粗糙地面上植被模型的电磁散射研究
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摘要
本论文结合理论与实验测量研究了粗糙地面上植被的电磁散射。基于考虑了遮蔽效应的粗糙面电磁散射的基尔霍夫近似理论,对MIMICS森林散射模型进行修正得到了双层植被电磁散射模型。应用VRT方程和Monte-Carlo模拟技术研究了双层以及三层植被的电磁散射。论文主要工作如下:
1、采用广义Rayleigh-Gans近似计算植被层中单个散射体的散射场。将有限长圆柱的内场替代为无限长圆柱的内场计算了有限长圆柱的散射场。
2、运用矢量辐射输运理论计算了双层植被散射模型中的零阶和一阶迭代解,分析了小麦的后向散射系数与入射角之间的关系、以及植被湿度与地面湿度等参数对散射特性的影响。
3、运用Monte-Carlo模拟技术研究了粗糙地面上簇分布植被的电磁散射特性。采用了单次散射近似计算植被中的散射体,考虑了不同散射体之间相位差的影响。研究了簇分布结构对植被散射的影响,分析了簇分布植被的后向电磁散射系数与簇位置分布和入射波频率之间的关系。研究了体-面相互作用散射引起的后向散射增强效应,以及增强的角宽度与入射波频率和植被高度之间的关系
4、基于相邻圆柱的二次散射场,建立了三层植被相干散射模型,运用Monte-Carlo方法计算了不同波段三层森林植被的后向电磁散射系数,并将所得值与VRT方程的理论值对比,验证了该模型的准确性。
The electromagnetic scattering characteristic of vegetation on rough ground surface is researched by combining experimental measurement in this thesis. Based on the electromagnetic scattering from rough surface with the shadowing effect by Kirchhoff Approximation, the MIMICS scattering model is modified to achieve the two-layered vegetation scattering model. The electromagnetic scattering of two-layered and three-layered vegetation is investigated by the vector radiative transfer equation (VRT) and Monte-Carlo method. The main contributions of the thesis are as following:
1. The generalized Rayleigh-Gans approximation is used to calculate the scattering field from the single scatter in vegetation layer. By adopting the field inside the finite cylinder instead of that of an infinite cylinder, the scattering from a finite cylinder is calculated.
2. The zero-order solution and the first-order solution of two-layered vegetation model are computed by the VRT theory. The backscattering coefficient of wheat versus the incident angle is analyzed, and the impact of vegetation moisture and ground moisture on scattering feature is also presented.
3. The Monte-Carlo simulation is utilized to study the scattering from clustered vegetation on rough ground surface. The single scattering is used to calculate approximately the scattering of scatter in vegetation, and the phase differences are considered. The effect of clustered structure on scattering from vegetation is studied, including the backscattering coefficient versus the position distribution and the incidence frequency. The backscattering enhancement caused by the scatter-ground interaction is investigated. The relationship between the angle-width and the incidence frequency, as well as the height of vegetation, is considered.
4. Based on the second-order scattered field, the coherent scattering model of three-layered vegetation is established. The Monte-Carlo method is also applied to calculate the backscattering coefficient of the model for different frequency. The numerical result is compared with that by the VRT method to validate the accuracy of our model.
1、采用广义Rayleigh-Gans近似计算植被层中单个散射体的散射场。将有限长圆柱的内场替代为无限长圆柱的内场计算了有限长圆柱的散射场。
2、运用矢量辐射输运理论计算了双层植被散射模型中的零阶和一阶迭代解,分析了小麦的后向散射系数与入射角之间的关系、以及植被湿度与地面湿度等参数对散射特性的影响。
3、运用Monte-Carlo模拟技术研究了粗糙地面上簇分布植被的电磁散射特性。采用了单次散射近似计算植被中的散射体,考虑了不同散射体之间相位差的影响。研究了簇分布结构对植被散射的影响,分析了簇分布植被的后向电磁散射系数与簇位置分布和入射波频率之间的关系。研究了体-面相互作用散射引起的后向散射增强效应,以及增强的角宽度与入射波频率和植被高度之间的关系
4、基于相邻圆柱的二次散射场,建立了三层植被相干散射模型,运用Monte-Carlo方法计算了不同波段三层森林植被的后向电磁散射系数,并将所得值与VRT方程的理论值对比,验证了该模型的准确性。
The electromagnetic scattering characteristic of vegetation on rough ground surface is researched by combining experimental measurement in this thesis. Based on the electromagnetic scattering from rough surface with the shadowing effect by Kirchhoff Approximation, the MIMICS scattering model is modified to achieve the two-layered vegetation scattering model. The electromagnetic scattering of two-layered and three-layered vegetation is investigated by the vector radiative transfer equation (VRT) and Monte-Carlo method. The main contributions of the thesis are as following:
1. The generalized Rayleigh-Gans approximation is used to calculate the scattering field from the single scatter in vegetation layer. By adopting the field inside the finite cylinder instead of that of an infinite cylinder, the scattering from a finite cylinder is calculated.
2. The zero-order solution and the first-order solution of two-layered vegetation model are computed by the VRT theory. The backscattering coefficient of wheat versus the incident angle is analyzed, and the impact of vegetation moisture and ground moisture on scattering feature is also presented.
3. The Monte-Carlo simulation is utilized to study the scattering from clustered vegetation on rough ground surface. The single scattering is used to calculate approximately the scattering of scatter in vegetation, and the phase differences are considered. The effect of clustered structure on scattering from vegetation is studied, including the backscattering coefficient versus the position distribution and the incidence frequency. The backscattering enhancement caused by the scatter-ground interaction is investigated. The relationship between the angle-width and the incidence frequency, as well as the height of vegetation, is considered.
4. Based on the second-order scattered field, the coherent scattering model of three-layered vegetation is established. The Monte-Carlo method is also applied to calculate the backscattering coefficient of the model for different frequency. The numerical result is compared with that by the VRT method to validate the accuracy of our model.
引文
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[2] Olioso Albert, Sòria Guillem, Sobrino José, et al. Evidence of Low Land Surface Thermal Infrared Emissivity in the Presence of Dry Vegetation. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters. 2007, 4(1): 112-116.
[3] Dahon C., Ferro-Famil L., Titin-Schnaider C., et al. Computing the Double-Bounce Reflection Coherent Effect in an Incoherent Electromagnetic Scattering Model. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters. 2006, 3(2): 241-245.
[4] Jong Yvo L. C. de and Herben H. A. J. A Tree-Scattering Model for Improved Propagation Prediction in Urban Microcells. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2004, 53(2): 503-513.
[5] Koay J. Y., Ewe H. T. and Chuah H. T. Effects of Fresnel Corrections in the Scattered Field of General Ellipsoids. PIERS ONLINE. 2007, 3(2): 213-214.
[6] Zhou Y. S.,Hong W. and Cao F. Investigation on Volume Scattering for Vegetation Parameter Estimation of Polarimetric SAR Interferometry. PIERS ONLINE. 2009, 5(1): 1-5.
[7] Vogel W. J., Torrence G. W. and Lin H-P. Simultaneous Measurements of L-Band and S-Band Tree Shadowing for Space-Earth Communications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 1995, 43(7): 713-719.
[8] Wombell Richard J. and DeSanto John A. Reconstruction of Rough Surface Profiles with the Kirchhoff Approximation. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 1991, 8(12): 1892-1896.
[9] Nieto-Vesperinas M. Depolarization of Electromagnetic Waves from Random Rough Surface: A Study by Means of the Extinction Theorem. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 1982, 72(5): 539-547.
[10] Chan C. H., L.Tsang and Li Q. Monte Carlo Simulation of Large Scale One-Dimensional Random Rough-Surface Scattering at Near Grazing Incidence: Penatrable Case. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 1998, 46(1): 142-159.
[11] Bahar Ezekiel. Scattering Cross Sections for Random Rough Surfaces: Full Wave Analysis. Radio Science. 1981, 16(3): 331-341.
[12] Ivanova K., Michalev M. A. and Yordanov O. L. Study of the Phase Perturbation Technique for Scattering of Waves by Rough Surfaces at Intermediate and Large Values of the Roughness Parameter. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications. 1990, 4(5): 401-414.
[13] Attema E. P. W. and Ulaby F. T. Vegetation Modeled as a Water Cloud. Radio Science. 1978, 13(2): 357-364.
[14] Trevor B. UHF Propagation Through Woods and Underbrush. RCA Review. 1940 , July, 5(1): 97-100.
[15] Tsang L., Kubacsi M. C. and Kong J. A. Radiative Transfer Theory for Active Remote Sensingof a Layer of Small Ellipsoidal Scatters. Radio Science. 1981, 16(3): 321-329.
[16] Lang L. H. Electromagnetic Backscattering from a Sparse Distribution of Lossy Dielectric Scatters. Radio Science. 1981, 16(1): 15-30.
[17] Fung A. K. and Fung H. Application of First-Order Renormalization Theory for Cross-Polarized Backscatter from a Half-Space. IEEE Transactions on Geosci. Electro. 1977, 15(4): 189-195.
[18] Richards J. A., Sun G. and Simonett D. S. L-Band Radar Backscatter Modeling of Forest Stands. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 1987, 25(4): 487-498.
[19] Karam M. A. and Fung A. K. Leaf-Shape Effects in Electromagnetic Wave Scattering from Vegetation. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 1989, 27(6): 687-697.
[20] Durden S. L. and Zyl J. J. Van. Modeling and Observation of the Radar Polarization Signature of Forested Areas. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 1989, 37(3): 290-310.
[21] Ulaby F. T., Sarabandy K., McDonald K., et al. Michigan Microwave Canopy Scattering Model. Int. J. Remote Sensing. 1990, 11(7): 1223-1253.
[22] Karam M. A., Fung A. K. and Antar Y. M. M. Electromagnetic Wave Scattering from Some Vegetation Sample. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 1988, 26(6): 799-808.
[23] Karam M. A. and Fung A. K. Electromagnetic Scattering from a Layer of Finite Length, Randomly Oriented Dielectric Circular Cylinders over a Rough Interface with Application to Vegetation. Int. J. Remote Sensing. 1988, 9(6): 1109-1134.
[24] Fung A. K., Li Z. and Chen K. S. Backscattering from a Randomly Rough Dielectric Surface. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 1992, 30(2): 356-369.
[25] McDonald K. C., Dobson M. C. and Ulaby F. T. Using MIMICS to Model L-Band Multiangle and Multitemporal Backscatter from a Walnut Orchard. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 1990, 28(4): 477-491.
[26] Tour A., Thomson K. P. B., Edwards G., et al. Adaptation the MIMICS Backscattering Model to the Agricultural Context-Wheat and canola at L and C Bands. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 1994, 32(1): 47-61.
[27] Karam M. A., Fung A. K., Lang R. H., et al. A Microwave Scattering Model for Layered Vegetation. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 1992, 30(4): 767-784.
[28] Tavakoli A., Sarabandi K. and Ulaby F. T. Horizontal Propagation Through Periodic Vegetation Canopies. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 1991, 39(7): 1014-1023.
[29] McDonald K. C. and Ulaby F. T. Radiative Transfer Modeling of Discontinuous Trees Canopies at Microwave Frequencies. Int. J. Remote Sensing. 1993, 14(11): 2097-2128.
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