热带海岸木麻黄人工林近自然经营模式研究
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摘要
森林可持续经营是现代林业发展的主题,如何科学的经营、保护和培育多功能的森林资源是当前国际上林学界所面临的一项重大课题。国有林场既是实施森林可持续经营的基层单位,也是区域和国家水平的森林可持续经营的基础和落脚点,研究和制定一套适合该水平森林发展的经营方案是实现森林多功能、可持续经营的基础,是实现森林经济效益、生态效益和社会效益的重要途径,也为应对全球气候变化下的人工林科学经营提供了一种理论和实践上的可能。
本文以海南省岛东国有林场人工林为研究对象,对当前森林资源的现状和功能效益进行了统计分析:利用回归分析建立了主要树种木麻黄的生长模型,以期实现对当前模式下木麻黄生长潜力的评估;利用IPCC法对人工林区碳汇能力进行估计;利用层次分析法评价了该地区森林自然度状况,并arcGIS空间分析对该地区资源、自然度和群落生境现状进行表达。表明传统经营模式人工林在生长、碳汇、近自然度等诸多功能效益上存在不足。利用方差分析对立地条件相似区人工混交林和乡土森林群落与人工林在生长、土壤发育、自然度、林内光环境等指标上的对比分析揭示了热带沿海沙质地带混交林在森林多功能表达上的优势。结合乡土树种调查分析、聚类分析和树种种间关系的混交模式判断,根据土壤立地、当前优势树种、主导功能等指标制定了一套适合该经营单位的近自然化森林改造模式,并通过计算机对不同模式的发展类型进行设计,并提出了适合其近自然经营的森林作业法。
(1)为论证岛东林场人工林改造的必要性,对该地区森林资源经营现状、近自然程度、碳汇能力和主要树种木麻黄的生长过程等进行分析。得出:木麻黄人工林在林场中占据着明显的优势地位;约有98%的森林近自然程度低于1.5,远远小于该地区理想值30;短周期的收获方式限制了木麻黄个体生长潜力,15年后林木高、径生长上的衰退现象明显;人工林单位蓄积量仅74m3/hm~2,不及我国森林平均蓄积85.88 m3/hm~2,由此造成的与蓄积密切相关的森林地上和底下的碳汇能力在该地区较低,仅为31.4 t/hm~2,远远小于我国森林碳汇平均值71.5t/hm~2。分析得出,该地区人工林不符合森林多功能可持续的要求,需要通过科学合理的改造模式设计和作业安排来实现。
(2)为论证以树种混交为主要方法的近自然化改造的可行性,对木麻黄混交林和同龄纯林进行对比分析。得出:混交林能够促进林木的高、径和蓄积生长,且混交时间越长,对林木生长的促进作用越显著;相对于纯林,以相思为伴生树种的木麻黄混交林能够显著提高土壤有机质和有效氮含量,并能加速凋落物的分解和养分释放速度;混交林可以改善林分空间结构,使林分的垂直和水平分布格局更复杂化,提高了森林的防风效能;由于阔叶树种叶形宽大,混交林叶面积指数明显大于同龄纯林,复杂的林分结构也改善了包括林下散射辐射、反射辐射等在内的光环境;此外,在森林生态功能发挥上,混交林还能够提高群落组成的多样性和近自然度,增加森林碳储量。此外,对该地区适生的乡土树种资源和生长状况进行调查分析。结果显示,约有62种乡土树种能够适应沿海贫瘠的沙质立地,其中红花天料木、花梨、红果坚木、海南栲均为高价值用材树种,而琼崖海棠、黄槿、潺槁木姜、鸭脚木等树种能够在沿海防护林下与木麻黄混交生长,生态价值很高。
(3)在具体树种的选择上,利用聚类分析对62种树种以立地适应性、生态和林学特性进行分类,选出适合该地区混交造林的12种适宜不同改造目标的树种。并以木麻黄和相思为主栽树种,以树种种间相互关系为判断依据,结合矩阵运算和模拟,探讨12种乡土树种与主栽树种在不同混交造林模式下的最优化组合与配置关系。
(4)最后,引入近自然化改造模式的表达方法—森林发展类型设计,根据发展类型所要考虑的不同方面,以土壤类型、当前优势树种、主导功能和群落发展阶段估计为判断设计出10种适宜岛东林场人工林近自然化改造的发展类型和相应的作业方法。以不同指标间逻辑判断关系为思路,用Java语言设计出具有实用价值的岛东林场近自然化改造决策工具。
Sustainable forest management (SFM) is the main subject of Modern Forest Science and how to manage, protect and cultivate forest scientifically is a significant issue in current international forest field. State-owned forest farms, as the basic management department of SFM in China, are considered as the foundation and basis of national and regional SFM. Therefore, it is necessary to designing an appreciate management plan for basic level (state-owned forest farms) in order to forestry multiple-function and sustainable management, and even it is a significant way to develop the economic, ecological and community benefit, and it is a possible theoretical and practical path to scientific plantation management in the current global-warming background.
This study illustrates the shortage of short-rotation clear cutting operation model by contrastive analysis forest multifunction on growth, carbon sequestration, naturalness, et al between pure plantation on Daodong forest farm and mixed forests on the similar site condition likes Daodong forest farm. In order to improve forest multifunction of Daodong forest farm, a series of close to nature forest transforms models were raised based on analysis of soil conditions, current dominate tree species, leading functions, et al. Combining diagnoses results of indigenous trees and mixed afforestation models by tree species relationship analyzing. These forest development types and operation methods were realized by computer language at last.
(1) The status of forest resources, degree of naturalness, ability of carbon sink, and growth were analysis in order to demonstration the necessity of plantations transformation on Daodong forest farm. The results show that Casuarina equisetifolia plantations is the dominate species on Daodong forest farm, nearly 98% forest naturalness were lower than 1.5 far less than the ideal value (30) on this farm. Individual growth potential of Casuarina equisetifolia was limited by short-rotation clear cutting operation model, the height and diameter growth were degraded 15 years later. Forest volumes here were less than 75m3/hm~2 and lower than the average volume (85.88 m3/hm~2) in our country, these caused the ability of forest carbon sequestration was only 31.4t/hm~2 lower than the average forest carbon sequestration (71.5t/hm~2) in our country.
(2) In order to demonstrate the feasibility of close-to-nature forest management which mainly based on tree species mixing, a series of relative analysis was taken between mixed and pure Casuarina equisetifolia forest. The results showed: Relative to even-pure forest, mixed forest had many economic and ecology advantages such as increasing the growth of height and diameter, carbon sink, improving soil condition (especially on organic matter and available N), accelerating litter decomposition and nutrient releasing, making forest structure complicated. Moverover, mixed forest can also raise the LAI and light efficiency. Indigenous tree survey was carried on for the purpose of making clear the native trees species which suitable for the sand soil site on Daodong forest farm. 62 tree species were recorded by the survey, among them Homalium hainanense, Dalbergia hainanensis, Dysoxylum binectariferum and Castanopsis hainanensis were high valueable economic species, while Calophyllum inophyllum, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Litsea glutinosa and Schefflera octophylla were ecological key species which could growth with Casuarina equisetifolia under coast protection forest.
(3) A cluster analysis was taken among the 62 tree species based on soil condition, ecological and forestry characteristic. 12 tree species were selected for the later work. Taking casuarina equisetifolia and Acacia as the main species, the optimal combination for mixed afforestation between the 12 species and main species were analyzed based on the interspecies relation theory.
(4) At last, the concept of forest development type (FDT) was raised and designed to support close to nature forest management on Daodong forest farm. Considering the soil condition, dominate tree species, leading functions and forest succession stage, 10 FDTs were designed and suitable stand operation methods were adopted to match the different FDTs. In order to simplify the judgment process of FDTs and operation methods on pure forest transformation, a decision module was developed based on Java 6.0, this module could improve the efficiency and reduce the mistaken on FDT designing.
本文以海南省岛东国有林场人工林为研究对象,对当前森林资源的现状和功能效益进行了统计分析:利用回归分析建立了主要树种木麻黄的生长模型,以期实现对当前模式下木麻黄生长潜力的评估;利用IPCC法对人工林区碳汇能力进行估计;利用层次分析法评价了该地区森林自然度状况,并arcGIS空间分析对该地区资源、自然度和群落生境现状进行表达。表明传统经营模式人工林在生长、碳汇、近自然度等诸多功能效益上存在不足。利用方差分析对立地条件相似区人工混交林和乡土森林群落与人工林在生长、土壤发育、自然度、林内光环境等指标上的对比分析揭示了热带沿海沙质地带混交林在森林多功能表达上的优势。结合乡土树种调查分析、聚类分析和树种种间关系的混交模式判断,根据土壤立地、当前优势树种、主导功能等指标制定了一套适合该经营单位的近自然化森林改造模式,并通过计算机对不同模式的发展类型进行设计,并提出了适合其近自然经营的森林作业法。
(1)为论证岛东林场人工林改造的必要性,对该地区森林资源经营现状、近自然程度、碳汇能力和主要树种木麻黄的生长过程等进行分析。得出:木麻黄人工林在林场中占据着明显的优势地位;约有98%的森林近自然程度低于1.5,远远小于该地区理想值30;短周期的收获方式限制了木麻黄个体生长潜力,15年后林木高、径生长上的衰退现象明显;人工林单位蓄积量仅74m3/hm~2,不及我国森林平均蓄积85.88 m3/hm~2,由此造成的与蓄积密切相关的森林地上和底下的碳汇能力在该地区较低,仅为31.4 t/hm~2,远远小于我国森林碳汇平均值71.5t/hm~2。分析得出,该地区人工林不符合森林多功能可持续的要求,需要通过科学合理的改造模式设计和作业安排来实现。
(2)为论证以树种混交为主要方法的近自然化改造的可行性,对木麻黄混交林和同龄纯林进行对比分析。得出:混交林能够促进林木的高、径和蓄积生长,且混交时间越长,对林木生长的促进作用越显著;相对于纯林,以相思为伴生树种的木麻黄混交林能够显著提高土壤有机质和有效氮含量,并能加速凋落物的分解和养分释放速度;混交林可以改善林分空间结构,使林分的垂直和水平分布格局更复杂化,提高了森林的防风效能;由于阔叶树种叶形宽大,混交林叶面积指数明显大于同龄纯林,复杂的林分结构也改善了包括林下散射辐射、反射辐射等在内的光环境;此外,在森林生态功能发挥上,混交林还能够提高群落组成的多样性和近自然度,增加森林碳储量。此外,对该地区适生的乡土树种资源和生长状况进行调查分析。结果显示,约有62种乡土树种能够适应沿海贫瘠的沙质立地,其中红花天料木、花梨、红果坚木、海南栲均为高价值用材树种,而琼崖海棠、黄槿、潺槁木姜、鸭脚木等树种能够在沿海防护林下与木麻黄混交生长,生态价值很高。
(3)在具体树种的选择上,利用聚类分析对62种树种以立地适应性、生态和林学特性进行分类,选出适合该地区混交造林的12种适宜不同改造目标的树种。并以木麻黄和相思为主栽树种,以树种种间相互关系为判断依据,结合矩阵运算和模拟,探讨12种乡土树种与主栽树种在不同混交造林模式下的最优化组合与配置关系。
(4)最后,引入近自然化改造模式的表达方法—森林发展类型设计,根据发展类型所要考虑的不同方面,以土壤类型、当前优势树种、主导功能和群落发展阶段估计为判断设计出10种适宜岛东林场人工林近自然化改造的发展类型和相应的作业方法。以不同指标间逻辑判断关系为思路,用Java语言设计出具有实用价值的岛东林场近自然化改造决策工具。
Sustainable forest management (SFM) is the main subject of Modern Forest Science and how to manage, protect and cultivate forest scientifically is a significant issue in current international forest field. State-owned forest farms, as the basic management department of SFM in China, are considered as the foundation and basis of national and regional SFM. Therefore, it is necessary to designing an appreciate management plan for basic level (state-owned forest farms) in order to forestry multiple-function and sustainable management, and even it is a significant way to develop the economic, ecological and community benefit, and it is a possible theoretical and practical path to scientific plantation management in the current global-warming background.
This study illustrates the shortage of short-rotation clear cutting operation model by contrastive analysis forest multifunction on growth, carbon sequestration, naturalness, et al between pure plantation on Daodong forest farm and mixed forests on the similar site condition likes Daodong forest farm. In order to improve forest multifunction of Daodong forest farm, a series of close to nature forest transforms models were raised based on analysis of soil conditions, current dominate tree species, leading functions, et al. Combining diagnoses results of indigenous trees and mixed afforestation models by tree species relationship analyzing. These forest development types and operation methods were realized by computer language at last.
(1) The status of forest resources, degree of naturalness, ability of carbon sink, and growth were analysis in order to demonstration the necessity of plantations transformation on Daodong forest farm. The results show that Casuarina equisetifolia plantations is the dominate species on Daodong forest farm, nearly 98% forest naturalness were lower than 1.5 far less than the ideal value (30) on this farm. Individual growth potential of Casuarina equisetifolia was limited by short-rotation clear cutting operation model, the height and diameter growth were degraded 15 years later. Forest volumes here were less than 75m3/hm~2 and lower than the average volume (85.88 m3/hm~2) in our country, these caused the ability of forest carbon sequestration was only 31.4t/hm~2 lower than the average forest carbon sequestration (71.5t/hm~2) in our country.
(2) In order to demonstrate the feasibility of close-to-nature forest management which mainly based on tree species mixing, a series of relative analysis was taken between mixed and pure Casuarina equisetifolia forest. The results showed: Relative to even-pure forest, mixed forest had many economic and ecology advantages such as increasing the growth of height and diameter, carbon sink, improving soil condition (especially on organic matter and available N), accelerating litter decomposition and nutrient releasing, making forest structure complicated. Moverover, mixed forest can also raise the LAI and light efficiency. Indigenous tree survey was carried on for the purpose of making clear the native trees species which suitable for the sand soil site on Daodong forest farm. 62 tree species were recorded by the survey, among them Homalium hainanense, Dalbergia hainanensis, Dysoxylum binectariferum and Castanopsis hainanensis were high valueable economic species, while Calophyllum inophyllum, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Litsea glutinosa and Schefflera octophylla were ecological key species which could growth with Casuarina equisetifolia under coast protection forest.
(3) A cluster analysis was taken among the 62 tree species based on soil condition, ecological and forestry characteristic. 12 tree species were selected for the later work. Taking casuarina equisetifolia and Acacia as the main species, the optimal combination for mixed afforestation between the 12 species and main species were analyzed based on the interspecies relation theory.
(4) At last, the concept of forest development type (FDT) was raised and designed to support close to nature forest management on Daodong forest farm. Considering the soil condition, dominate tree species, leading functions and forest succession stage, 10 FDTs were designed and suitable stand operation methods were adopted to match the different FDTs. In order to simplify the judgment process of FDTs and operation methods on pure forest transformation, a decision module was developed based on Java 6.0, this module could improve the efficiency and reduce the mistaken on FDT designing.
引文
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