基于乘务员特性的机车驾驶界面优化设计研究
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摘要
机车司机室是乘务员获取列车运行信息并进行驾驶操作的特定场所,司机室驾驶界面的设计对列车的安全运行具有特别意义,是列车设计技术的重要组成部分。作为一个典型的人机系统,司机室的设计思想经历了一个从“以机器为本”到“以人为本”的转变,目前己出现基于乘务员本身的生理、心理需求的司机室设计实践和以提高驾驶舒适度为目的的研究,同时对乘务员的驾驶疲劳、认知负荷、情境意识等研究也开始引起人们的注意,因此本文尝试从乘务员特性出发进行司机室驾驶界面的优化设计。
乘务员特性由人体测量生理特性、驾驶作业中的认知特性与行为特性等内容组成,与此对应的驾驶界面优化设计问题包括人机匹配关系、人机信息关系及人机操作关系的设计等。
乘务员生理特性主要是人体立姿与坐姿时的静态尺寸、动态幅度、人体力量测试数据及人的视觉与听觉一般特性等。通过文献调研的方法对以上人体生理数据进行了汇总、归纳与整理,并以图表的形式呈现,为驾驶界面的人机匹配关系分析与设备尺度的优化设计打下了基础。
采用设计调查与实验研究相结合的方法对乘务员的认知与行为特性进行了研究。严格遵守设计调查的程序,在正式问卷调查前经过了多次访谈与两次试调查,并根据调查对象的特点设计了抽样方法,保证了调查效度。数据分析显示α信度系数为0.92,调查信度较高。结果说明,乘务员的年龄、驾龄、受教育程度与左右手习惯与司机室控制器的可操作性没有相关性,乘务员能熟练掌握控制器的操作,但对操作舒适性的评价不高；各种仪表的认读性无显著差异,但开窗式仪表的认读性与驾龄显著正相关,表明其认读需要学习与锻炼;在速度显示方式方面,速度表与运行监控显示屏上的速度曲线两者显著相关,但没有明显差异,表明两者都是乘务员获取速度信息的主要方式,需同时存在。
采用SMI HED头盔式眼动仪对乘务员的驾驶作业进行了视线追踪实验,对注视点的位置与跳跃顺序、注视时间等指标进行了记录,并总结了典型驾驶任务中乘务员的视觉策略。实验结果说明,驾驶作业中乘务员的主要视觉任务是对前方线路和信号灯的瞭望,对驾驶界面上仪表及显示屏的观察是快速和短暂的,操纵台的布局不应影响乘务员的正常瞭望。
在设计调查和实验的基础上,建立了基于驾驶任务的描述性乘务员模型,该模型由驾驶任务、行为模型、认知模型和设计指南四部分组成。建立了乘务员的综合认知模型和行为动态模型,分析发现乘务员驾驶作业的显著特点是信息前馈认知方式,基于直觉或规则,对系统下一步的状态有明确预测：其行为特点是基于规则的,按照业已存在的行为模板进行操作。视觉信息的设计应尽量简单明确,避免复杂的含义,作为信号或符号激发一套既定的规则行为。
在分析乘务员特性的基础上,提出了司机室驾驶界面优化设计在适度性、一致性、确定性、结构性和指导性上的要求,并在此要求下进行了驾驶界面优化设计的实践工作。在人机工程学分析软件Jack中建立了司机室人机关系分析仿真模型,分析了现有设计的不足之处,对驾驶界面视觉信息的重要度、观察频度和人机工学链值进行了调查与计算,并对目前显示屏的常用图标进行了认读性调查,提出了驾驶界面布局、司机室设备尺度及显示屏软件设计的优化建议,初步建立了司机室驾驶界面优化设计的综合评价体系。
Locomotive cab is a specific place, where the trainmans get train running information and operate, and the design of the driving interface has a special significance to operation satety. which has currently been an important part of train design technology. As a typical human-machine system, the design philosophy of locomotive cab transformed to human-oriented from machine-oriented. The design practice of locomotive cab based on trainman's physiologicl and psychological demands and the study for the purpose of enhancing driving comfort have already appeared, and the study on trainman's driving fatigue, cognitive load and situational awareness have caused more attention at the same time, therefore this paper attempts to study on the optimized design of locomotive driving interface from the aspect of trainman's properties.
Trainman's properties are composed of human body measuring properties, cognitive and behavior properties while driving, and the optimized design of locomotive driving interface includes human-machine matching relation, human-machine information relation and human-machine operation relation accordingly.
Generally the trainman's physiological propertiy includes the static dimensions and dynamic ranges with sitting and standing positon. human body strength data, visual and auditory characteristcs, etc. The paper collected, classified and summarized the human body physiological properties via literature investigation, which was represented with chats. and proposed the foundation of further analysis of the human-machine matching relation and the opitimized design of equipments in the cab.
The cognitive and behavior properties were studied via the integration and experiment. The procedure of design investigation was strictly observed, and several interviews and two experimental surveys were carried on before the formal questionnaire survey, which ensured the validity of the investigation. The a reliability coefficient of the survey was0.92. indicating the survey reliability was high. It was showed that the trainman's age. driving experience, education level and left or right hands habit had no correlation with the operation of the controllers, trainmans could master the operation of the controllers, but the evaluation of the operation comfort was not high. There was no significant difference between the recognization of various instruments, but the open-window instrument's reading difficulty had a significant positive correlation with driving experience. which indicated the need of studying and exercise. In the display of speed information, there was a significant correlation between the speed instrument and the speed curve of LK.12000. but there was no obvious difference at the same time, which showed that both were the main way for speed information, and they should both exist.
The trainman's eye tracking experiment was carried on using SMI HED eye tracking system, the positon and jumping order of the fixation, and the fixation time were recorded and the trainman's visual strategy in typical driving task were summarized as well. It was showed that the trainman's main visual task while driving was to monitor the railway and rail signals in front, and the survey of the instruments and displays inside was quick and short, therefore the layout of instruments should not obstruct the nonnal lookout.
On the basis of design investigation and eye tracking experiment, the descriptive trainman's model base on driving task was built, which was composed of driving task, behavior model, cognitive model and design guide. The tainman's cognitive integrated model and behavior dynamic model were built, indicating that the significant characteristic of driving was the cognitive pattern of information-feedforward and an explicit forecast of the svstem's further situation based on intuition or rules. The trainman's behavior characteristic was a behavior partten based on rules. and they operated following a series of behavior formwork. Therefore the design of the visual information should be simple and explicit, avoiding complexed sense, and the information should work as a signal or sign to arouse a series of behavior formwotk.
Based on the analysis of the trainman's properties, several locomotive driving interface design requirements composed of moderation, consistency, explicitness, struction and direction were proposed, and the design work under the former requirements were carried on. The simulation of the human-machine relationship in locomotive cab was built in ergonomics software Jack, and the drawback of preset design was analyzed. The significance and frequency of the visual information were determined by questionnaire survey, and the recognization of the icons was investigated. Based on that, the optimized design advice of driving interface layout, dimension and scle of the main devices and the display software were proposed, and the synthesized evaluation system of locomotive cab design was preliminary built.
乘务员特性由人体测量生理特性、驾驶作业中的认知特性与行为特性等内容组成,与此对应的驾驶界面优化设计问题包括人机匹配关系、人机信息关系及人机操作关系的设计等。
乘务员生理特性主要是人体立姿与坐姿时的静态尺寸、动态幅度、人体力量测试数据及人的视觉与听觉一般特性等。通过文献调研的方法对以上人体生理数据进行了汇总、归纳与整理,并以图表的形式呈现,为驾驶界面的人机匹配关系分析与设备尺度的优化设计打下了基础。
采用设计调查与实验研究相结合的方法对乘务员的认知与行为特性进行了研究。严格遵守设计调查的程序,在正式问卷调查前经过了多次访谈与两次试调查,并根据调查对象的特点设计了抽样方法,保证了调查效度。数据分析显示α信度系数为0.92,调查信度较高。结果说明,乘务员的年龄、驾龄、受教育程度与左右手习惯与司机室控制器的可操作性没有相关性,乘务员能熟练掌握控制器的操作,但对操作舒适性的评价不高；各种仪表的认读性无显著差异,但开窗式仪表的认读性与驾龄显著正相关,表明其认读需要学习与锻炼;在速度显示方式方面,速度表与运行监控显示屏上的速度曲线两者显著相关,但没有明显差异,表明两者都是乘务员获取速度信息的主要方式,需同时存在。
采用SMI HED头盔式眼动仪对乘务员的驾驶作业进行了视线追踪实验,对注视点的位置与跳跃顺序、注视时间等指标进行了记录,并总结了典型驾驶任务中乘务员的视觉策略。实验结果说明,驾驶作业中乘务员的主要视觉任务是对前方线路和信号灯的瞭望,对驾驶界面上仪表及显示屏的观察是快速和短暂的,操纵台的布局不应影响乘务员的正常瞭望。
在设计调查和实验的基础上,建立了基于驾驶任务的描述性乘务员模型,该模型由驾驶任务、行为模型、认知模型和设计指南四部分组成。建立了乘务员的综合认知模型和行为动态模型,分析发现乘务员驾驶作业的显著特点是信息前馈认知方式,基于直觉或规则,对系统下一步的状态有明确预测：其行为特点是基于规则的,按照业已存在的行为模板进行操作。视觉信息的设计应尽量简单明确,避免复杂的含义,作为信号或符号激发一套既定的规则行为。
在分析乘务员特性的基础上,提出了司机室驾驶界面优化设计在适度性、一致性、确定性、结构性和指导性上的要求,并在此要求下进行了驾驶界面优化设计的实践工作。在人机工程学分析软件Jack中建立了司机室人机关系分析仿真模型,分析了现有设计的不足之处,对驾驶界面视觉信息的重要度、观察频度和人机工学链值进行了调查与计算,并对目前显示屏的常用图标进行了认读性调查,提出了驾驶界面布局、司机室设备尺度及显示屏软件设计的优化建议,初步建立了司机室驾驶界面优化设计的综合评价体系。
Locomotive cab is a specific place, where the trainmans get train running information and operate, and the design of the driving interface has a special significance to operation satety. which has currently been an important part of train design technology. As a typical human-machine system, the design philosophy of locomotive cab transformed to human-oriented from machine-oriented. The design practice of locomotive cab based on trainman's physiologicl and psychological demands and the study for the purpose of enhancing driving comfort have already appeared, and the study on trainman's driving fatigue, cognitive load and situational awareness have caused more attention at the same time, therefore this paper attempts to study on the optimized design of locomotive driving interface from the aspect of trainman's properties.
Trainman's properties are composed of human body measuring properties, cognitive and behavior properties while driving, and the optimized design of locomotive driving interface includes human-machine matching relation, human-machine information relation and human-machine operation relation accordingly.
Generally the trainman's physiological propertiy includes the static dimensions and dynamic ranges with sitting and standing positon. human body strength data, visual and auditory characteristcs, etc. The paper collected, classified and summarized the human body physiological properties via literature investigation, which was represented with chats. and proposed the foundation of further analysis of the human-machine matching relation and the opitimized design of equipments in the cab.
The cognitive and behavior properties were studied via the integration and experiment. The procedure of design investigation was strictly observed, and several interviews and two experimental surveys were carried on before the formal questionnaire survey, which ensured the validity of the investigation. The a reliability coefficient of the survey was0.92. indicating the survey reliability was high. It was showed that the trainman's age. driving experience, education level and left or right hands habit had no correlation with the operation of the controllers, trainmans could master the operation of the controllers, but the evaluation of the operation comfort was not high. There was no significant difference between the recognization of various instruments, but the open-window instrument's reading difficulty had a significant positive correlation with driving experience. which indicated the need of studying and exercise. In the display of speed information, there was a significant correlation between the speed instrument and the speed curve of LK.12000. but there was no obvious difference at the same time, which showed that both were the main way for speed information, and they should both exist.
The trainman's eye tracking experiment was carried on using SMI HED eye tracking system, the positon and jumping order of the fixation, and the fixation time were recorded and the trainman's visual strategy in typical driving task were summarized as well. It was showed that the trainman's main visual task while driving was to monitor the railway and rail signals in front, and the survey of the instruments and displays inside was quick and short, therefore the layout of instruments should not obstruct the nonnal lookout.
On the basis of design investigation and eye tracking experiment, the descriptive trainman's model base on driving task was built, which was composed of driving task, behavior model, cognitive model and design guide. The tainman's cognitive integrated model and behavior dynamic model were built, indicating that the significant characteristic of driving was the cognitive pattern of information-feedforward and an explicit forecast of the svstem's further situation based on intuition or rules. The trainman's behavior characteristic was a behavior partten based on rules. and they operated following a series of behavior formwork. Therefore the design of the visual information should be simple and explicit, avoiding complexed sense, and the information should work as a signal or sign to arouse a series of behavior formwotk.
Based on the analysis of the trainman's properties, several locomotive driving interface design requirements composed of moderation, consistency, explicitness, struction and direction were proposed, and the design work under the former requirements were carried on. The simulation of the human-machine relationship in locomotive cab was built in ergonomics software Jack, and the drawback of preset design was analyzed. The significance and frequency of the visual information were determined by questionnaire survey, and the recognization of the icons was investigated. Based on that, the optimized design advice of driving interface layout, dimension and scle of the main devices and the display software were proposed, and the synthesized evaluation system of locomotive cab design was preliminary built.
引文
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