水稻籽粒铁锌生物强化农艺调控因子及机理研究
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摘要
铁、锌是动植物生长发育必需的营养元素,在新陈代谢中起着十分重要的作用。人体铁锌缺乏症在世界普遍存在,影响着全球亿万人的健康、生命质量和生产能力。尤其在以谷类为主的发展中国家,铁锌营养不良尤为严重。近年来,随着人口增长和经济的发展,可利用的水资源日益减少,水资源的可供给量和需求量构成的矛盾是全球面临的另一挑战。我国是世界上水稻生产大国之一,水稻种植面积约占世界稻田面积的20%,传统的淹水栽培,耗水量巨大,且水资源浪费严重,发展节水栽培势在必行。实施农业节水、革新传统农艺是促进水稻高产优质,减少资源消耗,实现可持续发展的重要手段。
农艺措施仍然是改善谷物中微量元素缺乏问题的一种现实的、经济的和可持续发展的方法。品种的筛选、高效水溶性铁锌肥、不同栽培方式、不同氮肥用量、不同氮肥形态和秸秆还田等对水稻籽粒铁锌的富集均可能产生影响。目前根外喷施试验主要集中在普通水稻品种,叶面喷施水溶性铁锌肥对富铁水稻铁锌营养的调控研究较少。
有关节水型稻作研究,尤其是覆盖旱作技术进展很快,成为节水灌溉的研究热点。我国已有不少水稻覆膜旱作研究与推广的实例,证明覆膜旱作能提高水分利用率和水稻产量,改善稻米蛋白质、氨基酸等营养品质,但是也有旱种会导致稻米外观和食味品质等变差覆膜旱作稻米质下降等报道。这些研究鲜有涉及覆膜旱作对稻米中铁锌含量的影响方面内容,关于覆膜旱作条件下氮肥用量、氮肥形态等对水稻籽粒铁锌营养的影响研究较少。
本论文研究了叶面喷施水溶性铁锌肥对富铁水稻、连续覆膜旱作条件下不同氮肥用量、不同氮肥形态、秸秆还田对常规水稻籽粒铁锌营养的调控作用。主要研究结果如下：
(1)叶面喷施氨基酸铁肥(Fe-AA)能显著提高富铁水稻糙米中铁含量,在Fe-AA中添加1%烟酰胺(FeNA1)能提高富铁水稻糙米中铁、锌含量。与对照喷清水(CK)相比,Fe-AA处理水稻糙米铁含量平均增加了9.1%；FeNA1处理糙米中铁含量平均增加了37.9%。FeNA1处理与Fe-AA处理相比,糙米中铁含量平均值增加了26.4%；锌含量平均值增加了10.6%。
(2)在Fe-AA中添加0.5%ZnSO4-7H2O (FeZn1)能显著提高富铁水稻糙米中铁和锌含量、精米中蛋白质和总氨基酸含量。与对照喷清水(CK)相比,FeZn1处理糙米中铁和锌、精米中蛋白质和氨基酸含量平均值分别增加了42.4%,77.6%,6.9%和7.1%.FeZnl处理与Fe-AA相比,糙米中铁和锌含量平均值分别增加了30.6%,55.1%。
(3)长期覆膜旱作,氮肥用量低于135kg N ha-1条件下,水稻产量、精米中蛋白质含量随着施氮量的提高而增加。秸秆还田显著提高覆膜旱作水稻产量、糙米中铁和锌含量,同时增加土壤肥力。2008～2010年,秸秆还田与不还田处理相比,糙米中年平均铁含量分别增加了6.6%,5.1%和5.2%；锌含量分别增加了9.4%,7.9%和7.3%；土壤中年平均有机质含量分别增加6.4%,7.6%和12.2%;有效钾含量分别增加了28.2%,64.0%和52.9%。精米中直链淀粉(AC)受氮肥用量和秸秆还田处理的影响较小,氮肥用量增加和秸秆还田条件下,稻米胶稠度(GC)和糊化温度(ASV)有下降趋势,胶稠度下降使米饭变软,品质相对变优。
(4)与常规水作(CFC)相比,覆膜旱作(PFMC)能显著增加水稻产量,增产幅度达8.0%,精米中总氨基酸含量下降3.5%,精米中蛋白质,糙米中铁锌含量与CFC处理差异不显著；裸地旱作(NMC)处理产量显著下降5.1%,蛋白质、总氨基酸和铁含量分别下降4.4%、9.3%和11.9%。秸秆还田较不还田处理,CFC条件下,产量增加了113.6kg ha-1；NMC条件下,产量增加142.6kgha-1； PFMC条件下,产量增加522.1k ha-1；三种栽培方式产量平均增加3.3%,糙米中的铁和锌含量平均增加3.1%和6.4%,精米中蛋白质和总氨基酸含量差异不显著。
(5)树脂包膜尿素在常规水作和覆膜旱作条件下均能显著提高水稻产量。2008～2010年,与普通尿素(PU)处理相比较,树脂包膜尿素(PCU)处理产量的年平均值提高了2.9%,8.4%和9.6%；年平均铁含量分别提高了7.3%,10.1%和17.9%；锌含量分别提高了14.8%,11.3%和8.1%。与对照(CK)相比,PCU处理产量的年平均值增加了22.7%,73.7%和36.8%；铁含量分别提高了17.7%,26.05%和40.1%；锌含量分别提高了34.0%,26.0%和18.6%。
(6)硫磺树脂双包膜尿素(SPCU)在控释期(90d)的释放量呈S型,与普通尿素(PU)相比,SPCU从第四周开始,在不同质地土壤中均能显著提高水稻生长期植株地上部干物重、地上部吸氮量。水稻生长期氮素营养供给的提高可能是包膜控释尿素提高水稻产量、改善稻米品质的原因之一。
Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) are essential micronutrient for all organisms; they play a significant role in metabolism both for plant and animals. However, Fe and Zn deficiency is wide spread all over the world. Malnutrition of Fe and Zn afflicts billions of people and their development, especially in developing countries. A major etiologic factor is the low concentration of Fe and Zn from diets based on the staple cereals.
In recent decades, because of the growing increase in population in China and other countries, demand for rice is expected to keep increasing. Rice consumes about90%of total irrigation water and is the largest irrigated crop in the world with low water use efficiency. Since fresh water is becoming increasingly scarce, water-saving rice cultivation must be sought to increase the development of sustainable agriculture.
Agronomic regulation factors such as variety selection, foliar fertilizers, cultivation methods, N fertilizer amounts, N fertilizer forms and rice straw incorporation could affect Fe and Zn accumulation. In those potential approaches discussed and possessed to increase Fe and Zn concentrations of rice grains, the fertilizations via foliar applications could still be a sustainable, low cost-effective and high efficient strategy. Until now, most of foliar Fe and Zn applications were used on common rice cultivars and genotypes, few studies were conducted on iron-rich cultivars.
Compared with conventional flooded rice cultivation, plastic film mulching cultivation under non-flooded condition (PFMC) arose and prevails in China. Many reports said that PFMC had a striking efficiency in maintenance of soil moisture, increase of soil temperature in the early season and improvement of nutrient transformations and availability. Water use efficiency, rice grain yield, rice quality such as protein and amino acids concentrations were significantly improved. Part of reports proved that PFMC had some negative effect on rice cooking and eating quality. The results were not the same. There were a few reports on rice Fe and Zn nutrition with PFMC. Study on PFMC and its effects on rice quality will make big influence.
So in this paper, the development of a new high efficient Fe and Zn foliar fertilizer and its role on Fe and Zn biofortification in rice grains were discussed. On the other hand, we studied the effects of PFMC on rice Fe and Zn accumulations; including various N fertilizers rates, different N fertilizer forms and rice straw incorporation under PFMC. The main results are summarized as follows:
(1) Foliar applications of Fe-AA significantly improved Fe concentrations in Fe-rich rice cultivars; a1%nicotianamine (NA) was added to Fe-AA (FeNAl), Fe and Zn in brown rice were greatly enhanced. Compared to the control (CK), average Fe concentration was increased by9.1%and37.9%under Fe-AA and/or FeNAl, respectively. Compared to Fe-AA, Fe and Zn were significantly improved by26.4%and10.6%with FeNAl, respectively.
(2) A0.5%ZnSO4·7H2O (FeZnl) was added to Fe-AA, a significant improvement was observed on rice Fe, Zn, protein and amino acids concentrations with four Fe-rich cultivars. Compared to the control (CK), average Fe, Zn, protein and amino acids concentrations of the four cultivars were increased by42.4%,77.6%,6.9%and7.1%separately under treatment FeZnl. Compared to Fe-AA, Fe and Zn were significantly improved by30.6%and55.1%with FeZnl, respectively.
(3) Under PFMC, when nitrogen fertilizer rates less than135kg ha-1, rice grain yield as well as protein and amino acids concentrations in polished rice increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer rates. Rice straw incorporation significantly improved rice grain yield, Fe and Zn concentrations in brown rice; soil qualities were also enhanced. Compared with treatment with rice straw incorporation (M2) to treatment without rice straw incorporation (M1) from2008to2010, average Fe was improved by6.6%,5.1%and5.2%; average Zn was improved by9.4%,7.9%and7.3%; average soil organic matter amount was improved by6.4%,7.6%and12.2%; average soil NH4OAc-extractable K was improved by28.2%,64.0%and52.9%. Amylose content (AC) was slightly affected by N fertilizer rates and rice straw incorporation; gel consistency (GC) and alkali spreading value (ASV) in polished rice had a decrease tendency with increasing N fertilizer rates and rice straw incorporation. GC decrease made rice soft which was good for eating.
(4) Plastic film mulching cultivation (PFMC) under non-flooded condition has been considered as a new water-saving technique in rice production, while yield decline from continuous cropping of aerobic rice is a constraint to the widespread adoption of PFMC. Rice straw incorporation has been proposed to counter this negative effect in recent decades. This study examined the effects of three cultivation methods and rice straw incorporation on rice grain yield and quality using "Liangyoupeijiu"(an indica hybrid cultivar). The three cultivation treatments were: conventional flooding cultivation (CFC); non-flooded plastic film mulching cultivation (PFMC); no mulching cultivation in non-flooded condition (NMC). Compared with that under CFC, average rice grain yield under PFMC from2008to2010was significantly improved by8.0%, while total amino acids content was decreased by3.5%, no obvious effect was observed on rice protein, Fe and Zn concentrations in rice; under NMC, the reduction in yield, protein, total amino acids and Fe concentrations were5.1%,4.4%,9.3%and11.8%respectively. With rice straw incorporation, grain yield was improved by113.6kg ha-1,142.6kg ha-1and522.1kg ha-1under CFC, NMC and PFMC respectively. Average rice grain yield, Fe and Zn contents in brown rice were significantly improved by3.3%,3.1%and6.4%with rice straw incorporation. The results of the three years showed the same trend in rice grain yield and nutrition quality. The results indicated that PFMC could improve not only grain yield, but also part of rice nutrition quality. Rice straw incorporation could significantly improved rice grain yield as well as Fe and Zn concentrations in brown rice, which would be a good method to overcome grain yield decline under long term PFMC.
(5) In order to assess changes of rice iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) as affected by polyester resin coated urea (PCU) under conventional flooding cultivation (CFC) and plastic film mulching cultivation (PFMC), a three year field experiment was conducted in Central Zhejiang Province, E China, from2008to2010. Compared with treatment under CFC and/or PFMC, the annual and mean Fe under PFMC in brown rice was improved by9.3%,9.0%and16.2%; Zn was improved by21.8%,16.9%and12.9%, respectively, from2008to2010. Compared treatment applied PCU to treatment using prilled urea (PU), annual and average grain yield was improved by2.9%,8.4%and9.6%; the annual and mean Fe under PCU was improved by7.3%,10.1%and17.9%; Zn was improved by14.8%,11.3%and8.1%, respectively, from2008to2010. Rice production was greatly enhanced by PCU under PFMC and/or CFC. Treatment with PCU had a positive effect on soil alkali-hydrolyzable N compared to treatment with PU. Soil organic matter with PCU was a little lower than that under PU. Different fertilizer types have no obvious effect on soil Olsen P. Non-flooded PFMC made soil organic matter, soil N and K decreased compared to CFC, which suggested that long term PFMC will make soil quality maintenance difficult.
(6) Our study proved that controlled release fertilizer (CRF) significantly improved rice production as well as Fe and Zn concentrations in brown rice under CFC and/or PFMC, however, the mechanism was still unknown. A pot experiment was conducted to examine the release rates of CRF within the release period; the results showed that CRF could significantly improve rice dry matter weight, plant N uptake amount. CRF provides better nitrogen nutrition in rice growing period could be some explanation for rice production as well as Fe and Zn concentrations improvement.
农艺措施仍然是改善谷物中微量元素缺乏问题的一种现实的、经济的和可持续发展的方法。品种的筛选、高效水溶性铁锌肥、不同栽培方式、不同氮肥用量、不同氮肥形态和秸秆还田等对水稻籽粒铁锌的富集均可能产生影响。目前根外喷施试验主要集中在普通水稻品种,叶面喷施水溶性铁锌肥对富铁水稻铁锌营养的调控研究较少。
有关节水型稻作研究,尤其是覆盖旱作技术进展很快,成为节水灌溉的研究热点。我国已有不少水稻覆膜旱作研究与推广的实例,证明覆膜旱作能提高水分利用率和水稻产量,改善稻米蛋白质、氨基酸等营养品质,但是也有旱种会导致稻米外观和食味品质等变差覆膜旱作稻米质下降等报道。这些研究鲜有涉及覆膜旱作对稻米中铁锌含量的影响方面内容,关于覆膜旱作条件下氮肥用量、氮肥形态等对水稻籽粒铁锌营养的影响研究较少。
本论文研究了叶面喷施水溶性铁锌肥对富铁水稻、连续覆膜旱作条件下不同氮肥用量、不同氮肥形态、秸秆还田对常规水稻籽粒铁锌营养的调控作用。主要研究结果如下：
(1)叶面喷施氨基酸铁肥(Fe-AA)能显著提高富铁水稻糙米中铁含量,在Fe-AA中添加1%烟酰胺(FeNA1)能提高富铁水稻糙米中铁、锌含量。与对照喷清水(CK)相比,Fe-AA处理水稻糙米铁含量平均增加了9.1%；FeNA1处理糙米中铁含量平均增加了37.9%。FeNA1处理与Fe-AA处理相比,糙米中铁含量平均值增加了26.4%；锌含量平均值增加了10.6%。
(2)在Fe-AA中添加0.5%ZnSO4-7H2O (FeZn1)能显著提高富铁水稻糙米中铁和锌含量、精米中蛋白质和总氨基酸含量。与对照喷清水(CK)相比,FeZn1处理糙米中铁和锌、精米中蛋白质和氨基酸含量平均值分别增加了42.4%,77.6%,6.9%和7.1%.FeZnl处理与Fe-AA相比,糙米中铁和锌含量平均值分别增加了30.6%,55.1%。
(3)长期覆膜旱作,氮肥用量低于135kg N ha-1条件下,水稻产量、精米中蛋白质含量随着施氮量的提高而增加。秸秆还田显著提高覆膜旱作水稻产量、糙米中铁和锌含量,同时增加土壤肥力。2008～2010年,秸秆还田与不还田处理相比,糙米中年平均铁含量分别增加了6.6%,5.1%和5.2%；锌含量分别增加了9.4%,7.9%和7.3%；土壤中年平均有机质含量分别增加6.4%,7.6%和12.2%;有效钾含量分别增加了28.2%,64.0%和52.9%。精米中直链淀粉(AC)受氮肥用量和秸秆还田处理的影响较小,氮肥用量增加和秸秆还田条件下,稻米胶稠度(GC)和糊化温度(ASV)有下降趋势,胶稠度下降使米饭变软,品质相对变优。
(4)与常规水作(CFC)相比,覆膜旱作(PFMC)能显著增加水稻产量,增产幅度达8.0%,精米中总氨基酸含量下降3.5%,精米中蛋白质,糙米中铁锌含量与CFC处理差异不显著；裸地旱作(NMC)处理产量显著下降5.1%,蛋白质、总氨基酸和铁含量分别下降4.4%、9.3%和11.9%。秸秆还田较不还田处理,CFC条件下,产量增加了113.6kg ha-1；NMC条件下,产量增加142.6kgha-1； PFMC条件下,产量增加522.1k ha-1；三种栽培方式产量平均增加3.3%,糙米中的铁和锌含量平均增加3.1%和6.4%,精米中蛋白质和总氨基酸含量差异不显著。
(5)树脂包膜尿素在常规水作和覆膜旱作条件下均能显著提高水稻产量。2008～2010年,与普通尿素(PU)处理相比较,树脂包膜尿素(PCU)处理产量的年平均值提高了2.9%,8.4%和9.6%；年平均铁含量分别提高了7.3%,10.1%和17.9%；锌含量分别提高了14.8%,11.3%和8.1%。与对照(CK)相比,PCU处理产量的年平均值增加了22.7%,73.7%和36.8%；铁含量分别提高了17.7%,26.05%和40.1%；锌含量分别提高了34.0%,26.0%和18.6%。
(6)硫磺树脂双包膜尿素(SPCU)在控释期(90d)的释放量呈S型,与普通尿素(PU)相比,SPCU从第四周开始,在不同质地土壤中均能显著提高水稻生长期植株地上部干物重、地上部吸氮量。水稻生长期氮素营养供给的提高可能是包膜控释尿素提高水稻产量、改善稻米品质的原因之一。
Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) are essential micronutrient for all organisms; they play a significant role in metabolism both for plant and animals. However, Fe and Zn deficiency is wide spread all over the world. Malnutrition of Fe and Zn afflicts billions of people and their development, especially in developing countries. A major etiologic factor is the low concentration of Fe and Zn from diets based on the staple cereals.
In recent decades, because of the growing increase in population in China and other countries, demand for rice is expected to keep increasing. Rice consumes about90%of total irrigation water and is the largest irrigated crop in the world with low water use efficiency. Since fresh water is becoming increasingly scarce, water-saving rice cultivation must be sought to increase the development of sustainable agriculture.
Agronomic regulation factors such as variety selection, foliar fertilizers, cultivation methods, N fertilizer amounts, N fertilizer forms and rice straw incorporation could affect Fe and Zn accumulation. In those potential approaches discussed and possessed to increase Fe and Zn concentrations of rice grains, the fertilizations via foliar applications could still be a sustainable, low cost-effective and high efficient strategy. Until now, most of foliar Fe and Zn applications were used on common rice cultivars and genotypes, few studies were conducted on iron-rich cultivars.
Compared with conventional flooded rice cultivation, plastic film mulching cultivation under non-flooded condition (PFMC) arose and prevails in China. Many reports said that PFMC had a striking efficiency in maintenance of soil moisture, increase of soil temperature in the early season and improvement of nutrient transformations and availability. Water use efficiency, rice grain yield, rice quality such as protein and amino acids concentrations were significantly improved. Part of reports proved that PFMC had some negative effect on rice cooking and eating quality. The results were not the same. There were a few reports on rice Fe and Zn nutrition with PFMC. Study on PFMC and its effects on rice quality will make big influence.
So in this paper, the development of a new high efficient Fe and Zn foliar fertilizer and its role on Fe and Zn biofortification in rice grains were discussed. On the other hand, we studied the effects of PFMC on rice Fe and Zn accumulations; including various N fertilizers rates, different N fertilizer forms and rice straw incorporation under PFMC. The main results are summarized as follows:
(1) Foliar applications of Fe-AA significantly improved Fe concentrations in Fe-rich rice cultivars; a1%nicotianamine (NA) was added to Fe-AA (FeNAl), Fe and Zn in brown rice were greatly enhanced. Compared to the control (CK), average Fe concentration was increased by9.1%and37.9%under Fe-AA and/or FeNAl, respectively. Compared to Fe-AA, Fe and Zn were significantly improved by26.4%and10.6%with FeNAl, respectively.
(2) A0.5%ZnSO4·7H2O (FeZnl) was added to Fe-AA, a significant improvement was observed on rice Fe, Zn, protein and amino acids concentrations with four Fe-rich cultivars. Compared to the control (CK), average Fe, Zn, protein and amino acids concentrations of the four cultivars were increased by42.4%,77.6%,6.9%and7.1%separately under treatment FeZnl. Compared to Fe-AA, Fe and Zn were significantly improved by30.6%and55.1%with FeZnl, respectively.
(3) Under PFMC, when nitrogen fertilizer rates less than135kg ha-1, rice grain yield as well as protein and amino acids concentrations in polished rice increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer rates. Rice straw incorporation significantly improved rice grain yield, Fe and Zn concentrations in brown rice; soil qualities were also enhanced. Compared with treatment with rice straw incorporation (M2) to treatment without rice straw incorporation (M1) from2008to2010, average Fe was improved by6.6%,5.1%and5.2%; average Zn was improved by9.4%,7.9%and7.3%; average soil organic matter amount was improved by6.4%,7.6%and12.2%; average soil NH4OAc-extractable K was improved by28.2%,64.0%and52.9%. Amylose content (AC) was slightly affected by N fertilizer rates and rice straw incorporation; gel consistency (GC) and alkali spreading value (ASV) in polished rice had a decrease tendency with increasing N fertilizer rates and rice straw incorporation. GC decrease made rice soft which was good for eating.
(4) Plastic film mulching cultivation (PFMC) under non-flooded condition has been considered as a new water-saving technique in rice production, while yield decline from continuous cropping of aerobic rice is a constraint to the widespread adoption of PFMC. Rice straw incorporation has been proposed to counter this negative effect in recent decades. This study examined the effects of three cultivation methods and rice straw incorporation on rice grain yield and quality using "Liangyoupeijiu"(an indica hybrid cultivar). The three cultivation treatments were: conventional flooding cultivation (CFC); non-flooded plastic film mulching cultivation (PFMC); no mulching cultivation in non-flooded condition (NMC). Compared with that under CFC, average rice grain yield under PFMC from2008to2010was significantly improved by8.0%, while total amino acids content was decreased by3.5%, no obvious effect was observed on rice protein, Fe and Zn concentrations in rice; under NMC, the reduction in yield, protein, total amino acids and Fe concentrations were5.1%,4.4%,9.3%and11.8%respectively. With rice straw incorporation, grain yield was improved by113.6kg ha-1,142.6kg ha-1and522.1kg ha-1under CFC, NMC and PFMC respectively. Average rice grain yield, Fe and Zn contents in brown rice were significantly improved by3.3%,3.1%and6.4%with rice straw incorporation. The results of the three years showed the same trend in rice grain yield and nutrition quality. The results indicated that PFMC could improve not only grain yield, but also part of rice nutrition quality. Rice straw incorporation could significantly improved rice grain yield as well as Fe and Zn concentrations in brown rice, which would be a good method to overcome grain yield decline under long term PFMC.
(5) In order to assess changes of rice iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) as affected by polyester resin coated urea (PCU) under conventional flooding cultivation (CFC) and plastic film mulching cultivation (PFMC), a three year field experiment was conducted in Central Zhejiang Province, E China, from2008to2010. Compared with treatment under CFC and/or PFMC, the annual and mean Fe under PFMC in brown rice was improved by9.3%,9.0%and16.2%; Zn was improved by21.8%,16.9%and12.9%, respectively, from2008to2010. Compared treatment applied PCU to treatment using prilled urea (PU), annual and average grain yield was improved by2.9%,8.4%and9.6%; the annual and mean Fe under PCU was improved by7.3%,10.1%and17.9%; Zn was improved by14.8%,11.3%and8.1%, respectively, from2008to2010. Rice production was greatly enhanced by PCU under PFMC and/or CFC. Treatment with PCU had a positive effect on soil alkali-hydrolyzable N compared to treatment with PU. Soil organic matter with PCU was a little lower than that under PU. Different fertilizer types have no obvious effect on soil Olsen P. Non-flooded PFMC made soil organic matter, soil N and K decreased compared to CFC, which suggested that long term PFMC will make soil quality maintenance difficult.
(6) Our study proved that controlled release fertilizer (CRF) significantly improved rice production as well as Fe and Zn concentrations in brown rice under CFC and/or PFMC, however, the mechanism was still unknown. A pot experiment was conducted to examine the release rates of CRF within the release period; the results showed that CRF could significantly improve rice dry matter weight, plant N uptake amount. CRF provides better nitrogen nutrition in rice growing period could be some explanation for rice production as well as Fe and Zn concentrations improvement.
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