虚拟企业和谐互动的二元协调管理模式与运行机理研究
|
摘要
21世纪是一个网络化经济的时代，同时也是一个虚拟企业日趋普及并走向成熟的时代。伴随着这种技术性、灵活性和互动性极强的动态联盟式组织形式的生命周期的演进，其管理实践中的问题和瓶颈也逐渐凸显出来了，而要为虚拟企业寻求一条可持续的良性发展的路径，就必须在和谐互动的基点上建立一种属于虚拟企业自己的适度虚拟化的经营管理方式。
正是在这样的虚拟实践的趋动与和谐管理理论的前提下，提出了研究命题，即虚拟企业的虚拟化与实体化管理策略或偏好的实施和形成，在很大程度上是以和谐互动的状态与复杂性机制为背景的，而为了实现虚拟企业联盟各方利益的帕累托最优化的组织目标，在上述二元和谐管理的框架内对虚拟企业进行整合意义上的模式建构是至关重要的。因为在虚拟经营过程中无论是存在着虚拟化不足还是虚拟化过度的倾向，往往都会导致虚拟企业的失败或管理的无效。这是一个既简单而又总是被人们在理论思考和实践层面上所忽略的重大问题。本研究运用复杂性分析、规范分析、数理描述和案例分析等研究方法，以及采取管理学、经济学和社会学等多学科交叉的学术视角，对虚拟企业的和谐互动的过程管理、道德管理与绩效管理机制及其动态匹配协调管理模式进行了系统研究，旨在为虚拟企业的管理与优化管理奠定和谐管理学的学理基础，为进行虚拟经营管理的企业家或相关利益者指导和完善企业行为提供依据。
鉴于虚拟企业目前的理论研究还处于潜科学阶段，为此首先界定了相关的概念，提出了基于和谐互动的二元整合管理模式的系统分析程序，这一知识建构的努力始终围绕着和谐管理的新思维拓展。在选择分析工具时，除了和谐管理理论、混沌管理理论、道德管理理论之外，还有针对性地吸收了管理有效性理论学习、演化与协调博弈理论和综合模糊评价理论、社会管理与工程理论及方法。
虚拟企业和谐互动的二元管理模式的建立既具有必要性，又具有可能性。它不仅是对现代虚拟企业及动态联盟本身所包括的虚拟化与实体化管理特质的二元整合后反映的管理学概括或揭示，而且也是对其运作机制所进行的和谐管理学的描述。循着逻辑线索，在提出了虚拟企业系统和谐互动机制的数学模型、二象空间模型和三维空间模型之后，提出了研究的总模型：虚拟企业二元管理的动态匹配协调模型。这一整合模型将成为和谐互动机制论述的基础，并使之得以聚焦。运用演化博弈论和非合作博弈论，揭示了虚拟企业和谐互动的过程控制机理。同时，还从虚拟行动的稳定策略出发，进一步地对虚拟企业混沌控制的路径或方法作出了全新的归纳及分析。
为了夯实虚拟企业二元和谐管理模式构造的基石——和谐互动，从虚拟企业演进过程和伙伴选择的初始敏感性入手，继而对虚拟企业的伦理秩序的形成、维持及组织管理价值的讨论，再到虚拟企业和谐主题之于管理有效性的关系、虚拟企业绩效管理指标体系的提出，以及做出模拟式综合模糊评价的尝试，这一切无不指向预定的学术旨趣：动态匹配的、和谐的虚拟企业管理理想。但和谐互动在多数情况下可以促进虚拟企业利益的最大化和管理效率是不言而喻的，尽管也决非无条件地递增。
文末以杉杉集团和七匹狼集团的虚拟经营为案例，则是对其进行的验证与剖析；所提出的一系列优化策略，则可以视为对其所进行的治理与对策。
Abstract: The21stcentury is the age of network economy and virtualenterprise’s dissemination and being mature. With the lifecycle evolution fordynamic alliance organization which is full of technique, agility and interaction, theproblem and bottleneck in the management practice is coming up. To find acontinually developed routine of the virtual enterprise, we establish the virtualmanagement suitable for them on harmonious interaction.
On the premise of virtual practice and harmonious management, theproposition brings that the administration and formation of virtual enterprise’svirtualization and substantiation are most based on the harmonious interaction andthe complex mechanics. For the organizational aim of Pareto dominance among thevirtual enterprise alliances, in the framework of dualistic harmonious management,the meaning establishment of virtual enterprise integration is very important.Because whether there is a shortage or excessiveness tendency of virtualization inthe virtual management process, it will lead to the failure of virtual enterprise ormanagement inefficiency. This is the key point which is simple and always ignoredby the public in the layers of theory or practice. This research uses the methods ofcomplexity analysis, normative analysis，mathematical description and case studywith the viewpoints of management, economics and sociology. It researches theprocess management, moral management and performance management mechanism,and dynamic matching management in order to give the theoretical foundation ofharmonious management to the virtual enterprise’s management and dominancemanagement and provide the evidences of the entrepreneur and the relevantinterests and the enterprise behaviors.
Due to the hidden sciences of virtual enterprise, it firstly defines the relevantdefinitions and advances the system analysis program of the dualistic integrationmanagement based on harmonious interaction, which is surrounding harmoniousmanagement. Besides the theory of harmonious management, chaos managementand moral management, it absorbs efficiency theory study, evolution andcoordination games and fuzzy assessment theory, social management andengineering in the selection of analysis means.The establishment of dualistic management model for virtual enterprise’s harmonious interaction is necessary and possible. It generalizes and explains notonly management characteristics of virtualization and substantiation incontemporary virtual enterprise and dynamic alliances, but also description ofharmonious management and its administrative mechanism. With the logic clue,after the dissertation provides the math model of harmonious interaction mechanismfor virtual enterprise, dual space model and three-dimension space model, itconcludes the model of dynamic matching harmony of virtual enterprise’s dualisticmanagement. This integration model will become the basis of harmoniousinteraction mechanism exposition and makes it can focus. The evolutionary gametheory and non-cooperative game theory are uesd to reveale the process controlmechanism of harmonious interaction for virtual enterprise. At the same time, theroutine or method of chaotic control for virtual enterprise is summarized andanalysed futher and in a new way through starting from the stable strategy of virtualaction,.
To tamp the base of the dualistic harmonious management model—harmonious interaction, through the evolution of virtual enterprise and thebeginning sensitivity of fellow selection, it discusses the formation of ethicinstitution and the value of organizational management. Then it analyzes therelations between harmony and efficiency, provides the performance indices ofvirtual enterprise, and simulates the synthesis fuzzy assessment. All these all pointto the scheduled academic purport: the ideal of dynamic matching and harmoniousvirtual enterprise’s management. It goes without saying that harmonious interactionimproves the largest profits and the management efficiency of virtual enterprisealthough the increases do not haven’t conditions.
At the final part, the virtual management of Shanshan Group and SeptwolvesGroup is regarded as case and validates and analyzes it. A series of optimizationstrategies which have been brought up can be regarded as the.administration andcountermeasure to it.
正是在这样的虚拟实践的趋动与和谐管理理论的前提下，提出了研究命题，即虚拟企业的虚拟化与实体化管理策略或偏好的实施和形成，在很大程度上是以和谐互动的状态与复杂性机制为背景的，而为了实现虚拟企业联盟各方利益的帕累托最优化的组织目标，在上述二元和谐管理的框架内对虚拟企业进行整合意义上的模式建构是至关重要的。因为在虚拟经营过程中无论是存在着虚拟化不足还是虚拟化过度的倾向，往往都会导致虚拟企业的失败或管理的无效。这是一个既简单而又总是被人们在理论思考和实践层面上所忽略的重大问题。本研究运用复杂性分析、规范分析、数理描述和案例分析等研究方法，以及采取管理学、经济学和社会学等多学科交叉的学术视角，对虚拟企业的和谐互动的过程管理、道德管理与绩效管理机制及其动态匹配协调管理模式进行了系统研究，旨在为虚拟企业的管理与优化管理奠定和谐管理学的学理基础，为进行虚拟经营管理的企业家或相关利益者指导和完善企业行为提供依据。
鉴于虚拟企业目前的理论研究还处于潜科学阶段，为此首先界定了相关的概念，提出了基于和谐互动的二元整合管理模式的系统分析程序，这一知识建构的努力始终围绕着和谐管理的新思维拓展。在选择分析工具时，除了和谐管理理论、混沌管理理论、道德管理理论之外，还有针对性地吸收了管理有效性理论学习、演化与协调博弈理论和综合模糊评价理论、社会管理与工程理论及方法。
虚拟企业和谐互动的二元管理模式的建立既具有必要性，又具有可能性。它不仅是对现代虚拟企业及动态联盟本身所包括的虚拟化与实体化管理特质的二元整合后反映的管理学概括或揭示，而且也是对其运作机制所进行的和谐管理学的描述。循着逻辑线索，在提出了虚拟企业系统和谐互动机制的数学模型、二象空间模型和三维空间模型之后，提出了研究的总模型：虚拟企业二元管理的动态匹配协调模型。这一整合模型将成为和谐互动机制论述的基础，并使之得以聚焦。运用演化博弈论和非合作博弈论，揭示了虚拟企业和谐互动的过程控制机理。同时，还从虚拟行动的稳定策略出发，进一步地对虚拟企业混沌控制的路径或方法作出了全新的归纳及分析。
为了夯实虚拟企业二元和谐管理模式构造的基石——和谐互动，从虚拟企业演进过程和伙伴选择的初始敏感性入手，继而对虚拟企业的伦理秩序的形成、维持及组织管理价值的讨论，再到虚拟企业和谐主题之于管理有效性的关系、虚拟企业绩效管理指标体系的提出，以及做出模拟式综合模糊评价的尝试，这一切无不指向预定的学术旨趣：动态匹配的、和谐的虚拟企业管理理想。但和谐互动在多数情况下可以促进虚拟企业利益的最大化和管理效率是不言而喻的，尽管也决非无条件地递增。
文末以杉杉集团和七匹狼集团的虚拟经营为案例，则是对其进行的验证与剖析；所提出的一系列优化策略，则可以视为对其所进行的治理与对策。
Abstract: The21stcentury is the age of network economy and virtualenterprise’s dissemination and being mature. With the lifecycle evolution fordynamic alliance organization which is full of technique, agility and interaction, theproblem and bottleneck in the management practice is coming up. To find acontinually developed routine of the virtual enterprise, we establish the virtualmanagement suitable for them on harmonious interaction.
On the premise of virtual practice and harmonious management, theproposition brings that the administration and formation of virtual enterprise’svirtualization and substantiation are most based on the harmonious interaction andthe complex mechanics. For the organizational aim of Pareto dominance among thevirtual enterprise alliances, in the framework of dualistic harmonious management,the meaning establishment of virtual enterprise integration is very important.Because whether there is a shortage or excessiveness tendency of virtualization inthe virtual management process, it will lead to the failure of virtual enterprise ormanagement inefficiency. This is the key point which is simple and always ignoredby the public in the layers of theory or practice. This research uses the methods ofcomplexity analysis, normative analysis，mathematical description and case studywith the viewpoints of management, economics and sociology. It researches theprocess management, moral management and performance management mechanism,and dynamic matching management in order to give the theoretical foundation ofharmonious management to the virtual enterprise’s management and dominancemanagement and provide the evidences of the entrepreneur and the relevantinterests and the enterprise behaviors.
Due to the hidden sciences of virtual enterprise, it firstly defines the relevantdefinitions and advances the system analysis program of the dualistic integrationmanagement based on harmonious interaction, which is surrounding harmoniousmanagement. Besides the theory of harmonious management, chaos managementand moral management, it absorbs efficiency theory study, evolution andcoordination games and fuzzy assessment theory, social management andengineering in the selection of analysis means.The establishment of dualistic management model for virtual enterprise’s harmonious interaction is necessary and possible. It generalizes and explains notonly management characteristics of virtualization and substantiation incontemporary virtual enterprise and dynamic alliances, but also description ofharmonious management and its administrative mechanism. With the logic clue,after the dissertation provides the math model of harmonious interaction mechanismfor virtual enterprise, dual space model and three-dimension space model, itconcludes the model of dynamic matching harmony of virtual enterprise’s dualisticmanagement. This integration model will become the basis of harmoniousinteraction mechanism exposition and makes it can focus. The evolutionary gametheory and non-cooperative game theory are uesd to reveale the process controlmechanism of harmonious interaction for virtual enterprise. At the same time, theroutine or method of chaotic control for virtual enterprise is summarized andanalysed futher and in a new way through starting from the stable strategy of virtualaction,.
To tamp the base of the dualistic harmonious management model—harmonious interaction, through the evolution of virtual enterprise and thebeginning sensitivity of fellow selection, it discusses the formation of ethicinstitution and the value of organizational management. Then it analyzes therelations between harmony and efficiency, provides the performance indices ofvirtual enterprise, and simulates the synthesis fuzzy assessment. All these all pointto the scheduled academic purport: the ideal of dynamic matching and harmoniousvirtual enterprise’s management. It goes without saying that harmonious interactionimproves the largest profits and the management efficiency of virtual enterprisealthough the increases do not haven’t conditions.
At the final part, the virtual management of Shanshan Group and SeptwolvesGroup is regarded as case and validates and analyzes it. A series of optimizationstrategies which have been brought up can be regarded as the.administration andcountermeasure to it.
引文
1Kenneth Preiss, Steven L.Goldman&Roger N. Nagel.21stCenturyManufacturing Enterprises Strategy: An Industry-Led view. Iacocca Institute,Lehigh University,1991:1~25
2Peter F. Drucker. Managing in the Next Society. St. Martin’s press.2002:60~61
3[法]郑春顺.混沌与和谐——现代世界的创造.马世元译.商务印书馆.2002:167
4Hao bailin. Chaos. World scientific.1984,(1):81~88
5E. N. Lorenz. Deterministic Nonperiod Flow. J. Atoms. Sci.1963,(20):130~141
6薛月菊.混沌系统的模糊控制方法研究.哈尔滨工业大学博士论文.2001:2~76
7David Bell, Brian D.Loader. Cyber Culture. Londin and New York. RoutledgeTaylor&Francis Group.2004:19
8[比]伊利亚·普里戈金.未来是定数吗?曾国屏译.上海世纪出版集团.2005:70~71
9Xie wenjing. Virtual Space, reol identity. Telematics and informatics,2005,(22):395~404
10Theodre Modis. The end of the internet rush Technological Forecasting&Social Change.2005,(72):938~943
11[美]沃尔德罗普.复杂——诞生于秩序与混沌边缘的科学.陈玲译.三联书店,1977:410~411
12[美]曼纽尔·卡斯特.网络社会的崛起.夏铸九等译.社会科学文献出版社,2001:570
13张品良.论网络虚拟和谐社会的构建.理论学刊.2006,(2):71~73
14Betty Vandenbosch, Argun Santcioglu and Sharon Fay. Idea Management: ASystemic View. Journal of Management Studies.2006,43(2):260~287
15Nuendorf. K.A. The Content Analysis Guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: sage.2002:91
16[法]巴斯夏.和谐经济理论.中国社会科学出版社,1995:1~21
17张立文.和合学——21世纪文化战略的构想.中国人民大学出版社,2006:834~927
18成中英. C理论:中国管理哲学.中国人民大学出版社,2006:362~363
19席酉民,尚玉钒.和谐管理理论.中国人民大学出版社,2002:40~135
20Davenport T H. Prusak L. working Knowledge—how organizations managewhat they know. Harvard Business School press. Boston. Massachusetts,1998:16~174
21Leonard—Barton D. Wellsprings of Knowledge—building and Sustaining thesources of innovation. Havard Business School Rress, Boston, Massachusetts,1995:5~33
22Nonaka I. Takeeuchi H. The knowledge Creating Company-how JapaneseCompanies Create the dynamics of innovation. Oxford University press, NewYork, oxford,1995:5~65
23Schultz T.W. The Value of ability to deal with disequilibira. Journal ofeconomic Literature.1975,(13):827~846
24Killer D. Configurations rerisited. Strutegic Management Journal.1996,(17:505~512
25Levinthal D A. Adaptation of rugged Landscapes. Management Science.1997,(43):934~950
26Kivkin J W. Imitation of Complex strategies. Management Science.2000,(46):824~844
27Beinhccker E D. Strategy at the edge of chaos. Mckinsey Quarterly.1997,(1):24~39
28郭士伊,席酉民.和谐管理的智能行为模型.预测.2004,(2):9~13
29唐方成,马骏,席酉民.和谐管理的耦合机制及其复杂性的涌现.系统工程理论与实践.2004,(11):68~75
30Steven L. Goldman, Roger N. Nagel and Kenneth Preiss. Agile Competitors andVirtual Organizations. Van Nostrand Renhold,1994:61~97
31Rossabeth Moss Kanter. Collaboratire Advantage: The Art of Alliances.Harvard Business Review.1994,(1):7~8
32David Skyrme. The virtual corporation. http://www.skyrme.com/insights/zvirtorg.htm.1995
33Luis M.Camarinha-Matos, Hamideh Afsarmanesh. Elements of a base VEinfrastructure. Computers in industry,2003,(51):139~163
34解树江.虚拟企业——理论分析、运行机制与发展战略.经济管理出版社,2002:42~75
35[荷]弗兰克·莱坎·德普雷,勒内·蒂森.零度管理.李家强译.中信出版社,2004:57~143
36Peter F. Drucker. The Ecological Vision. Transaction publishers,1993:351
37Olivier perrin, Claude Godart. A model to support Collaborative work in virtualenterprises. Data&knowledge Engineering.2004,(5):63~86
38王雪莉,张力军.企业组织革命.中国发展出版社,2005:171~173
39郭长宇.虚拟企业组建运行的组织力场理论与方法研究.哈尔滨工业大学博士论文.2007:11~25
40Maloni MJ, Benton wc. Supply chain partnership: opportunities for operationsresearch. Eur Joper Res.1997,(101):29~419
41Camarinha-Matos LM, Cardoso T. selection of partners for a virtual enterprise.In: Camarinha-Matos LM, Afsarmanesh H, editors. Pro-VE’99book,infrastructure for virtual enterprises networking industrial enterprises. BostoDordrecht London: Kluwer Academic publishers:1999:78~259
42Wu NO, Mao N, Qian YM. An approach to partner selection in agilemanufacturing. J.intell Manuf.1999,10(6):29~519
43Wu NQ, Sun J. Grouping the activitise in virtual enterprise paradigm prodplann Control.2002,13(4):15~407
44Kusiak A, Finke G. Selection of process plans in automated manufacturingsystems. IEEE Irans Robotics Autom.1988,4(4):397~402
45Naiqi wu, Ping Su. Selection of partners in virtual enterprise paradigm.Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing.2005,(21):119~131
46冯蔚东,陈剑,赵纯均.基于遗传算法的虚拟企业伙伴选择过程及优化模型.清华大学学报(自然科学版).2000,(10):120~124
47陈菊红,汪应洛,孙林岩.虚拟企业伙伴选择过程主方法研究.系统工程理论与实践.2001,(7):48~52
48朱立学.虚拟企业伙伴选择建模理论与应用.中国轻工业出版社,2005:24~59
49Herrera-Viedma E, Herrera F, Chiclana F, Luque M. Some issues onConsistency of fuzzy preference relations. European Journal of operationalResearch.2004,(154):98~109
50Mikhailov L. Fuzzy analytical approach to partnership selection in formation ofvirtual enterprises omega.2002,(30):393~401
51Tien-chin Wang, Yueh-Hsiang Chen. Applying Consistent fuzzy preferencerelations to partnership selection. The International Journal of ManagementScience. Omega.2007,(35):384~388
52T. Kayworth, D. Leidner. The global virtual manager: a prescription for success,European Management Journal.2000,(2):183~194
53C. Solomon. Managing Virtual teams workforce. Jounal of Management Studies.2001,(6):60~65
54Yacine Rezgui. Exploring virtual team-working Efficiency in theEstabllishment sector. Interacting with computers.2007,(19):96~112
55邓靖松.虚拟团队生命周期中的信任管理研究.中山大学学报(社会科学版).2005,(1):109~113
56Gerald A. Cory Jr. A behavioral model of the dual motive approach tobehavioral economics and social exchange. The Journal Socio-Economic.2006,(35):592~612
57Debbie Harrison. Is a Longterm Business Relations an Implied Contract? Twoof Relations Disengagement. Jounal of Management Studies.2004,41(1):108~125
58石春生,李向阳,方淑芬.动态联盟组织模式及系统设计.管理科学学报.2000,(2):21~26
59叶飞.信息不完全条件下虚拟企业合作伙伴选择的多维决策模型.工业工程管理.2004,9(5):38~41
60杨永利.虚拟企业合作伙伴选择的综合评判方法.运筹与管理.2003,(5):42~45
61D.Z.Feng, M.Yamashiro. a pragmatic approach for optimal selection of plant-specific process plans in a virtual enterprise. Journal of Materials processingTechnology.2006,(173):194~200
62W. Xu, Y. Wei, Y.Fan. Virtual enterprise and its intelligence management,Comput. Ind. Eng.2002,42(2-4):199~205
63Martinez M. T, Foucltier P. virtual enterprise-organization, evolution andcontrol. Int. J. production Economics, Vol.2001,(74):225~238
64叶飞,孙东川.面向全生命周期的虚拟企业组建与动作.机械工业出版社,2005:140~160
65项保华,罗青军.以互动为导向的战略分析工具——论六种力量互动关系分析模型.河北经贸大学学报.2003,(3):53~56
66刘易斯.二元经济.北京经济学院出版社,1989:3~4
67Granovetter. Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem ofEmbeddedness. American Journal of Sociology.1985,91(3):481~510
68Marlei Pozzebon. The Influence of a Structumationist View on StrategicManagement Research. Journal of Management Studies.2004,41(2):247~271
69Bogenrieder, I. ang Nooteboom, B. Learning groups:What type are there? Atheoretical analysis and and empirical study in a consultancy firm. Organizationstudies.2004,(25):278~313
70Bure, R.S. Structural holes and good ideas. American Journal of Sociology.2004,(110):99~349
71Gilsing, V. and Nooteboom, B. Pensity and streugth of ties in innovationnetworks: an analysis of multimedia and biotechnology. European ManagementReview.2005,(3):97~179
72Perry-Smith, J. E. and shalley, C. E. The social side of creativity. A static anddynamic social Network perspective. Academy of Management Review.2003,(49):85~101
73Reagans, R. and Mcevily, B. Network structure and Knowledge transfer: theeffects of cohesion and range. Administrative Science Quarterly.2003,(48):67~240
74Reiter-palmon, R. and Illies, J.J. Leadership and Creativity: understandingLeadership from of Corporate R&D teams. Oranization Science.2004,(15):55~77
75Roberts, J. Limits to communities of practice. Journal of Management studies.2006,(43):39~623
76Peter F. Drucker. Landmarks of Tomorrow Lundmarks of Tomorrow.Transaction publishers.1996:6
77宋一夫.二重结构理论.中国社会科学出版社,2006:49~57
78赵冬梅,陈柳钦.企业竞争力影响因素的二象空间分析.财贸研究.2005,(1):65~75
79孟威.网络互动:意义诠释与规则探讨.经济管理出版社,2004:4~10
80[美]詹姆斯·汤普森.行动中的组织.上海人民出版社,2007:64~66
81赵丽艳,顾基发.东西方评价方法论对比研究.管理科学学报.2003,(3):593~611
82Awaragi, Y. The Shinayakana Approach as a Solving Tool for Complex Systems.In Wilby, J., Zhu, Z(Eds.) Systems Methodology III: Possibilities for Cross—Cultural Learning and Integration, Centre for Systems Studies, University ofHull, United Kingdom,1997:7~8
83Gu, J. F, Zhu, Z.C. The Wuli, Shili, Renli Approach (WSR): An OrientalSystems Methodology. In Midgley, G., Wilby, J.(Eds.) Systems Methodology:Possibilities for Cross-Cultural Learning and Integration, Centre for SystemsStudies, University of Hull, United Kingdom,1995:83~84
84王硕.协同理论在虚拟企业协调发展中的应用.合肥工业大学学报(社科版).2005,(1):19~23
85[美]约翰·霍兰.涌现——从混沌到有序.陈禹等译.上海世纪出版集团,2006:79~83
86姜进章.知识重建论——一种超越时代的管理哲学与方法论.科学出版社,2004:110~162
87Long, D. W. D. Fahey. Diagnosing cultural barriers to knowledge management.The Academy of Management Executive.2004,14(4):113~127
88Nonaka. A dynamic theory of organizational Knowledge Creation. OrganizationScience.1994,(5):4~37
89Leonard, Dand Sensiper. The role of Tacit Knowledge in group innovation.California Management Review: Special Issue on Knowledge and the Firm.1998,40(3):112~132
90Karin D. Knorr-Cetina. The Manufacture of Knowledge: An Essay on theConstructivist and Contextual Nature of Science. Published by pergamon press.1981:15~25
91罗家德.中国人的管理智慧.中信出版社,2007:178~182
92Robert. K. Merton. Social Theory and Social Structure. Original EnglishLanguage edition Copyright renewed.1997:498~501
93Perry-Smith, J. E. Social yet creative: the role of Social Relationss infacilitating individual Creativity’ Academy of Management Journal.2006,(49):85~101
94Lieberman, M.B. and Asaba, S.Why do firms imitate each other?Academy ofManagement Review.2006,31(2):366~385
95许正权,吴志刚,张中强.社会系统和谐交互机制研究.科技管理研究.2008,(2):43～45
96Davorin Kofiac,Miroljub Kljajic,valter Reiec.The anticipative concept in warehouse optimization using simulation in a uncertain environment.EuropeanJournal of operational Research.2009,(193):660～669
97Frank Dobbin.The Sociology of the Economy.Russell Sage Foundation, NewYork.2004:237~238
98马克斯·H·布瓦索.信息空间——认识组织制度和文化的一种框架.上海译文出版社,2000:215~223
99包国宪,杨超群.虚拟企业的和谐管理.科技进步与对策.2006,(5):20~22
100Colin F.Camerer. Behavioral Game Theory.Russell Sage Foundation.2003:336~353
101Harold W. Kuhn.Classics in Game Theory.Princeton University press.1997:247~249
102罗素·W·库珀.协调博弈.张军,李池译.中国人民大学出版社,2001:5~75
103Halal Willian E. New Management. New York, Barrett-koehler publisher.1996:119
104[瑞典]乔根·W·威布尔.演化博弈论.王永钦译.上海三联书店.2006:2~31
105[奥]卡尔·门格尔.经济学方法论探究.姚中秋译.新星出版社,2007:310~323
106Kazuo Tanaka, T akayuki lkeda, Hua O. Wang. A Vnified Approath toControuing chaos via an LMI-Based Fuzzy Control System Design IEEE. TransCircuit. Syst.I.1998,45(10):1021~1040
107L.A.Zadeh. Outline of a New Approach to the Analysis of Complet systems andDecision Processes.IEEE Tran. Systems Man Cybernet.1973,(3):28~34
108H.G.Winful.L.Raman. Synchronized Chaos and Spatiotempral Chaos in Arrayof coupled Laser. phys Rev Latt.1990,65(13):1575~1578
109K.Pyragas Continuous Contrd of chaos by Self-Controlling Feedback phys.Rev.A.1992,170(6):421~428
110Karl Polanyi. The Great Trans formation: The political and Economic Originsof our Time. Beacon Press.2001:50
111马汀·奇达夫,蔡文彬.社会网络与组织.王凤彬等译.中国人民大学出版社,2007:45~73
112蒋宗礼.人工神经网络导论.高等教育出版社,2001:101~113
113[英]迈克尔·C·杰克逊.系统思维.高飞,李萌译.中国人民大学出版社,2005:109~121
114Jackson, M.C. The system of systems wethodocogies: A guide to researchersJournal of the operational Research society.1993,(44):208~209
115Vlrich W. Beyond methodology Selection: Critical systems thinking ascritically systemic discourse Journal of the operational Research Society.2003,(54):325~342
116Ormerod, R.S.Taket’s Suggestions for the OR toolkit. sournal of the operationalResearch Society.2003,(54):322~323
117Scheneider. Using Congnitive theory to Explain Entreprenurial Risk-taking:Challenging conventional wisdom Journal of Business Venturing1999,10(6):425~438
118Amartya Sen. Rationlity and Freedom. Published by arrangement with HarvardUniversity Press.2002:225~290
119Colbert, B.A.The complex Resource Based View Strategic Management Journal.2004,(29):341~358
120John Foster and J. Stanley Metcalfe. Frontiers of Evolutionary EconomicCompetition, Self-organization and Innovation Policy. Published by EdwardElgar Publishing Limited.2004:82~87
121达庆利,王愚,万伦来.虚拟企业结构模型及运作机制——种类生物化的分析视角.清华大学出版社,2004:63~73
122[美]阿奇B.卡罗尔,安K.巴克霍尔茨.企业与社会:伦理与利益相关者管理.黄煜平等译.机械工业出版社,2004:46~129
123Epstein Edwin M. The Corporate Social Policy Process: Beyond BusinessEthics, Corporate Management Review.1987,29:104~107
124Henry Sidgnick. The Methods of Ethics. Macmillan, Co., Ltd. London,1992:217~222
125P.Hersey&K. Blanchard.Management of Organizational Behavior.4thed.1982:98
126Gambetta, D Can we trust? In D Gambetta (Ed). Trust Making and breakingCooperative relations. Oxford, Uk:Basil Blackwell.1988:213~237
127Zucker,L.G..Production of trust: Institutional Sources of economicStructure,1840-1920.In B.M. Staw&L.L.Cummings. Research in oranizationalbehavior. Greenwich CT: JAL1986,(8):53~57
128Rowley,T.J. Moving Beyond Dyadic Ties: A Network Theory of RelevantInterests Influences. Academy of Management Review.1997,22(4):889
129Cornell,B., and Shapiro,A.C.Corporate Relevant Interests and CorporateFinance. Financial Management,1987, Spring:5
130Carroll,A.B.Business and Society Ethics and Relevant Interests Management,Cincinnati: South-western.1993:22
131Mitchell, R.K.Agle,B.R.,and Wood D.J., Toward a Theory of Relevant Interestsidentification and Salience:Defining the principle of who and what ReallyCounts, Academy of Management Review.1997,22(4):865~874
132Mill,John Stuart.Utilitarianism.Hackett Publishing Company.1979:18
133Cordelia Brabbs. Web Fuels Consumer Activism, Marketing. September.2000,(21):23
134Hans Jonas.Towards a Philosophy,in David M.Kaplan, ed. Readings in thePhilosophy of technology, Rowman&Littlefield pubishers, Inc.2004:17~33
135王艳艳,赵曙明.国外企业管理者伦理研究的理论视角与发展趋势.现代管理学.2008,(8):9~11
136Koopmans T C. Activity Analysis of production and Allocation, CowlesCommission for Research in Economics, Monograph. New York Wiley.1951:13
137肖玲诺,姜振寰,冯英浚.知识经济条件下的管理有效性.科学学研究.2005,(4):531~535
138冯英浚,高欣,魏松贤.生产有效性与管理有效性.管理工程学报.2001,(3):27~29
139Levinthal D A. Adaptation on rugged landscapes. Management Science.1997,(43):934~950
140Rivkin JW. Imitation of complex strategies Management Science.2000,(46):824~844
141彭晓春,黄瑞华,林健.虚拟企业运作过程中盟主与盟员的信息交流.情报学报.2003,(1):115~119
142Kingston J, Macintosh A. Knowledge management through multi-perspectivemodeling: representing and distributing organizational memory. Knowledge-Based Systems.2000,(13):121~131
143田也壮,张莉.组织记忆创新过程研究.管理工程学报.2003,(3):31~34
144Valluri, Annapurna&Croson, David C. Agent Learning in Supplier Selectionmodels Decision Support Systems.2005,39(2):219~240
145包国宪.虚拟企业与战略联盟案例点评.中国人民大学出版社,2007:118~177
146叶永玲,周亚庆.虚拟企业的治理结构探析.安徽大学学报（哲社版）.2004,(2):95~99
147周和荣,张金隆.虚拟合作资源配置方式:机制、模型与实证研究.中国工业经济.2006,(8):77~84
2Peter F. Drucker. Managing in the Next Society. St. Martin’s press.2002:60~61
3[法]郑春顺.混沌与和谐——现代世界的创造.马世元译.商务印书馆.2002:167
4Hao bailin. Chaos. World scientific.1984,(1):81~88
5E. N. Lorenz. Deterministic Nonperiod Flow. J. Atoms. Sci.1963,(20):130~141
6薛月菊.混沌系统的模糊控制方法研究.哈尔滨工业大学博士论文.2001:2~76
7David Bell, Brian D.Loader. Cyber Culture. Londin and New York. RoutledgeTaylor&Francis Group.2004:19
8[比]伊利亚·普里戈金.未来是定数吗?曾国屏译.上海世纪出版集团.2005:70~71
9Xie wenjing. Virtual Space, reol identity. Telematics and informatics,2005,(22):395~404
10Theodre Modis. The end of the internet rush Technological Forecasting&Social Change.2005,(72):938~943
11[美]沃尔德罗普.复杂——诞生于秩序与混沌边缘的科学.陈玲译.三联书店,1977:410~411
12[美]曼纽尔·卡斯特.网络社会的崛起.夏铸九等译.社会科学文献出版社,2001:570
13张品良.论网络虚拟和谐社会的构建.理论学刊.2006,(2):71~73
14Betty Vandenbosch, Argun Santcioglu and Sharon Fay. Idea Management: ASystemic View. Journal of Management Studies.2006,43(2):260~287
15Nuendorf. K.A. The Content Analysis Guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: sage.2002:91
16[法]巴斯夏.和谐经济理论.中国社会科学出版社,1995:1~21
17张立文.和合学——21世纪文化战略的构想.中国人民大学出版社,2006:834~927
18成中英. C理论:中国管理哲学.中国人民大学出版社,2006:362~363
19席酉民,尚玉钒.和谐管理理论.中国人民大学出版社,2002:40~135
20Davenport T H. Prusak L. working Knowledge—how organizations managewhat they know. Harvard Business School press. Boston. Massachusetts,1998:16~174
21Leonard—Barton D. Wellsprings of Knowledge—building and Sustaining thesources of innovation. Havard Business School Rress, Boston, Massachusetts,1995:5~33
22Nonaka I. Takeeuchi H. The knowledge Creating Company-how JapaneseCompanies Create the dynamics of innovation. Oxford University press, NewYork, oxford,1995:5~65
23Schultz T.W. The Value of ability to deal with disequilibira. Journal ofeconomic Literature.1975,(13):827~846
24Killer D. Configurations rerisited. Strutegic Management Journal.1996,(17:505~512
25Levinthal D A. Adaptation of rugged Landscapes. Management Science.1997,(43):934~950
26Kivkin J W. Imitation of Complex strategies. Management Science.2000,(46):824~844
27Beinhccker E D. Strategy at the edge of chaos. Mckinsey Quarterly.1997,(1):24~39
28郭士伊,席酉民.和谐管理的智能行为模型.预测.2004,(2):9~13
29唐方成,马骏,席酉民.和谐管理的耦合机制及其复杂性的涌现.系统工程理论与实践.2004,(11):68~75
30Steven L. Goldman, Roger N. Nagel and Kenneth Preiss. Agile Competitors andVirtual Organizations. Van Nostrand Renhold,1994:61~97
31Rossabeth Moss Kanter. Collaboratire Advantage: The Art of Alliances.Harvard Business Review.1994,(1):7~8
32David Skyrme. The virtual corporation. http://www.skyrme.com/insights/zvirtorg.htm.1995
33Luis M.Camarinha-Matos, Hamideh Afsarmanesh. Elements of a base VEinfrastructure. Computers in industry,2003,(51):139~163
34解树江.虚拟企业——理论分析、运行机制与发展战略.经济管理出版社,2002:42~75
35[荷]弗兰克·莱坎·德普雷,勒内·蒂森.零度管理.李家强译.中信出版社,2004:57~143
36Peter F. Drucker. The Ecological Vision. Transaction publishers,1993:351
37Olivier perrin, Claude Godart. A model to support Collaborative work in virtualenterprises. Data&knowledge Engineering.2004,(5):63~86
38王雪莉,张力军.企业组织革命.中国发展出版社,2005:171~173
39郭长宇.虚拟企业组建运行的组织力场理论与方法研究.哈尔滨工业大学博士论文.2007:11~25
40Maloni MJ, Benton wc. Supply chain partnership: opportunities for operationsresearch. Eur Joper Res.1997,(101):29~419
41Camarinha-Matos LM, Cardoso T. selection of partners for a virtual enterprise.In: Camarinha-Matos LM, Afsarmanesh H, editors. Pro-VE’99book,infrastructure for virtual enterprises networking industrial enterprises. BostoDordrecht London: Kluwer Academic publishers:1999:78~259
42Wu NO, Mao N, Qian YM. An approach to partner selection in agilemanufacturing. J.intell Manuf.1999,10(6):29~519
43Wu NQ, Sun J. Grouping the activitise in virtual enterprise paradigm prodplann Control.2002,13(4):15~407
44Kusiak A, Finke G. Selection of process plans in automated manufacturingsystems. IEEE Irans Robotics Autom.1988,4(4):397~402
45Naiqi wu, Ping Su. Selection of partners in virtual enterprise paradigm.Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing.2005,(21):119~131
46冯蔚东,陈剑,赵纯均.基于遗传算法的虚拟企业伙伴选择过程及优化模型.清华大学学报(自然科学版).2000,(10):120~124
47陈菊红,汪应洛,孙林岩.虚拟企业伙伴选择过程主方法研究.系统工程理论与实践.2001,(7):48~52
48朱立学.虚拟企业伙伴选择建模理论与应用.中国轻工业出版社,2005:24~59
49Herrera-Viedma E, Herrera F, Chiclana F, Luque M. Some issues onConsistency of fuzzy preference relations. European Journal of operationalResearch.2004,(154):98~109
50Mikhailov L. Fuzzy analytical approach to partnership selection in formation ofvirtual enterprises omega.2002,(30):393~401
51Tien-chin Wang, Yueh-Hsiang Chen. Applying Consistent fuzzy preferencerelations to partnership selection. The International Journal of ManagementScience. Omega.2007,(35):384~388
52T. Kayworth, D. Leidner. The global virtual manager: a prescription for success,European Management Journal.2000,(2):183~194
53C. Solomon. Managing Virtual teams workforce. Jounal of Management Studies.2001,(6):60~65
54Yacine Rezgui. Exploring virtual team-working Efficiency in theEstabllishment sector. Interacting with computers.2007,(19):96~112
55邓靖松.虚拟团队生命周期中的信任管理研究.中山大学学报(社会科学版).2005,(1):109~113
56Gerald A. Cory Jr. A behavioral model of the dual motive approach tobehavioral economics and social exchange. The Journal Socio-Economic.2006,(35):592~612
57Debbie Harrison. Is a Longterm Business Relations an Implied Contract? Twoof Relations Disengagement. Jounal of Management Studies.2004,41(1):108~125
58石春生,李向阳,方淑芬.动态联盟组织模式及系统设计.管理科学学报.2000,(2):21~26
59叶飞.信息不完全条件下虚拟企业合作伙伴选择的多维决策模型.工业工程管理.2004,9(5):38~41
60杨永利.虚拟企业合作伙伴选择的综合评判方法.运筹与管理.2003,(5):42~45
61D.Z.Feng, M.Yamashiro. a pragmatic approach for optimal selection of plant-specific process plans in a virtual enterprise. Journal of Materials processingTechnology.2006,(173):194~200
62W. Xu, Y. Wei, Y.Fan. Virtual enterprise and its intelligence management,Comput. Ind. Eng.2002,42(2-4):199~205
63Martinez M. T, Foucltier P. virtual enterprise-organization, evolution andcontrol. Int. J. production Economics, Vol.2001,(74):225~238
64叶飞,孙东川.面向全生命周期的虚拟企业组建与动作.机械工业出版社,2005:140~160
65项保华,罗青军.以互动为导向的战略分析工具——论六种力量互动关系分析模型.河北经贸大学学报.2003,(3):53~56
66刘易斯.二元经济.北京经济学院出版社,1989:3~4
67Granovetter. Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem ofEmbeddedness. American Journal of Sociology.1985,91(3):481~510
68Marlei Pozzebon. The Influence of a Structumationist View on StrategicManagement Research. Journal of Management Studies.2004,41(2):247~271
69Bogenrieder, I. ang Nooteboom, B. Learning groups:What type are there? Atheoretical analysis and and empirical study in a consultancy firm. Organizationstudies.2004,(25):278~313
70Bure, R.S. Structural holes and good ideas. American Journal of Sociology.2004,(110):99~349
71Gilsing, V. and Nooteboom, B. Pensity and streugth of ties in innovationnetworks: an analysis of multimedia and biotechnology. European ManagementReview.2005,(3):97~179
72Perry-Smith, J. E. and shalley, C. E. The social side of creativity. A static anddynamic social Network perspective. Academy of Management Review.2003,(49):85~101
73Reagans, R. and Mcevily, B. Network structure and Knowledge transfer: theeffects of cohesion and range. Administrative Science Quarterly.2003,(48):67~240
74Reiter-palmon, R. and Illies, J.J. Leadership and Creativity: understandingLeadership from of Corporate R&D teams. Oranization Science.2004,(15):55~77
75Roberts, J. Limits to communities of practice. Journal of Management studies.2006,(43):39~623
76Peter F. Drucker. Landmarks of Tomorrow Lundmarks of Tomorrow.Transaction publishers.1996:6
77宋一夫.二重结构理论.中国社会科学出版社,2006:49~57
78赵冬梅,陈柳钦.企业竞争力影响因素的二象空间分析.财贸研究.2005,(1):65~75
79孟威.网络互动:意义诠释与规则探讨.经济管理出版社,2004:4~10
80[美]詹姆斯·汤普森.行动中的组织.上海人民出版社,2007:64~66
81赵丽艳,顾基发.东西方评价方法论对比研究.管理科学学报.2003,(3):593~611
82Awaragi, Y. The Shinayakana Approach as a Solving Tool for Complex Systems.In Wilby, J., Zhu, Z(Eds.) Systems Methodology III: Possibilities for Cross—Cultural Learning and Integration, Centre for Systems Studies, University ofHull, United Kingdom,1997:7~8
83Gu, J. F, Zhu, Z.C. The Wuli, Shili, Renli Approach (WSR): An OrientalSystems Methodology. In Midgley, G., Wilby, J.(Eds.) Systems Methodology:Possibilities for Cross-Cultural Learning and Integration, Centre for SystemsStudies, University of Hull, United Kingdom,1995:83~84
84王硕.协同理论在虚拟企业协调发展中的应用.合肥工业大学学报(社科版).2005,(1):19~23
85[美]约翰·霍兰.涌现——从混沌到有序.陈禹等译.上海世纪出版集团,2006:79~83
86姜进章.知识重建论——一种超越时代的管理哲学与方法论.科学出版社,2004:110~162
87Long, D. W. D. Fahey. Diagnosing cultural barriers to knowledge management.The Academy of Management Executive.2004,14(4):113~127
88Nonaka. A dynamic theory of organizational Knowledge Creation. OrganizationScience.1994,(5):4~37
89Leonard, Dand Sensiper. The role of Tacit Knowledge in group innovation.California Management Review: Special Issue on Knowledge and the Firm.1998,40(3):112~132
90Karin D. Knorr-Cetina. The Manufacture of Knowledge: An Essay on theConstructivist and Contextual Nature of Science. Published by pergamon press.1981:15~25
91罗家德.中国人的管理智慧.中信出版社,2007:178~182
92Robert. K. Merton. Social Theory and Social Structure. Original EnglishLanguage edition Copyright renewed.1997:498~501
93Perry-Smith, J. E. Social yet creative: the role of Social Relationss infacilitating individual Creativity’ Academy of Management Journal.2006,(49):85~101
94Lieberman, M.B. and Asaba, S.Why do firms imitate each other?Academy ofManagement Review.2006,31(2):366~385
95许正权,吴志刚,张中强.社会系统和谐交互机制研究.科技管理研究.2008,(2):43～45
96Davorin Kofiac,Miroljub Kljajic,valter Reiec.The anticipative concept in warehouse optimization using simulation in a uncertain environment.EuropeanJournal of operational Research.2009,(193):660～669
97Frank Dobbin.The Sociology of the Economy.Russell Sage Foundation, NewYork.2004:237~238
98马克斯·H·布瓦索.信息空间——认识组织制度和文化的一种框架.上海译文出版社,2000:215~223
99包国宪,杨超群.虚拟企业的和谐管理.科技进步与对策.2006,(5):20~22
100Colin F.Camerer. Behavioral Game Theory.Russell Sage Foundation.2003:336~353
101Harold W. Kuhn.Classics in Game Theory.Princeton University press.1997:247~249
102罗素·W·库珀.协调博弈.张军,李池译.中国人民大学出版社,2001:5~75
103Halal Willian E. New Management. New York, Barrett-koehler publisher.1996:119
104[瑞典]乔根·W·威布尔.演化博弈论.王永钦译.上海三联书店.2006:2~31
105[奥]卡尔·门格尔.经济学方法论探究.姚中秋译.新星出版社,2007:310~323
106Kazuo Tanaka, T akayuki lkeda, Hua O. Wang. A Vnified Approath toControuing chaos via an LMI-Based Fuzzy Control System Design IEEE. TransCircuit. Syst.I.1998,45(10):1021~1040
107L.A.Zadeh. Outline of a New Approach to the Analysis of Complet systems andDecision Processes.IEEE Tran. Systems Man Cybernet.1973,(3):28~34
108H.G.Winful.L.Raman. Synchronized Chaos and Spatiotempral Chaos in Arrayof coupled Laser. phys Rev Latt.1990,65(13):1575~1578
109K.Pyragas Continuous Contrd of chaos by Self-Controlling Feedback phys.Rev.A.1992,170(6):421~428
110Karl Polanyi. The Great Trans formation: The political and Economic Originsof our Time. Beacon Press.2001:50
111马汀·奇达夫,蔡文彬.社会网络与组织.王凤彬等译.中国人民大学出版社,2007:45~73
112蒋宗礼.人工神经网络导论.高等教育出版社,2001:101~113
113[英]迈克尔·C·杰克逊.系统思维.高飞,李萌译.中国人民大学出版社,2005:109~121
114Jackson, M.C. The system of systems wethodocogies: A guide to researchersJournal of the operational Research society.1993,(44):208~209
115Vlrich W. Beyond methodology Selection: Critical systems thinking ascritically systemic discourse Journal of the operational Research Society.2003,(54):325~342
116Ormerod, R.S.Taket’s Suggestions for the OR toolkit. sournal of the operationalResearch Society.2003,(54):322~323
117Scheneider. Using Congnitive theory to Explain Entreprenurial Risk-taking:Challenging conventional wisdom Journal of Business Venturing1999,10(6):425~438
118Amartya Sen. Rationlity and Freedom. Published by arrangement with HarvardUniversity Press.2002:225~290
119Colbert, B.A.The complex Resource Based View Strategic Management Journal.2004,(29):341~358
120John Foster and J. Stanley Metcalfe. Frontiers of Evolutionary EconomicCompetition, Self-organization and Innovation Policy. Published by EdwardElgar Publishing Limited.2004:82~87
121达庆利,王愚,万伦来.虚拟企业结构模型及运作机制——种类生物化的分析视角.清华大学出版社,2004:63~73
122[美]阿奇B.卡罗尔,安K.巴克霍尔茨.企业与社会:伦理与利益相关者管理.黄煜平等译.机械工业出版社,2004:46~129
123Epstein Edwin M. The Corporate Social Policy Process: Beyond BusinessEthics, Corporate Management Review.1987,29:104~107
124Henry Sidgnick. The Methods of Ethics. Macmillan, Co., Ltd. London,1992:217~222
125P.Hersey&K. Blanchard.Management of Organizational Behavior.4thed.1982:98
126Gambetta, D Can we trust? In D Gambetta (Ed). Trust Making and breakingCooperative relations. Oxford, Uk:Basil Blackwell.1988:213~237
127Zucker,L.G..Production of trust: Institutional Sources of economicStructure,1840-1920.In B.M. Staw&L.L.Cummings. Research in oranizationalbehavior. Greenwich CT: JAL1986,(8):53~57
128Rowley,T.J. Moving Beyond Dyadic Ties: A Network Theory of RelevantInterests Influences. Academy of Management Review.1997,22(4):889
129Cornell,B., and Shapiro,A.C.Corporate Relevant Interests and CorporateFinance. Financial Management,1987, Spring:5
130Carroll,A.B.Business and Society Ethics and Relevant Interests Management,Cincinnati: South-western.1993:22
131Mitchell, R.K.Agle,B.R.,and Wood D.J., Toward a Theory of Relevant Interestsidentification and Salience:Defining the principle of who and what ReallyCounts, Academy of Management Review.1997,22(4):865~874
132Mill,John Stuart.Utilitarianism.Hackett Publishing Company.1979:18
133Cordelia Brabbs. Web Fuels Consumer Activism, Marketing. September.2000,(21):23
134Hans Jonas.Towards a Philosophy,in David M.Kaplan, ed. Readings in thePhilosophy of technology, Rowman&Littlefield pubishers, Inc.2004:17~33
135王艳艳,赵曙明.国外企业管理者伦理研究的理论视角与发展趋势.现代管理学.2008,(8):9~11
136Koopmans T C. Activity Analysis of production and Allocation, CowlesCommission for Research in Economics, Monograph. New York Wiley.1951:13
137肖玲诺,姜振寰,冯英浚.知识经济条件下的管理有效性.科学学研究.2005,(4):531~535
138冯英浚,高欣,魏松贤.生产有效性与管理有效性.管理工程学报.2001,(3):27~29
139Levinthal D A. Adaptation on rugged landscapes. Management Science.1997,(43):934~950
140Rivkin JW. Imitation of complex strategies Management Science.2000,(46):824~844
141彭晓春,黄瑞华,林健.虚拟企业运作过程中盟主与盟员的信息交流.情报学报.2003,(1):115~119
142Kingston J, Macintosh A. Knowledge management through multi-perspectivemodeling: representing and distributing organizational memory. Knowledge-Based Systems.2000,(13):121~131
143田也壮,张莉.组织记忆创新过程研究.管理工程学报.2003,(3):31~34
144Valluri, Annapurna&Croson, David C. Agent Learning in Supplier Selectionmodels Decision Support Systems.2005,39(2):219~240
145包国宪.虚拟企业与战略联盟案例点评.中国人民大学出版社,2007:118~177
146叶永玲,周亚庆.虚拟企业的治理结构探析.安徽大学学报（哲社版）.2004,(2):95~99
147周和荣,张金隆.虚拟合作资源配置方式:机制、模型与实证研究.中国工业经济.2006,(8):77~84