基于散射系数矩阵法的超声兰姆波与典型缺陷交互作用研究
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摘要
超声Lamb波由于传播距离远、检测效率高且在检测时可对整个板厚上的缺陷均有较高的灵敏度等优点，成为无损检测和结构健康监测领域最有前景的应用技术之一。目前其技术瓶颈在于如何实现超声Lamb波对结构中缺陷的精密检测，此问题的解决依赖于对超声Lamb波与缺陷的交互作用的深入研宄。由于问题的复杂性，以往的研宄主要采用二维有限模型和实验的方法进行。
本文采用三维有限元模型和基于阵列传感器的实验方法，利用散射系数矩阵表征超声导波与缺陷的交互作用，研宄了板中超声导波在不同缺陷处的散射特性以及利用散射系数矩阵进行缺陷种类识别和几何参数测量的方法。主要内容如下：
(1)研宄了散射系数矩阵法表征声波与缺陷交互作用的理论基础。通过对超声Lamb波的入射场和散射场的分析，研宄了圆环波前与平面波前的近似条件，及各散射模态之间的相互关系。利用散射系数矩阵表征声波在缺陷处的模态转换和散射特性，将入射场与散射场联系起来。
(2)建立了 SO模态和SHO模态与缺陷交互作用的三维有限元模型，并针对圆孔和槽形裂纹两种典型缺陷开展研宄。通过研宄激励单一模态Lamb波的双元激励法，设置吸收边界来消除边界回波等，建立了仿真模型。求解了SO模态和SHO模态与薄板中不同几何尺寸的平底圆孔和裂纹的交互作用时的多模态散射系数矩阵。并对散射系数矩阵的变化规律进行分析，提出了缺陷类型识别和几何尺寸测量的方法。分别实现了圆孔直径和深度以及裂纹扩展方向、裂纹长度和裂纹深度的测量。
(3)组建了一套测量板中缺陷散射系数矩阵的仪器系统。研制了一种周向一致激励单一SO模态Lamb波的电磁声传感器，并对传感器的激励模态、频带、测量稳定性和周向一致性等参数进行了评估。基于此种传感器环形阵列，组建了一套实验测量板中缺陷散射系数矩阵的仪器系统。开发了一种Gaussian-chirp信号用于实验测量，此信号单次测量即可达到采用多次平均法测量的效果，且激励能量大，信噪比高，可有效减小环境噪声、温度变化等因素对测量的影响。
(4)实验测量了 SO模态Lamb波在薄板中孔、裂纹和腐蚀坑三种缺陷处的散射系数矩阵。与仿真结果的对比显示两者吻合性很好，证明了仿真模型的正确性以及实验测量系统的可靠性。
(5)研宄了利用超声Lamb波全聚焦算法实现薄板中缺陷检测的方法。通过分析超声Lamb波阵列检测中的参数选择的影响因素：模态激励方式、频散特性、波长变化和衰减特性。基于超声导波阵列传感器的TFM成像算法，利用周向一致激励单一模态Lamb波的传感器组成环形阵列，对包含缺陷的招板进行了成像研宄。
Lamb wave is one of the most popular technology in NDT (Non-destructive Testing)and SHM (Structure Health Monitoirng) for the reasons of long distance propagation,high inspecting efficiency and sensitive to all the defects along thickness. Currentlythe problem of Lamb wave technology is that it only can be used as a rough locationmethod and 'cant achieve the precise inspection. Solving this question depends on thestudy of interaction of Lamb wave with defects. However, the question is so complexthat most of the lectures using2D FE model and expeirmental method to study it.2D scatteirng of guided wave in different defects in plate was studied using3D FEmodel and EMAT array in experiment. Scattering parameter matrix was employed torepresent the interaction of guided wave with defects and measure the category andgeometrical parameters of defects. Main work is as following:
1Theoretical basis of using scattering parameter matrix to represent the interaction ofguided wave with defect was studied. Approximating conditions of circular-crest toplane-crest Lamb wave and relationship between scattering modes were studied byanalyzing the incident and scatteirng field. Scattering parameter matrix was employedto present the mode conversion and scattering of acoustic wave at defects, thusincident and scatteirng field could be connected.
23D FE model of SO mode interaction with defects was established and interaction ofguided wave with hole and crack was represented. FE model study included purityLamb wave generation using dual-elements method and absorbing boundary settingup. Scatteirng parameter matrixes were calculated when SO and SHO mode interactionwith plane-bottom hole and crack with different geometrical parameters. Defect kindsrecognition and geometrical parameters measurement method was established basedon the vairation of scattering parameter matrixes. The diameter and depth of hole andexpansion direction, length and depth of crack could be evaluated.
3Expeirment system of measuring scattering parameter matirx was established andevaluated. A kind of EMAT for generating omini-directional purity SO Lamb wavewas developed. Its properties such as exciting mode, frequency bandwidth, stabilityand uniformity in all directions were evaluated. With this EMAT array experimentsystem of measuring scattering parameter matrix of defects was set up. A kind ofsignal named Gaussian-chirp was developed to execute the expeirment. This signalcan achieve the same result of multi-times averaging method just with once test. Itpossess high SNR(signal to noise ratio) and great energy, thus can reduce the effect ofmeasuring precision coming from ambient noise and temperature changing.
4Scattering parameter matrixes of typical defects such as hole, crack and corrosion were measured expeirmentally. The experimental results have a good agreement withFE result, which proved that the FE model was correct and the experiment measuirngsystem was reliable.
5TFM(Total Focus Method) imaging algorithm of Lamb wave for thin plateinspection was studied. The parameters for Lamb wave array inspection such as modeexciting method, dispersion, wavelength and attenuation, was presented. The TFMalgorithm and circular EMAT array was employed to inspect an aluminum plateincludes defects.
本文采用三维有限元模型和基于阵列传感器的实验方法，利用散射系数矩阵表征超声导波与缺陷的交互作用，研宄了板中超声导波在不同缺陷处的散射特性以及利用散射系数矩阵进行缺陷种类识别和几何参数测量的方法。主要内容如下：
(1)研宄了散射系数矩阵法表征声波与缺陷交互作用的理论基础。通过对超声Lamb波的入射场和散射场的分析，研宄了圆环波前与平面波前的近似条件，及各散射模态之间的相互关系。利用散射系数矩阵表征声波在缺陷处的模态转换和散射特性，将入射场与散射场联系起来。
(2)建立了 SO模态和SHO模态与缺陷交互作用的三维有限元模型，并针对圆孔和槽形裂纹两种典型缺陷开展研宄。通过研宄激励单一模态Lamb波的双元激励法，设置吸收边界来消除边界回波等，建立了仿真模型。求解了SO模态和SHO模态与薄板中不同几何尺寸的平底圆孔和裂纹的交互作用时的多模态散射系数矩阵。并对散射系数矩阵的变化规律进行分析，提出了缺陷类型识别和几何尺寸测量的方法。分别实现了圆孔直径和深度以及裂纹扩展方向、裂纹长度和裂纹深度的测量。
(3)组建了一套测量板中缺陷散射系数矩阵的仪器系统。研制了一种周向一致激励单一SO模态Lamb波的电磁声传感器，并对传感器的激励模态、频带、测量稳定性和周向一致性等参数进行了评估。基于此种传感器环形阵列，组建了一套实验测量板中缺陷散射系数矩阵的仪器系统。开发了一种Gaussian-chirp信号用于实验测量，此信号单次测量即可达到采用多次平均法测量的效果，且激励能量大，信噪比高，可有效减小环境噪声、温度变化等因素对测量的影响。
(4)实验测量了 SO模态Lamb波在薄板中孔、裂纹和腐蚀坑三种缺陷处的散射系数矩阵。与仿真结果的对比显示两者吻合性很好，证明了仿真模型的正确性以及实验测量系统的可靠性。
(5)研宄了利用超声Lamb波全聚焦算法实现薄板中缺陷检测的方法。通过分析超声Lamb波阵列检测中的参数选择的影响因素：模态激励方式、频散特性、波长变化和衰减特性。基于超声导波阵列传感器的TFM成像算法，利用周向一致激励单一模态Lamb波的传感器组成环形阵列，对包含缺陷的招板进行了成像研宄。
Lamb wave is one of the most popular technology in NDT (Non-destructive Testing)and SHM (Structure Health Monitoirng) for the reasons of long distance propagation,high inspecting efficiency and sensitive to all the defects along thickness. Currentlythe problem of Lamb wave technology is that it only can be used as a rough locationmethod and 'cant achieve the precise inspection. Solving this question depends on thestudy of interaction of Lamb wave with defects. However, the question is so complexthat most of the lectures using2D FE model and expeirmental method to study it.2D scatteirng of guided wave in different defects in plate was studied using3D FEmodel and EMAT array in experiment. Scattering parameter matrix was employed torepresent the interaction of guided wave with defects and measure the category andgeometrical parameters of defects. Main work is as following:
1Theoretical basis of using scattering parameter matrix to represent the interaction ofguided wave with defect was studied. Approximating conditions of circular-crest toplane-crest Lamb wave and relationship between scattering modes were studied byanalyzing the incident and scatteirng field. Scattering parameter matrix was employedto present the mode conversion and scattering of acoustic wave at defects, thusincident and scatteirng field could be connected.
23D FE model of SO mode interaction with defects was established and interaction ofguided wave with hole and crack was represented. FE model study included purityLamb wave generation using dual-elements method and absorbing boundary settingup. Scatteirng parameter matrixes were calculated when SO and SHO mode interactionwith plane-bottom hole and crack with different geometrical parameters. Defect kindsrecognition and geometrical parameters measurement method was established basedon the vairation of scattering parameter matrixes. The diameter and depth of hole andexpansion direction, length and depth of crack could be evaluated.
3Expeirment system of measuring scattering parameter matirx was established andevaluated. A kind of EMAT for generating omini-directional purity SO Lamb wavewas developed. Its properties such as exciting mode, frequency bandwidth, stabilityand uniformity in all directions were evaluated. With this EMAT array experimentsystem of measuring scattering parameter matrix of defects was set up. A kind ofsignal named Gaussian-chirp was developed to execute the expeirment. This signalcan achieve the same result of multi-times averaging method just with once test. Itpossess high SNR(signal to noise ratio) and great energy, thus can reduce the effect ofmeasuring precision coming from ambient noise and temperature changing.
4Scattering parameter matrixes of typical defects such as hole, crack and corrosion were measured expeirmentally. The experimental results have a good agreement withFE result, which proved that the FE model was correct and the experiment measuirngsystem was reliable.
5TFM(Total Focus Method) imaging algorithm of Lamb wave for thin plateinspection was studied. The parameters for Lamb wave array inspection such as modeexciting method, dispersion, wavelength and attenuation, was presented. The TFMalgorithm and circular EMAT array was employed to inspect an aluminum plateincludes defects.
引文
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