting density on rice population quality and yield varied with the variety and ecosites. The design of wide row space and narrow plant space could improve yield through the increase of sink size, CGR after heading and dry matter accumulation. However, reduced transplanting number of hills together with increased seedling numbers per hill could decrease the yield due to the unbalanced population
1、水稻产量形成的生态差异及高产共性特征
在中国8个典型生态区设置密度试验,共涉及10个当地主推品种,探讨不同生态区水稻的形成的生态差异及高产共性特征。结果表明水稻产量形成的生态差异为：(1)不同生态区水稻在生育期、产量构成、源库大小、粒／叶比、株型特征、干物质积累和分配等方面差异极大；(2)移栽密度对水稻群体质量及产量影响因生态类型不同而异。高产水稻的共性特征为：(1)产量与库容量关系密切,库容量越大,产量越高；建立适宜的LAI,通过提高粒叶比来提高库容量是水稻产量挖潜的主要目标；(2)抽穗前后干物质积累量对产量的贡献率差异极大,但提高干物质积累量,尤其是抽穗后的干物质积累量,有利于产量的提高。
2、水稻特高产形成机理
涛源水稻产量高,2006-2007年,涛源平均产量分别比南京高96%和85%,其中涛源2006年协优107产量达18.5t ha-1。涛源水稻特高产形成的机理主要表现在(1)生理学机理：生物产量高,而收获指数无差异；库容大,其中有效穗高是库容量大的主要原因,同时粒数和粒重达到相当水平；叶源大,涛源最大最适LAI达10,比南京高60%左右；氮素积累量高,但百公斤籽粒吸氮量低,比叶氮(SLN)差异不明显。(2)生态学机理：光辐射量大但光能利用率(RUE)差异不明显,而且特高产水稻全生育期温度适宜；(3)形态学机理：水稻单茎叶面积小,叶片短宽、直立、叶角小,比叶重(SLW)高,消光系数低。
3、特高产水稻穗粒结构等株型指标的基本特征
2007-2008年在涛源特高产区开展了不同新品种的小区产量比较试验。此外,还选择具备相同高产潜力的两个典型品种,II优107(大穗型品种)和协优107(多穗型品种)为供试材料,分别于2006-2008年在江苏省南京市(普通水稻生态区)和涛源(特殊高产生态区)同时种植,分析水稻新品种的产量潜力、籽粒产量和相关性状的复杂关系,调查品种产量在地点和年际间的稳定性分析。研究结果表明,涛源参试品种的水稻产量呈正态分布,生育期、LAI、单位面积穗数和单位面积颖花数均和产量极显著正相关。产量潜力地点间变异较大但年际间稳定。单位面积穗数和产量的相关系数和通径系数最高,其次是穗粒数、粒重和结实率。稳定性分析表明,株高,穗粒数、结实率和千粒重相对比较稳定,很少受地点和年份的影响,生育期(主要是抽穗前天数)和穗数随地点显著变化。增加抽穗前天数、强源扩库能够提高产量潜力。17t ha-1以上的特高产水稻应该具备以下特征：较长生育期(不少于155天)、适宜的株高(110-125cm)、穗数300-400m2,穗粒数200左右,结实率在90%以上,粒重在29-31mg左右。
4、特高产水稻需氮生理机理及特高产水稻栽培定量施氮参数
2008-2009年在南京和涛源水稻特殊高产区设置了施氮量试验,以两生态区均适合种植杂交籼稻品种Ⅱ优107为材料,比较研究氮肥用量对南京和涛源特殊生态区水稻群体质量和产量构成因素的影响,探讨涛源特高产水稻需氮量较高的生理机制,同时为氮肥实地精确定量管理提供依据。结果表明,施氮量对涛源水稻库源大小,株型特征及干物质积累影响效应均超过南京。适量氮肥有利于提高光能利用率(RUE),但生态点间RUE差异不明显。施氮量提高,不同生育阶段SPAD值、氮积累量(NA)和氮积累速率(NAR)均提高,百公斤籽粒吸氮量(NPAG)提高,氮素利用率(NUE)降低,氮素转运率不受影响。涛源特高产水稻各生育阶段NA比南京高,但营养生长期NAR比南京低。涛源特高产水稻氮素农学利用率(AE)和氮素偏生产力(PFP)较高,高产施氮量下涛源AE是南京的2倍,PFP是南京的1.5倍,氮素吸收利用率(RE)和氮收获指数(NHI)差异不明显。南京基础供氮量100kg ha-1,涛源基础供氮量120-150kgha-1,南京高产条件下NPAG为1.90kg,涛源特高产水稻NPAG为1.60kg, RE均为45%。南京施氮量195kg ha-1左右可获得10t ha-1最高产量,涛源施氮量375kg ha-1左右,可获得18t ha-1以上的特高产量。
5、特高产水稻基本苗定量设计及密度配置对产量的影响
通过对2005～2006年特殊生态区不同产量水平超高产群体茎蘖动态调查,建立水稻单株成穗数通式和有效分蘖叶位理论分蘖数函数,并确定特高产水稻的秧苗分蘖成活率(s)、本田期分蘖发生率(r)、分蘖缺位数(bn)、适宜等穗期及校正系数(a)等相关参数。结果表明：所有参试品种都遵循n-3的叶蘖同伸规律,有效分蘖叶位理论分蘖数(A)可以表示为有效分蘖叶位数(E)的函数,有效分蘖叶位数(E)与主茎总叶龄(N)、伸长节间数(n)、移栽叶龄(SN)、分蘖缺位数(bn)和校正系数(a)有关,E=(N-n-SN-bn-a);特高产群体的矫正系数(a值)宜取1.5；常规湿润秧移栽大田后有1.5叶的分蘖缺位(bn),带2叶分蘖成活率(s2)和带1叶分蘖成活率(s1)分别为0.8和0.3；穴盘带土移栽,bn=0.5, s2=1.0, s1=0.5;本田期秧苗活棵至等穗期,分蘖发生率(r)80%左右。特高产水稻常规湿润秧本田期有效分蘖叶位E=(N-n-SN-3),单株分蘖成穗数ES=(1+t3+0.8t2)(1+0.8A)+0.3t1,其中t1、t2、t3分别代表秧苗带1叶、2叶和3叶分蘖数；穴盘小苗移栽本田期有效分蘖叶位E=(N-n-SN-2),单株分蘖成穗数ES=(1+t3)(1+0.8A3)+t2(1+0.8A2)+0.5t1,其中A2、A3分别代表2叶分蘖、3叶分蘖及主茎本田期理论分蘖数。通过两年与实际茎蘖动态的比较,公式描述较好。
中国8个典型生态区共10个主推品种的密度试验结果表明：(1)移栽密度对水稻群体质量及产量影响因生态区不同而异,表明高产栽培应根据生态和品种特点具体设计适宜的移栽密度。(2)宽行窄株的配置方式有利于提高水稻的库容量、抽穗后CGR和干物质积累量,从而提高产量；减少移栽穴数增加单穴苗数的方式不利群体质量优化,因而产量有所降低。
In this paper, a special high yield eco-site, Taoyuan, Yunnan province, was taken as reference field base. A series of field experiments was launched including rice variety comparison, N rate, transplanting density in2005-2008to reveal the yield formation mechanism for high yield at special high-yielding eco-site and the common characteristics of rice for super high yield among different eco-sites. The technique theory and approach of precision quantative cultivation for special high yield eco-site was discussed. Results are as follows:
1. Difference of yield formation and common characteristics of high yield for different eco-sites
Different density experiment was carried out at8typical ecosites in China to explore the rice population quantity characteristics. Results showed that growth stage, yield components, source and sink capacity, grain/leaf, plant types, dry matter accumulation and distribution differs greatly between different ecotype rice varieties. Yield was closely positive related with source capacity. Enhancement of source capacity was the main approach to improve yield potential through the increase of grain/leaf and establishment of optimum LAI. Although the contribution of dry matter accumulation around heading to yield varied greatly with varieties, the increase of dry matter accumulation after heading was benefit for the improvement of yield.
2. Mechanisms of rice yield formation at high yield eco-site
The yield were higher at Taoyuan than Nanjing, and average yield of all varieties at Taoyuan was96%and85%higher than Nanjing in2006and2007, respectively. The highest yield of18.5t ha-1was achieved by Eryou107at Taoyuan in2006. The higher yield in taoyuan were mainly attributed to:(1) physiological factor, the higher biomass accumulation with equal HI, the larger sink size mainly caused by the greater number of panicles per m2, maximum LAI with10,60%higher than Nanjing; higher N accumulation with lower amounts of N to produce100kg grain (NPAG) and equal SLN with Nanjing;(2) Ecological factor:the intense solar radiation with suitable RUE, the large diurnal temperature range and suitable temperature in whole rice growth stage;(3) morphological factor smaller area per stem, shorter, wider and thicker leaves and smaller leaf angles, low specific leaf weight and light extinction coefficient.
3. Traits of plant type for high yield rice
Field experiments with53and48new indica cultivars were carried out in Taoyuan, Yunnan province, in2007and2008, respectively. In addition, two typical indica rice varieties with similar yield potentials, Ⅱyou107as large-panicle-type and Xieyou107as heavy-panicle-type, were planted both there and in Nanjing, Jiangsu province, in2006to2008. The results showed that the yield potential of the tested varieties in2007and2008was normal distributed with average13.69t ha-1and15t ha-1, separately. Growth duration, LAI, panicles per m2and spikelets per m2were all significant and positively correlated with grain yield at0.01level in both years. Yield potential varied greatly with sites but little with years. The correlation and path coefficient with grain yield was the highest for panicle number per m2, then the spikelet per panicle, grain weight and spikelet filling rate. Plant height, spikelets per panicle, spikelets fertile percentage and1000grain weight were stable variety traits, and little affected by site and year, while growth duration (mainly for days before heading) and panicle number were significantly varied with the sites. The yield potential can be improved by increasing the days before heading, strengthening source capacity and enlarging sink size. The optimum traits for super high yield of more than17t ha-1were (1) longer crop growth duration no shorter than155days;(2)110-125cm plant height;(3)300-400panicles per m2;(4)200spikelets per panicle;(5) about90%grain filling;(6)29-31mg grain weight.
3. Parameter of N rate quantification for high yield
Different N rate experiment was carried out both at nanjing and Taoyuan in2008and2009with Ⅱyou107to compare the effect of N rate on rice population quality and yield components. Results showed that effect of N rate on sink and source size, plant type and dry matter accumulation at Taoyuan was superior to Nanjing. With the increasing N rate, Leaf SPAD value, N accumulation (NA), N accumulation rate (NAR) and amounts of N to produce100kg grain (NPAG) increased, and NUE decreased, while no change for NAR. NA at different development stage was higher at Taoyuan than Nanjing, but NAR at vegetative stage was lower than Nanjing. Agronomic efficiency of N and partial factor productivity (PFP) was larger at taoyan than Nanjing, and AEN, PFP under high N rate at taoyuan was twice and1.5times of Nanjing, respectively, while recovery efficiency of N (RN) and NHI differs little. Soil N supply at Nanjing was100kg ha-1while120-150kg ha-1at taoyuan. Under high yield cultivation, NPAG was1.90kg100kg-1at Nanjing and1.60kg100kg-1at Taoyuan, but the RN at both sites was same with45%. The maximum yield (10t ha-1at Nanjing and18t ha-1at Taoyuan) could be obtained with N rate of195kg ha-1at Nanjing and375kg ha-1at Taoyuan, respectively.
4. Basic seedling quantitative model and effect of density on yield formation
The general formula of panicle number per plant (ES) for rice and establish the function of theoretic number of tillers for effective tillering leaf position, and determine the tiller surviving rate of seedling (s), tiller emerging rate after transplanting (r), missing tiller number after transplanting (bn), and adjusting factor (a) was summarized. Field experiments were performed in the special high-yield area at Taoyuan, Yongsheng County, Yunnan province, and tiller number and grain yield were determined. Five transplanting density treatments were conducted with an Indica hybrid rice variety, Eryou107, in2005; and six Indica hybrid rice varieties, Eryou107, Eryou318, Eryou7954, Eryou084, Eryouhang1hao and Xieyou107, were used for high-yield field experiment in2005and2006respectively. All varieties followed the "n-3" law of synchronously emerging of tiller with leaf. The theoretic number of tillers for effective tillering leaf position (A) was calculated as the function of the number of effective tillering leaf position (E). E was related with the total leaf number (N), leaf age at transplanting (SN), elongated node number (n), missing tiller number after transplanting (bn) and adjusting factor(a), E=(N-n-SN-bn-a). The adjusting factor (a) for super high-yield rice should be taken as1.5. For traditional wet-bed seedling, bn was1.5, surviving rate of tillers with2leaves (s2) was0.8, surviving rate of tillers with1leaf (s1) was0.3; while for seedling tray, bn was0.5, S2was1.0, s1was0.5. From seedling recovering to stage of tiller equal panicle, r was80%or so. For traditional wet-bed seedling, E=(N-n-SN-3), ES=(1+t3+0.8t2)(1+0.8A)+0.3t1; for seedling tray, E=(N-n-SN-2), ES=(1+t3)(1+0.8A3)+t2(1+0.8A2)+0.5t1, where t1, t2, t3represents the tillers with1,2and3leaves respectively, A2, A3represents the emerged tiller number after transplanting for tillers with2and3leaves separately. The comparison of theoretical and actual tiller number showed that the formula well depicted the tiller emergence characteristics in super-high yield rice.
Effect of transplanting density on rice population quality and yield varied with the variety and ecosites. The design of wide row space and narrow plant space could improve yield through the increase of sink size, CGR after heading and dry matter accumulation. However, reduced transplanting number of hills together with increased seedling numbers per hill could decrease the yield due to the unbalanced population
引文
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