基于激光拉曼散射线成像测量发动机缸内摩尔分数和温度
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摘要
现代内燃机燃烧技术的核心学术问题就是要解决燃烧全历程的混合问题、燃烧室内充量流态、组分（燃料、空气和再循环废气）的浓度和温度分布对着火和燃烧影响和控制等问题。在微观上利用先进的燃烧诊断方法，搞清所谓工质的不均匀程度及充量组分浓度和温度的分布规律，这必将极大的促进内燃机燃烧理论的发展，加快新一代内燃机产业化进程。
基于激光的自发拉曼散射（SRS）技术可完成内燃机缸内局部空间区域（点或线）上多种气体物质的测量，可获得N_2、O_2、H_2O、CO_2和碳氢化合物等的摩尔分数和温度信息，并具有纳秒和毫米级时空分辨能力及发动机循环分辨能力。
本文首先开发了一套利用激发自发拉曼线成像技术测量气体摩尔分数和温度的光学诊断系统。它主要包括Nd：YAG激光器、成像光谱仪、ICCD、激光脉冲展宽器、激光扩束器和激光缩束器、样品池、线光源收集器、Notch滤光片、能量计等。本文使用激光器输出能量为400mJ、波长为532nm、脉宽半高宽为7ns、发散角为0.8mrad、光斑直径为8mm和频率为10Hz。虽然激光能量与气体的自发拉曼散射强度成正比，但直接使用高能脉冲激光会造成损坏石英窗口玻璃、气体裂解和点燃可燃气体，无法测量到弱的拉曼信号。
本文自制了一套具有两个环腔的激光脉冲展宽器，它可以将7ns的激光脉冲半高宽展宽到35ns以上，有效地避免了上述现象的发生。它主要由分束镜和反射镜组成。基本原理是，当脉冲激光进入到每个环腔时，都有一部分被反射输出脉冲激光和一部分透射激光脉冲，透射部分在环腔中循环，每次循环又有部分反射脉冲激光输出和部分透射进腔内。需要更多的这样的环腔才能将一个输出脉冲激光由单腔所产生的多个小的脉冲激光最终合并成一个被展宽的、峰值功率被降低的一个脉冲激光。经过光路的模拟和优化计算，分束镜的分束比选取50%，两个腔的延迟时间比为1:2，这样每个环腔的各个镜面之间的绝对距离就被确定了，为2.1m和4.2m。根据实际实验平台的搭建情况，从激光器激光出口到激发区的距离可以量测出，如进行发动机缸内测量时，这个距离约为9.5m长。
由于存在激光发散角，激光扩束器被安装到激光器的出口，将9m左右的外部光路变为平行光，经过聚焦镜后再由激光缩束器将激发激光光束变为需要的直径尺寸（如1.5mm）。设计了一个线光源收集器，它由一套消色差透镜组组成。可以将线状激发区上长66mm的光源缩小10倍变为长6.6mm的实像，输出到光谱仪狭缝中，与CCD的最大成像高度6.6mm相对应，实现了线成像测量。
利用ICCD中的DDGTM数字延迟发生器和信号发生器或发动机上止点信号完成了激光器和ICCD之间的时序同步。
利用这套光学诊断系统测量了气体样池中的一元和多元标准混合气体在标准混合气配比下、不同压力下的拉曼光谱，获得了O_2、CO_2相对于N_2的相对响应因子分别是1.47和1.29。实现了在一根长66mm×直径1.5mm激发线上，同步获取了10个小区域（6.6mm）上的物质的自发拉曼光谱。当在气体绝对压力为0.5MPa、实际配比摩尔分数0.05的CO_2摩尔分数时，从物质光谱峰强上获取的浓度信息或摩尔分数具有平均85%的检测精度，对于实际配比0.07摩尔分数的O_2为90%。
为了完成发动机缸内的充量摩尔分数和温度的测量，开发了一套可实现火花点火（SI）和可控自燃（CAI）两种燃烧模式下工作的单缸光学发动机光学诊断实验平台。它主要包括，配备有无凸轮全可变配气机构的单缸光学发动机及其电控系统、激光自发拉曼光谱光学诊断平台。
单缸光学发动机是在一台单缸金属汽油机上改造而成的。改造部分包括，带有冷却水套的加长缸体、加长缸套、带有可视化直径为70mm石英窗口的加长活塞、安装在原缸体上的45°反射镜和带有激光出入射窗口的穿激光环垫等。在光学发动机缸盖上加装有电液控制全可变配气机构，可以实现进排气门升程和相位的柔性调节。
光学发动机的电控系统主要由Intel80c196kc单片机开发系统、配气机构驱动控制电路、喷油电路、点火电路、曲轴角标器、气门升程传感器、缸压传感器、转速传感器、氧传感器和过量空气系数λ分析仪等组成。从单片机中发出一个基于发动机上止点的信号，作为激光器和ICCD的外触发信号，实现发动机工作循环与激光拉曼光学测量系统的时序同步。可以在任何固定的曲轴转角下，激发缸内充量的拉曼散射，同步获得一条激发线上10个相等区域上主要物质的摩尔分数和温度信息。
光学发动机在SI点火和具有60°负气阀重叠角的CAI燃烧方式下，在压缩上止点前7°CA，在距火花塞电极正下方7mm处的一根长66mm，直径约1.5mm激发线上，同步采集到了10个长6.6mm×直径1.5mm空间区域上的缸内主要物质的激光自发振动拉曼光谱。测得的缸内所有物质，如，H_2O（660nm）、CH（628.6nm，燃料）、N_2（斯托克斯，607.2nm）、O_2（580nm）、CH3（576.5nm，燃料）、CO_2（v1峰，574.4nm）、CO_2（2v2峰，571nm）、CC（557.7nm燃料）和N_2（反斯托克斯，457nm）等。在CAI方式下，各空间区域上的摩尔分数分布变化明显，由于缸内EGR量的显著增加，CO_2的两个峰的峰型显著，通过各区域上拉曼光强计算出的摩尔分数有一定的不均匀性，具有分层燃烧特征。通过N_2得到的缸内各区域上的温度以及各区域上的摩尔分数一维分布与三维仿真计算结果对比具有较好的一致性。
实验研究表明，所开发的基于激光自发拉曼线成像技术测量缸内主要物质摩尔分数和温度的光学诊断系统，具有定量的检测能力。如需更精确的定量测量还需对整个系统的许多环节进行改进和完善。
The key issue of modern internal combustion engine is to solve the problems ofcombustible mixture preparation process and the effect of the concentration andtemperature distribution of the in-cylinder charge flow state and the in-cylinder component(fuel, air and burnt exhaust gas) on the ignition and combustion in the internal combustionengines. By using the combustion diagnostic technology, the inhomogeneous degree ofcharge and the concentration and temperature distribution of the in-cylinder component canbe measured on the microcosmic in an internal combustion engine. This will surelypromote the development of engine combustion theory and the industrialization process ofa new generation of internal combustion engine.
The technique is based on laser spontaneous Raman scattering which can realize thein-cylinder major species measurement, such as the concentration and temperaturedistribution of N_2、O_2、H_2O、CO_2、unburnt HC etc, and has the distinguish ability to thetemporal in nanosecond level and to spatial in millimeter level and to a single engineworking cycle.
In this paper, an optical diagnostic system based on line imaging of spontaneousRaman scattered light has been developed. It mainly consists of Nd: YAG lasers, imagingspectrometer, ICCD, laser pulse stretcher, a laser beam expander, and a laser beamcontracting, the gases sample cell, the collector of the line light source, Notch filters,energy meter. In this study, the laser output energy is400mJ, the wavelength is532nm,pulse width of FWHM is7ns, the divergence angle is0.8mrad, the spot diameter is8mmand the frequency is10Hz. Although the gas spontaneous Raman scattering intensity isproportional to the intensity of the laser energy, using directly the higher energy outputfrom a pulsed laser which may damage to the quartz glass window and cause gasbreakdown in the measurement volume, even ignite the combustible gases, can notmeasure the weak Raman signal successfully.
In this study, in order to avoid effectively the occurrence of these phenomena, a laserpulse stretcher including two ring cavities which were composed mainly by the beamsplitter mirrors and reflecting mirrors has been developed, it can extend the value of thelaser FWHM from7ns to more than35ns. The basic principle of the laser pulse stretcher isthat when the pulsed laser entered each ring cavity, it produced a part of reflecting outputpulse laser and a part of the transmission pulse laser, the part of the transmission pulselaser remain cycled in the ring cavity, and each loop will continue to produced a portion ofthe reflecting output pulse laser and part of transmission pulse laser which remain stayed inthe ring cavity. Many such ring cavities are needed to merge these small pulse lasers whichwas formed by single ring cavity into an extended and peak power was reduced ideal apulsed laser. The beam splitter ratio of50%and the ring cavity of the delay time ratio of 1:2were selected by calculating through simulation and optimization of the optical path,thus, the absolute distance of each mirrors in each ring cavity were determined of2.1mand4.2m. According to the actual experimental platform structures, the distance betweenthe laser and stimulate area can be measured, in this study, in order to measure the enginein-cylinder components, so the distance is about9.5meters.
Due to the existence of the laser divergence angle, a laser beam expander which cantransform the external light path into a parallel light was mounted to the outlet of the laser,the parallel light turned into the desired diameter size laser (such as1.5mm) by passing thebeam contracting and the focusing mirror.
As the maximum image height of CCD is6.6mm, a line source collector which wascomposed by a group of achromatic lens was designed, the length of66mm light source inthe linear excitation region turned into a real image of the length6.6mm through the linesource collector, then output to the slit of the spectrometer, realized the line imagingmeasurement.
By using the DDGTMdigital delay generator in the ICCD and a signal generator orTDC signal from the experiment engine, the timing synchronization between the laser andthe ICCD was realized.
The Raman spectroscopy of the mixed gases in the gases sample cell was measured indifferent pressures by using the optical diagnostic system, it can concluded that obtainedthe O_2and CO_2response factor relative to nitrogen N_2is1.47and1.29and the spontaneousRaman spectroscopy of10small areas (6.6mm) species on a66mm length×1.5mmdiameter stimulate line were acquired simultaneously. The concentration information andmole fraction were acquired with85%of the detection accuracy from the species spectralpeak intensity under the condition of the absolute gas pressure is0.5MPa, CO_2molefraction is0.05, having an average of the actual ratio of0.07mole fraction O_2was90%.
In order to complete the measurement of the charge concentration and temperature inthe engine cylinder, a single cylinder optical engine and optical diagnostic experimentplatform which can realize the spark ignition (SI) combustion mode and controlled autoignition (CAI) combustion mode was developed, It mainly consists a single cylinderoptical engine with a fully variable valve train by electrohydraulic control, its ECUelectronic control system, laser spontaneous Raman spectroscopy optical diagnosticplatform.
The single-cylinder optical engine was converted through refitting a single metalgasoline cylinder. The refitting includes a elongated cylinder with cooling water jacket, alengthened cylinder liner, a lengthened piston which has a diameter of70mm quartzwindow, a45°mirror which was mounted on the original cylinder, and a laser ring gasketwith the laser entrance windows in it.
By mounting the electro-hydraulic control fully variable valve mechanism on theoptical engine cylinder head, the flexible adjustment of the intake and exhaust valve lift and phase can be achieved.
The optical engine electronic control system mainly consist of the microcontroller ofIntel80c196kc, valves control circuit, fuel injection circuit and ignition circuit,optical-electricity encoder, valve lift sensor, cylinder pressure sensor, speed sensor, oxygensensor, and λ (excess air coefficient) analyzer.
The signal which was given by the microcontroller was used to trigger the laser andICCD, so it can realize that the engine operation synchronize with the Raman measuringoptical system and the concentration and temperature information of components which inthe laser excitation line in the cylinder can be obtained at any fixed crank angle.
Under the SI ignition and CAI combustion mode with60°of negative valve overlapangle, the laser spontaneous Raman spectroscopy of the species which in a length of66mm,a diameter of about1.5mm laser excitation line below7mm of the spark plug was acquiredbefore7°of the compression top dead center. All species in cylinder were measured by theoptical diagnosed system, such as, the position H2O（660nm）、CH（628nm，fuel）、N_2（Stokes，607.2nm）、O_2（580nm）、CH3（576.5nm，fuel）、CO_2(v1peak，574.4nm)、CO_2(2v2peak，571nm)、CC（557.7nm，fuel）and N_2（anti-Stokes，457nm）. The twopeaks of CO_2were significantly well because the effect of the EGR. The mole fraction ofthe measurement areas which were calculated by the Raman light intensity was uneven.The one-dimensional（1-D）distribution result of temperature calculated by the N_2andmole fraction from Raman spectrum data have a better consistency with thethree-dimensional （3-D）numerical simulations from STAR-CD software.
The study shown that the optical diagnostic system based on laser spontaneous Ramanline imaging technique has a semi-quantitative detection capability to measure theconcentration and temperature of the cylinder species. It is essential to improve and refinesome aspects of the system for the more precise measurements.
基于激光的自发拉曼散射（SRS）技术可完成内燃机缸内局部空间区域（点或线）上多种气体物质的测量，可获得N_2、O_2、H_2O、CO_2和碳氢化合物等的摩尔分数和温度信息，并具有纳秒和毫米级时空分辨能力及发动机循环分辨能力。
本文首先开发了一套利用激发自发拉曼线成像技术测量气体摩尔分数和温度的光学诊断系统。它主要包括Nd：YAG激光器、成像光谱仪、ICCD、激光脉冲展宽器、激光扩束器和激光缩束器、样品池、线光源收集器、Notch滤光片、能量计等。本文使用激光器输出能量为400mJ、波长为532nm、脉宽半高宽为7ns、发散角为0.8mrad、光斑直径为8mm和频率为10Hz。虽然激光能量与气体的自发拉曼散射强度成正比，但直接使用高能脉冲激光会造成损坏石英窗口玻璃、气体裂解和点燃可燃气体，无法测量到弱的拉曼信号。
本文自制了一套具有两个环腔的激光脉冲展宽器，它可以将7ns的激光脉冲半高宽展宽到35ns以上，有效地避免了上述现象的发生。它主要由分束镜和反射镜组成。基本原理是，当脉冲激光进入到每个环腔时，都有一部分被反射输出脉冲激光和一部分透射激光脉冲，透射部分在环腔中循环，每次循环又有部分反射脉冲激光输出和部分透射进腔内。需要更多的这样的环腔才能将一个输出脉冲激光由单腔所产生的多个小的脉冲激光最终合并成一个被展宽的、峰值功率被降低的一个脉冲激光。经过光路的模拟和优化计算，分束镜的分束比选取50%，两个腔的延迟时间比为1:2，这样每个环腔的各个镜面之间的绝对距离就被确定了，为2.1m和4.2m。根据实际实验平台的搭建情况，从激光器激光出口到激发区的距离可以量测出，如进行发动机缸内测量时，这个距离约为9.5m长。
由于存在激光发散角，激光扩束器被安装到激光器的出口，将9m左右的外部光路变为平行光，经过聚焦镜后再由激光缩束器将激发激光光束变为需要的直径尺寸（如1.5mm）。设计了一个线光源收集器，它由一套消色差透镜组组成。可以将线状激发区上长66mm的光源缩小10倍变为长6.6mm的实像，输出到光谱仪狭缝中，与CCD的最大成像高度6.6mm相对应，实现了线成像测量。
利用ICCD中的DDGTM数字延迟发生器和信号发生器或发动机上止点信号完成了激光器和ICCD之间的时序同步。
利用这套光学诊断系统测量了气体样池中的一元和多元标准混合气体在标准混合气配比下、不同压力下的拉曼光谱，获得了O_2、CO_2相对于N_2的相对响应因子分别是1.47和1.29。实现了在一根长66mm×直径1.5mm激发线上，同步获取了10个小区域（6.6mm）上的物质的自发拉曼光谱。当在气体绝对压力为0.5MPa、实际配比摩尔分数0.05的CO_2摩尔分数时，从物质光谱峰强上获取的浓度信息或摩尔分数具有平均85%的检测精度，对于实际配比0.07摩尔分数的O_2为90%。
为了完成发动机缸内的充量摩尔分数和温度的测量，开发了一套可实现火花点火（SI）和可控自燃（CAI）两种燃烧模式下工作的单缸光学发动机光学诊断实验平台。它主要包括，配备有无凸轮全可变配气机构的单缸光学发动机及其电控系统、激光自发拉曼光谱光学诊断平台。
单缸光学发动机是在一台单缸金属汽油机上改造而成的。改造部分包括，带有冷却水套的加长缸体、加长缸套、带有可视化直径为70mm石英窗口的加长活塞、安装在原缸体上的45°反射镜和带有激光出入射窗口的穿激光环垫等。在光学发动机缸盖上加装有电液控制全可变配气机构，可以实现进排气门升程和相位的柔性调节。
光学发动机的电控系统主要由Intel80c196kc单片机开发系统、配气机构驱动控制电路、喷油电路、点火电路、曲轴角标器、气门升程传感器、缸压传感器、转速传感器、氧传感器和过量空气系数λ分析仪等组成。从单片机中发出一个基于发动机上止点的信号，作为激光器和ICCD的外触发信号，实现发动机工作循环与激光拉曼光学测量系统的时序同步。可以在任何固定的曲轴转角下，激发缸内充量的拉曼散射，同步获得一条激发线上10个相等区域上主要物质的摩尔分数和温度信息。
光学发动机在SI点火和具有60°负气阀重叠角的CAI燃烧方式下，在压缩上止点前7°CA，在距火花塞电极正下方7mm处的一根长66mm，直径约1.5mm激发线上，同步采集到了10个长6.6mm×直径1.5mm空间区域上的缸内主要物质的激光自发振动拉曼光谱。测得的缸内所有物质，如，H_2O（660nm）、CH（628.6nm，燃料）、N_2（斯托克斯，607.2nm）、O_2（580nm）、CH3（576.5nm，燃料）、CO_2（v1峰，574.4nm）、CO_2（2v2峰，571nm）、CC（557.7nm燃料）和N_2（反斯托克斯，457nm）等。在CAI方式下，各空间区域上的摩尔分数分布变化明显，由于缸内EGR量的显著增加，CO_2的两个峰的峰型显著，通过各区域上拉曼光强计算出的摩尔分数有一定的不均匀性，具有分层燃烧特征。通过N_2得到的缸内各区域上的温度以及各区域上的摩尔分数一维分布与三维仿真计算结果对比具有较好的一致性。
实验研究表明，所开发的基于激光自发拉曼线成像技术测量缸内主要物质摩尔分数和温度的光学诊断系统，具有定量的检测能力。如需更精确的定量测量还需对整个系统的许多环节进行改进和完善。
The key issue of modern internal combustion engine is to solve the problems ofcombustible mixture preparation process and the effect of the concentration andtemperature distribution of the in-cylinder charge flow state and the in-cylinder component(fuel, air and burnt exhaust gas) on the ignition and combustion in the internal combustionengines. By using the combustion diagnostic technology, the inhomogeneous degree ofcharge and the concentration and temperature distribution of the in-cylinder component canbe measured on the microcosmic in an internal combustion engine. This will surelypromote the development of engine combustion theory and the industrialization process ofa new generation of internal combustion engine.
The technique is based on laser spontaneous Raman scattering which can realize thein-cylinder major species measurement, such as the concentration and temperaturedistribution of N_2、O_2、H_2O、CO_2、unburnt HC etc, and has the distinguish ability to thetemporal in nanosecond level and to spatial in millimeter level and to a single engineworking cycle.
In this paper, an optical diagnostic system based on line imaging of spontaneousRaman scattered light has been developed. It mainly consists of Nd: YAG lasers, imagingspectrometer, ICCD, laser pulse stretcher, a laser beam expander, and a laser beamcontracting, the gases sample cell, the collector of the line light source, Notch filters,energy meter. In this study, the laser output energy is400mJ, the wavelength is532nm,pulse width of FWHM is7ns, the divergence angle is0.8mrad, the spot diameter is8mmand the frequency is10Hz. Although the gas spontaneous Raman scattering intensity isproportional to the intensity of the laser energy, using directly the higher energy outputfrom a pulsed laser which may damage to the quartz glass window and cause gasbreakdown in the measurement volume, even ignite the combustible gases, can notmeasure the weak Raman signal successfully.
In this study, in order to avoid effectively the occurrence of these phenomena, a laserpulse stretcher including two ring cavities which were composed mainly by the beamsplitter mirrors and reflecting mirrors has been developed, it can extend the value of thelaser FWHM from7ns to more than35ns. The basic principle of the laser pulse stretcher isthat when the pulsed laser entered each ring cavity, it produced a part of reflecting outputpulse laser and a part of the transmission pulse laser, the part of the transmission pulselaser remain cycled in the ring cavity, and each loop will continue to produced a portion ofthe reflecting output pulse laser and part of transmission pulse laser which remain stayed inthe ring cavity. Many such ring cavities are needed to merge these small pulse lasers whichwas formed by single ring cavity into an extended and peak power was reduced ideal apulsed laser. The beam splitter ratio of50%and the ring cavity of the delay time ratio of 1:2were selected by calculating through simulation and optimization of the optical path,thus, the absolute distance of each mirrors in each ring cavity were determined of2.1mand4.2m. According to the actual experimental platform structures, the distance betweenthe laser and stimulate area can be measured, in this study, in order to measure the enginein-cylinder components, so the distance is about9.5meters.
Due to the existence of the laser divergence angle, a laser beam expander which cantransform the external light path into a parallel light was mounted to the outlet of the laser,the parallel light turned into the desired diameter size laser (such as1.5mm) by passing thebeam contracting and the focusing mirror.
As the maximum image height of CCD is6.6mm, a line source collector which wascomposed by a group of achromatic lens was designed, the length of66mm light source inthe linear excitation region turned into a real image of the length6.6mm through the linesource collector, then output to the slit of the spectrometer, realized the line imagingmeasurement.
By using the DDGTMdigital delay generator in the ICCD and a signal generator orTDC signal from the experiment engine, the timing synchronization between the laser andthe ICCD was realized.
The Raman spectroscopy of the mixed gases in the gases sample cell was measured indifferent pressures by using the optical diagnostic system, it can concluded that obtainedthe O_2and CO_2response factor relative to nitrogen N_2is1.47and1.29and the spontaneousRaman spectroscopy of10small areas (6.6mm) species on a66mm length×1.5mmdiameter stimulate line were acquired simultaneously. The concentration information andmole fraction were acquired with85%of the detection accuracy from the species spectralpeak intensity under the condition of the absolute gas pressure is0.5MPa, CO_2molefraction is0.05, having an average of the actual ratio of0.07mole fraction O_2was90%.
In order to complete the measurement of the charge concentration and temperature inthe engine cylinder, a single cylinder optical engine and optical diagnostic experimentplatform which can realize the spark ignition (SI) combustion mode and controlled autoignition (CAI) combustion mode was developed, It mainly consists a single cylinderoptical engine with a fully variable valve train by electrohydraulic control, its ECUelectronic control system, laser spontaneous Raman spectroscopy optical diagnosticplatform.
The single-cylinder optical engine was converted through refitting a single metalgasoline cylinder. The refitting includes a elongated cylinder with cooling water jacket, alengthened cylinder liner, a lengthened piston which has a diameter of70mm quartzwindow, a45°mirror which was mounted on the original cylinder, and a laser ring gasketwith the laser entrance windows in it.
By mounting the electro-hydraulic control fully variable valve mechanism on theoptical engine cylinder head, the flexible adjustment of the intake and exhaust valve lift and phase can be achieved.
The optical engine electronic control system mainly consist of the microcontroller ofIntel80c196kc, valves control circuit, fuel injection circuit and ignition circuit,optical-electricity encoder, valve lift sensor, cylinder pressure sensor, speed sensor, oxygensensor, and λ (excess air coefficient) analyzer.
The signal which was given by the microcontroller was used to trigger the laser andICCD, so it can realize that the engine operation synchronize with the Raman measuringoptical system and the concentration and temperature information of components which inthe laser excitation line in the cylinder can be obtained at any fixed crank angle.
Under the SI ignition and CAI combustion mode with60°of negative valve overlapangle, the laser spontaneous Raman spectroscopy of the species which in a length of66mm,a diameter of about1.5mm laser excitation line below7mm of the spark plug was acquiredbefore7°of the compression top dead center. All species in cylinder were measured by theoptical diagnosed system, such as, the position H2O（660nm）、CH（628nm，fuel）、N_2（Stokes，607.2nm）、O_2（580nm）、CH3（576.5nm，fuel）、CO_2(v1peak，574.4nm)、CO_2(2v2peak，571nm)、CC（557.7nm，fuel）and N_2（anti-Stokes，457nm）. The twopeaks of CO_2were significantly well because the effect of the EGR. The mole fraction ofthe measurement areas which were calculated by the Raman light intensity was uneven.The one-dimensional（1-D）distribution result of temperature calculated by the N_2andmole fraction from Raman spectrum data have a better consistency with thethree-dimensional （3-D）numerical simulations from STAR-CD software.
The study shown that the optical diagnostic system based on laser spontaneous Ramanline imaging technique has a semi-quantitative detection capability to measure theconcentration and temperature of the cylinder species. It is essential to improve and refinesome aspects of the system for the more precise measurements.
引文
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