城市森林福利效益评价研究
摘要
提高居民福利是城市森林建设的重要目标,收入、就业、住房、健康、文化状况是评价居民福利的主要指标。本论文以青岛市为例,分析森林对这些主要指标的贡献,进而将森林相关指标纳入居民福利指数,分析了城市森林的福利效益,以及税收制度、生态效益补偿制度、产权制度等政策的福利效益。
通过建立森林影响房价模型,对青岛市不同绿化覆盖率和距离森林不同距离的住宅小区住房价格进行分析,发现森林可以提升住房价格,青岛市2007年因为小区绿化而产生的住房增值达到25.08亿元,因邻近森林造成的住房增值为15.11亿元,合计达到40.19亿元。住宅价格的提高对居民福利造成一定影响,但生态效益的提升可以弥补因房价提高造成的福利损失。
森林通过改善城市的生态环境和社会环境、为居民提供休闲场所,改善居民的身心状况,促进居民健康。运用PM10的暴露-反应关系法来评价青岛市森林改善环境的健康效益为2.43亿元;参考费城公园理事会的评价数据,青岛市森林提供锻炼场所带来的健康效益为0.80亿元,森林的健康福利效益合计为3.24亿元。
城市森林对文化的影响主要体现在休闲娱乐、传统文化、教育、科技、社会和谐等方面,运用支出费用法、实际效益法、成本费用法、古树名木评价法、旅游费用法对青岛市森林文化福利效益进行评价,森林休闲娱乐价值为34.91亿元,文化保存价值为1.52亿元,改善教育价值为0.99亿元,促进科学技术价值为0.94亿元,促进社会进步的价值为3.15亿元。
通过构建林业、农业和其它产业的三部门静态CGE模型,将生态资本作为其它产业的要素,以青岛市2007年社会经济核算数据为基础,分析城市森林居民的收入和就业的影响。青岛市在没有森林时,居民总收入减少7.74亿元,人均工资减少23.62元,城镇人口就业率降低0.53%。当森林面积增加时,城市居民收入和就业率也会略有提升,在森林覆盖率达到60%-70%之间时达到最高点。
为综合评价森林对居民福利的影响,本论文根据“联合国千年生态系统评估”的福利效益评价框架,基于阿玛蒂亚?森的社会福利函数公式,添加反映生态环境的森林覆盖率、建成区绿化覆盖率指标,建立了城市居民福利指数评价式,以森林对城市居民福利指数的贡献为城市森林福利指数。2007年青岛市居民福利指数为7181,森林福利指数为4299,占到居民福利的59.86%。森林面积的增加可以提高居民福利指数,森林的减少不但会造成森林本身的损害,还会危害的其它经济部门,福利指数会下降。第三产业比例、非生产性固定资产投资比例与福利指数呈现密切的正相关关系,政府投资在居民福利提高过程中发挥的作用很大。
收取生态税后居民福利的变化取决于城市森林建设的成果;现有的森林生态效益补偿制度增加了居民福利;森林生态效益的全面补偿受到客观条件的制约,只有在技术创新、投资比例改进、其它产业和林业快速增值的情况下才可能增加居民福利;产权制度的福利效益取决于产权的交易成本大小和产权确定后居民收入提高的幅度,通过产权变化使森林成本内部化可以提高居民福利。
本论文提出城市居民福利指数和城市森林福利指数,首次对城市森林的福利效果做全面的分析,建立了住房价格影响模型、城市森林效益CGE模型、将生态资本纳入经济发展的要素中,这些具有一定的创新意义。但本文还存在不足之处,如三部门静态CGE模型存在不足、未全面评价森林的成本效益等;未来可在城市森林对经济影响的全面模拟、可提高居民福利的城市林业政策、将居民福利理念纳入城市森林规划等方面开展深入研究。
Improving the residents welfare was the main goal of urban forest construction. The income, employment, housing, health and cultural conditions are the key indicators to the welfare evaluation. In this dissertation, it analysised the contribution of forest to these key indicators in Qingdao as a case study, incorporate forest-related indicators into residents welfare index,calculate the urban residents welfare index, urban forest welfare index to analysis the urban forest welfare benefits. Some policy proposals are token up such as the tax system,eco-efficient compensation system,property rights systems.
It found the forest may upgrade the prices of house through establish forests-housing prices model and analysis estate price by different green coverage housing area and at different distances from the forest in Qingdao city. The estate value-added 2.508 billion yuan due to housing area greening in 2007 in Qingdao and 1.511 billion yuan due to adjacent to forest .The total value reached 4019 million yuan. Increase in housing prices caused reduction in welfare of resident However, eco-benefit can make up for welfare losses by housing prices increase.
Forests can improve the city's ecological environment and social environment and provide residents with recreational facilities so as to improve their physical and mental conditions then improve health of residents. Qingdao’s forest health benefits is 243 million by improving the ecological environment as PM10 exposure - response relationship to assess and 80 million through provide training places referencing to the evaluation of the Philadelphia Park Board data to evaluating and the total value is 324 million.
Urban forest have cultural welfare benefits witch include entertainment culture,traditional culture,education,science and technology,social harmony mainly.It used the cost method of expenditure,the actual effectiveness method,the cost method,tree evaluation mothed,travel cost method to evaluate the forest’s cultural welfare benefit. The the value of Qingdao forest’s recreation is 3.491 billion yuan,improving education is 0.99 billion, promoting science and technology is 0.94 billion,promoting social progress is3.15 billion yuan and cultural preservation is 1.52 billion yuan.
Through constructing CGE model of three departments as forestry, agriculture and other industries the ecological capital is maked to be a factor of other industries. basing on national accounts data in Qingdao in 2007. The urban forest’s income and employment benefit. is analysised...It indicate the residents total income shall reduce 774 million yuan when the forests absence in Qingdao City and the per-capital wages shall reduce 23.62 yuan,the employment rate of urban population shall get down 0.53 percent. urban residents income and employment rate will be a slight increase when the forest area increased. The highest point is in forest cover of 60% -70%,but after more than 70%,income and employment are both decreased substantially because of lack of land and lack of effective demand of other industries.
Forest-related indicators should be incorporated into the comprehensive evaluation of welfare as forests have visible welfare benefits. A urban life welfare index is developed for evaluating the welfare benefits based on the Armadia Sen social welfare function in accordance with the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment framework and add the two indicators as the forest cover,built-up area green coverage that reflect the ecological environment. The residents welfare index is 7181,forest welfare index is 4299 accounting for 59.86 percent of the residents welfare in Qingdao in 2007. The increasing of forest area can improve the welfare index. It go on peak when the forest coverage rate is between 60% to 70%. Too large forest can ruduce citizen welfare. The damage of forests will not only caused loss of the forestry itself but also damage other sectors of the economy then welfare index will decline. The proportion of tertiary industry,proportion of non-productive benefits of investment in fixed assets have a close positive correlation to welfare index. The government play a important role to improve welfare of the residents.
It can not simply think that the general welfare of the residents will come down after taxes collection because it depends on the construction of urban forest. The existing system of compensation for forest ecological benefits can improve citizen welfare. Full compensation for the ecological benefits need some social and natural conditions in which technological innovation improve the investment ratio so forestry and other industries achieve rapid develop then it can improve citizen welfare.. Tenures system’s effect depend on the amount of transaction costs after tenure distinct and increase level of income. The forest costs Internalization by tenure system reform can improve the welfare of the residents.
This dissertation establish housing price model,urban forest-benefit CGE model,bring the welfare index of urban residents, making ecological capital into economic system. It is the first time that welfare benefit of the urban forest be researched comprehensively and take the advice that urban forests must be developed appropriately. They are theory and method innovation .However,this dissertation have some inadequacies still such as the errors of three-sector model and no evaluation all cost- benefits of forests etc. The direction of future research include comprehensive urban forest policy simulation,the measures of urban forest sustainable management, urban forest planning in favor of residents willing.
通过建立森林影响房价模型,对青岛市不同绿化覆盖率和距离森林不同距离的住宅小区住房价格进行分析,发现森林可以提升住房价格,青岛市2007年因为小区绿化而产生的住房增值达到25.08亿元,因邻近森林造成的住房增值为15.11亿元,合计达到40.19亿元。住宅价格的提高对居民福利造成一定影响,但生态效益的提升可以弥补因房价提高造成的福利损失。
森林通过改善城市的生态环境和社会环境、为居民提供休闲场所,改善居民的身心状况,促进居民健康。运用PM10的暴露-反应关系法来评价青岛市森林改善环境的健康效益为2.43亿元;参考费城公园理事会的评价数据,青岛市森林提供锻炼场所带来的健康效益为0.80亿元,森林的健康福利效益合计为3.24亿元。
城市森林对文化的影响主要体现在休闲娱乐、传统文化、教育、科技、社会和谐等方面,运用支出费用法、实际效益法、成本费用法、古树名木评价法、旅游费用法对青岛市森林文化福利效益进行评价,森林休闲娱乐价值为34.91亿元,文化保存价值为1.52亿元,改善教育价值为0.99亿元,促进科学技术价值为0.94亿元,促进社会进步的价值为3.15亿元。
通过构建林业、农业和其它产业的三部门静态CGE模型,将生态资本作为其它产业的要素,以青岛市2007年社会经济核算数据为基础,分析城市森林居民的收入和就业的影响。青岛市在没有森林时,居民总收入减少7.74亿元,人均工资减少23.62元,城镇人口就业率降低0.53%。当森林面积增加时,城市居民收入和就业率也会略有提升,在森林覆盖率达到60%-70%之间时达到最高点。
为综合评价森林对居民福利的影响,本论文根据“联合国千年生态系统评估”的福利效益评价框架,基于阿玛蒂亚?森的社会福利函数公式,添加反映生态环境的森林覆盖率、建成区绿化覆盖率指标,建立了城市居民福利指数评价式,以森林对城市居民福利指数的贡献为城市森林福利指数。2007年青岛市居民福利指数为7181,森林福利指数为4299,占到居民福利的59.86%。森林面积的增加可以提高居民福利指数,森林的减少不但会造成森林本身的损害,还会危害的其它经济部门,福利指数会下降。第三产业比例、非生产性固定资产投资比例与福利指数呈现密切的正相关关系,政府投资在居民福利提高过程中发挥的作用很大。
收取生态税后居民福利的变化取决于城市森林建设的成果;现有的森林生态效益补偿制度增加了居民福利;森林生态效益的全面补偿受到客观条件的制约,只有在技术创新、投资比例改进、其它产业和林业快速增值的情况下才可能增加居民福利;产权制度的福利效益取决于产权的交易成本大小和产权确定后居民收入提高的幅度,通过产权变化使森林成本内部化可以提高居民福利。
本论文提出城市居民福利指数和城市森林福利指数,首次对城市森林的福利效果做全面的分析,建立了住房价格影响模型、城市森林效益CGE模型、将生态资本纳入经济发展的要素中,这些具有一定的创新意义。但本文还存在不足之处,如三部门静态CGE模型存在不足、未全面评价森林的成本效益等;未来可在城市森林对经济影响的全面模拟、可提高居民福利的城市林业政策、将居民福利理念纳入城市森林规划等方面开展深入研究。
Improving the residents welfare was the main goal of urban forest construction. The income, employment, housing, health and cultural conditions are the key indicators to the welfare evaluation. In this dissertation, it analysised the contribution of forest to these key indicators in Qingdao as a case study, incorporate forest-related indicators into residents welfare index,calculate the urban residents welfare index, urban forest welfare index to analysis the urban forest welfare benefits. Some policy proposals are token up such as the tax system,eco-efficient compensation system,property rights systems.
It found the forest may upgrade the prices of house through establish forests-housing prices model and analysis estate price by different green coverage housing area and at different distances from the forest in Qingdao city. The estate value-added 2.508 billion yuan due to housing area greening in 2007 in Qingdao and 1.511 billion yuan due to adjacent to forest .The total value reached 4019 million yuan. Increase in housing prices caused reduction in welfare of resident However, eco-benefit can make up for welfare losses by housing prices increase.
Forests can improve the city's ecological environment and social environment and provide residents with recreational facilities so as to improve their physical and mental conditions then improve health of residents. Qingdao’s forest health benefits is 243 million by improving the ecological environment as PM10 exposure - response relationship to assess and 80 million through provide training places referencing to the evaluation of the Philadelphia Park Board data to evaluating and the total value is 324 million.
Urban forest have cultural welfare benefits witch include entertainment culture,traditional culture,education,science and technology,social harmony mainly.It used the cost method of expenditure,the actual effectiveness method,the cost method,tree evaluation mothed,travel cost method to evaluate the forest’s cultural welfare benefit. The the value of Qingdao forest’s recreation is 3.491 billion yuan,improving education is 0.99 billion, promoting science and technology is 0.94 billion,promoting social progress is3.15 billion yuan and cultural preservation is 1.52 billion yuan.
Through constructing CGE model of three departments as forestry, agriculture and other industries the ecological capital is maked to be a factor of other industries. basing on national accounts data in Qingdao in 2007. The urban forest’s income and employment benefit. is analysised...It indicate the residents total income shall reduce 774 million yuan when the forests absence in Qingdao City and the per-capital wages shall reduce 23.62 yuan,the employment rate of urban population shall get down 0.53 percent. urban residents income and employment rate will be a slight increase when the forest area increased. The highest point is in forest cover of 60% -70%,but after more than 70%,income and employment are both decreased substantially because of lack of land and lack of effective demand of other industries.
Forest-related indicators should be incorporated into the comprehensive evaluation of welfare as forests have visible welfare benefits. A urban life welfare index is developed for evaluating the welfare benefits based on the Armadia Sen social welfare function in accordance with the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment framework and add the two indicators as the forest cover,built-up area green coverage that reflect the ecological environment. The residents welfare index is 7181,forest welfare index is 4299 accounting for 59.86 percent of the residents welfare in Qingdao in 2007. The increasing of forest area can improve the welfare index. It go on peak when the forest coverage rate is between 60% to 70%. Too large forest can ruduce citizen welfare. The damage of forests will not only caused loss of the forestry itself but also damage other sectors of the economy then welfare index will decline. The proportion of tertiary industry,proportion of non-productive benefits of investment in fixed assets have a close positive correlation to welfare index. The government play a important role to improve welfare of the residents.
It can not simply think that the general welfare of the residents will come down after taxes collection because it depends on the construction of urban forest. The existing system of compensation for forest ecological benefits can improve citizen welfare. Full compensation for the ecological benefits need some social and natural conditions in which technological innovation improve the investment ratio so forestry and other industries achieve rapid develop then it can improve citizen welfare.. Tenures system’s effect depend on the amount of transaction costs after tenure distinct and increase level of income. The forest costs Internalization by tenure system reform can improve the welfare of the residents.
This dissertation establish housing price model,urban forest-benefit CGE model,bring the welfare index of urban residents, making ecological capital into economic system. It is the first time that welfare benefit of the urban forest be researched comprehensively and take the advice that urban forests must be developed appropriately. They are theory and method innovation .However,this dissertation have some inadequacies still such as the errors of three-sector model and no evaluation all cost- benefits of forests etc. The direction of future research include comprehensive urban forest policy simulation,the measures of urban forest sustainable management, urban forest planning in favor of residents willing.
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