虚拟实验教学在现代远程教育中的应用研究
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摘要
在计算机技术与信息技术快速发展的今天，现代远程教育的开展推进了中国教育跨越式的发展，推进了终身教育体系与终身学习社会的构建。随着远程教育实践的不断深入，如何在网络条件下建立一个虚拟实验教学环境为远程学习者提供可交互的实验成为远程教育工作者关注的焦点。传统的实验教学，由于经济、实验条件、实验时间与空间的限制，难以满足以在职人员为主的远程学习者的需求。虚拟实验是依托网络技术与虚拟现实技术实现的、具有丰富的多媒体信息的计算机模拟实验。它为缺乏实验机会的学生提供实验资源与良好的学习条件，提高他们的学习积极性与主动性；而且加强与理论教学的紧密结合，提高远程教学效果。
虚拟实验为学生创建一个近似真实的实验环境，学生有身临其境的感觉，同时与虚拟环境中的三维实体互动，完成实验操作。这样，虚拟实验在远程教学中的应用为人们诠释了一种全新的教学方式；强有力地支持理工科远程教学领域的发展，扩大现代远程教育的范围，完善现代远程教育的功能。
虚拟实验是虚拟实验教学的核心。本文首先以高校为例介绍目前现代远程教育的发展与实验教学现状，分析了虚拟实验教学在现代远程教育应用的必要性与可行性；在此基础上，详细分析了虚拟实验的内涵、特征、分类，介绍了虚拟实验教学的理论基础及其特点，提出虚拟实验教学策略及其设计模型；其次，设计了网上虚拟实验教学系统模型，着重介绍虚拟实验的实现技术——VRML；基于虚拟实验教学理论与VRML技术开发了材料力学中的金属材料拉伸实验实例，利用3DSMax与VRML对三维实验场景进行建模，利用VRML的交互技术仿真了试件拉伸的过程，利用EAI实现与外部环境的交互控制，利用HTML实现实验场景与网页的集成；最后，对本论文研究进行了总结，并对虚拟实验教学未来的研究方向做了分析。
With the rapid development of computer technology and information technology, launching the modern distance education furthers a great-leap-forward development of China education and a construction of long-life education system and long-life learning society. During the course of practicing deeply in distance education, researchers are paying more attention on how to establish a virtual experiment environment for long-distance learners to provide interactive experiments. In fact, it is difficult that the teaching model of traditional experiments satisfies the requirement of distance learners, majorities of whom are on the job, due to the limitation of economy and experiment condition, time and space of their doing experiments. Virtual experiment based on network technology and virtual reality technology is computer simulation experiments with rich multimedia information, which not only provides experiment resource and effective learning environment to raise learners' enthusiasm and initiative; but enhances the combination with theoretical teaching and instructional effects in distance education.
Virtual experiment establishes a quite realistic experiment environment, where learners can experience personally and interact with three-dimensional object to finish experiments. With application to distance education, virtual experiment annotates a brand-new instructional model, strongly supports distance education on the field of science and engineering, expands the scope of distance education and perfects its function.
Virtual experiment is a core of virtual experiment system. In this article, take distance education in tertiary education for example firstly, after showing the present condition of the development of distance education and the application of experiments, at the same time, the necessity and feasibility of the application of virtual experiment to distance education are discussed, too. With that, the connotations, characteristics and classifications about virtual experiment are present in detail, the theoretical foundation and feature are introduced and instructional strategies of virtual experiment and its design model are analyzed. Secondly, the article designs the model of virtual experiments system and puts a stress on the introduction of VRML(Virtual Reality Modeling Language); and then gives a concrete example of metal stretching experiment based instructional theory of virtual experiment in Material Mechanics, which builds a three-dimensional experiment scene, relying on the combination VRML and 3DSMax, emulates the course of stretching the test sample via the interactive technology, implements the interactive control between VRML scene and outer world via EAI(External Authoring Interface), and integrates experiment scene and web page via HTML. At last, both summary of our research and analysis of future study direction of virtual experiment in the thesis are given.
虚拟实验为学生创建一个近似真实的实验环境，学生有身临其境的感觉，同时与虚拟环境中的三维实体互动，完成实验操作。这样，虚拟实验在远程教学中的应用为人们诠释了一种全新的教学方式；强有力地支持理工科远程教学领域的发展，扩大现代远程教育的范围，完善现代远程教育的功能。
虚拟实验是虚拟实验教学的核心。本文首先以高校为例介绍目前现代远程教育的发展与实验教学现状，分析了虚拟实验教学在现代远程教育应用的必要性与可行性；在此基础上，详细分析了虚拟实验的内涵、特征、分类，介绍了虚拟实验教学的理论基础及其特点，提出虚拟实验教学策略及其设计模型；其次，设计了网上虚拟实验教学系统模型，着重介绍虚拟实验的实现技术——VRML；基于虚拟实验教学理论与VRML技术开发了材料力学中的金属材料拉伸实验实例，利用3DSMax与VRML对三维实验场景进行建模，利用VRML的交互技术仿真了试件拉伸的过程，利用EAI实现与外部环境的交互控制，利用HTML实现实验场景与网页的集成；最后，对本论文研究进行了总结，并对虚拟实验教学未来的研究方向做了分析。
With the rapid development of computer technology and information technology, launching the modern distance education furthers a great-leap-forward development of China education and a construction of long-life education system and long-life learning society. During the course of practicing deeply in distance education, researchers are paying more attention on how to establish a virtual experiment environment for long-distance learners to provide interactive experiments. In fact, it is difficult that the teaching model of traditional experiments satisfies the requirement of distance learners, majorities of whom are on the job, due to the limitation of economy and experiment condition, time and space of their doing experiments. Virtual experiment based on network technology and virtual reality technology is computer simulation experiments with rich multimedia information, which not only provides experiment resource and effective learning environment to raise learners' enthusiasm and initiative; but enhances the combination with theoretical teaching and instructional effects in distance education.
Virtual experiment establishes a quite realistic experiment environment, where learners can experience personally and interact with three-dimensional object to finish experiments. With application to distance education, virtual experiment annotates a brand-new instructional model, strongly supports distance education on the field of science and engineering, expands the scope of distance education and perfects its function.
Virtual experiment is a core of virtual experiment system. In this article, take distance education in tertiary education for example firstly, after showing the present condition of the development of distance education and the application of experiments, at the same time, the necessity and feasibility of the application of virtual experiment to distance education are discussed, too. With that, the connotations, characteristics and classifications about virtual experiment are present in detail, the theoretical foundation and feature are introduced and instructional strategies of virtual experiment and its design model are analyzed. Secondly, the article designs the model of virtual experiments system and puts a stress on the introduction of VRML(Virtual Reality Modeling Language); and then gives a concrete example of metal stretching experiment based instructional theory of virtual experiment in Material Mechanics, which builds a three-dimensional experiment scene, relying on the combination VRML and 3DSMax, emulates the course of stretching the test sample via the interactive technology, implements the interactive control between VRML scene and outer world via EAI(External Authoring Interface), and integrates experiment scene and web page via HTML. At last, both summary of our research and analysis of future study direction of virtual experiment in the thesis are given.
引文
[1] 潜立标，杨马英，俞立．基于Web的控制系统实验室的研究．虚拟实验室研究与探索，2005，S1：362～365
[2] 汪诗林，吴泉源．开展虚拟实验系统的研究与应用．计算机工程与科学，2000，22(2)：33～39
[3] John Ball,Kate Patrick. Learning about heat transfer"Oh, I see!" Experiments. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Frontiers in Education Conference, 1999,12C5.1～6
[4] 徐朝军，李艺．数字化实验室的建设．实验室研究与探索，2003，22(1)：9～12
[5] 庞文尧，丁金婷．远程实验技术发展现状．科技通报，2004，20(4)：311～315
[6] 周群，雷勇，刘连宇．虚拟仪器设计思想及应用．四川联合大学学报，1998，2(2)：73～81
[7] 教育部．面向21世纪教育振兴行动计划．1998，12
[8] 丁兴富．远程教育学．北京：北京师范大学出版社，2001．97～100
[9] 陈至立．以“三个代表”重要思想为指导开创电大教育新局面——纪念邓小平同志批准创办电大25周年．中国远程教育，2003，5：2～3
[10] 丁新，汪洪宝．人人享有优质教育：远程教育新的使命与挑战——亚洲开放大学协会(AAOU)第八届年会解读和述评．中国远程教育，2004，12
[11] 熊澄庆．中国现代远程教育发展战略研究．北京：高等教育出版社，2004．359～362
[12] 瞿曌．网上虚拟实验教学的必要性及可行性．高教论坛，2004，2：79～81
[13] 单美贤．虚拟实验系统在教学中的应用探析：[硕士学位论文]．南京：南京师范大学，2002
[14] Rebeccak.Scheckler. Virtual labs: a substitute for traditional labs? Int.J.Dec.Biol,2003.231～236
[15] 张剑平．现代教育技术——理论与应用．北京：高等教育出版社，2003．178～180
[16] 张建伟．知识的建构．教育理论与实践，1999，7：48～53
[17] Printch,P.R. Understanding self-regulated learning, In P.R.Pintrich(ED.), Understanding self-regulated learing, 1995.3～12
[18] 何克抗．建构主义——革新传统教学的理论基础．电化教育研究，1997，3：3～9
[19] 林阳，祝智庭．教育信息环境优化．远程教育杂志，2004，1：3～9
[20] Collins, Allan. The Role for Computer Technology in Restructuring Schools, Phi Delta K appan, 1991.28～36
[21] Scardamalia, M,Bereiter, C, Lamon, M. The CSILE project: Trying to bring the classroom into world 3. In Kate McGilly (Ed.), Classroom lessons: Integrating cognitive theory and classroom practice. Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books/MIT Press. 1994.201～228
[22] Melissa N. Matusevich. School Reform: What Role can Technology Play in a Constructivist Setting? http://pixel.cs.vt.edu/edu/fis/techcons.html,1995
[23] 许敖敖．处理好理论教学与实验教学关系——提高学生素质，培养学生创新能力．实验技术与管理，2001，18(6)：1～3
[24] 余效诚．关于网络教学与传统教学的关系．天津工业大学学报，2002，21(3)：22～25
[25] 胡志凌．网络实验教学研究：[硕士学位论文]．武汉：华中师范大学，2002
[26] 祝智庭．教育信息化与教育改革．教育技术通讯，2001，5
[27] Margaret Mannix. The Virtues of Virtual Lab. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3797/is_200009/ai_n8908999, 2000
[28] 和学新．教学策略的概念、结构及其运用[J]．教育研究，2000，12：54～58
[29] 陈明选．论建构主义的知识观与网络教学策略．中国医学教育技术，2004，18(5)：277～279
[30] 何克抗，郑永柏，谢幼如．教学系统设计．北京：北京师范大学出版社，2002．160～190
[31] 徐坚．C／S与B／S结构的分析与比较．曲靖师范学院学报，2005，24(3)：67～99
[32] 杜玉玲，文西芹．基于B／S模式的远程虚拟实验室的开发．现代教育技术，2004，2：57～59
[33] 汪兴谦，牛燕明，邓谆谆．VRML与Java编程实例讲解．北京：中国水利水电出版社，2002．68～70
[34] 王奕军．基于三层结构网上实验教学系统设计与相关技术分析．微机发展，2002，3：17～19
[35] 黄文丽，卢碧红，杨志刚，等．VRML语言入门与应用．北京：中国铁道出版社，2003．6～14
[36] Andrea L.Ames,David R.Nadeau,John L.Moreland.VRML资源手册，宗志方，季晖，谭江天．北京：电子工业出版社，1998．14～18
[37] Mike Wray, Rycharde Hawkes. Distributed virtual environments and VRML: an event-based architecture. Computer Network and ISDN Systems, 1998,30.43～51
[38] M.N.Amutabi,M.O.Oketch.Experimenting in distance education: the African Virtual University(AVU) and the paradox of the World Bank in Kena, International Journal of Educational Development, 2003,(23).57～73
[39] Adrian Scott. The Marriage of Java and VRML. http://www.vrmlsite.com/sep96/spotlight/javavrml/javavrml.html, 1996
[40] 胡新根．VRML与Java的通信机理实现可视化的研究．计算机辅助工程，2005，14(1)：5～8
[41] MardnC. External Authoring Interface Reference. http://www.graphcomp.corn/info/specs/eai.html, 1997
[42] Camillan Huang. Changing learning with new interactive and media-rich instruction environments: virtual labs case study report. Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, 2003, 27.157～164
[43] 王青峰．利用VRML创建基于网络的材料学科虚拟基础实验平台：[硕士学位论文]．河南：郑州大学，2005
[44] ANGELINO, Henri. Distance Education, Virtual University and Virtual Laboratory: What opportunities for Nil in the Future? NII Journal, 2002,4.37～48
[45] Ji Hua, Aura Ganz. A New Model for Remote Laboratory Education Based on Next Generation Interactive Technologies-A Generic Laboratory Plug-in using MS ConferenceXP Learning Infrastructure. Proceeding of ASEE New England Regional Conference,2003
[46] Eileen Scanlon, Chetz Colwell, Martyn Cooper, et al. Remote experiments, re-versioning and re-thinking science learning. Computer & Education, 2004,43.153～163
[2] 汪诗林，吴泉源．开展虚拟实验系统的研究与应用．计算机工程与科学，2000，22(2)：33～39
[3] John Ball,Kate Patrick. Learning about heat transfer"Oh, I see!" Experiments. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Frontiers in Education Conference, 1999,12C5.1～6
[4] 徐朝军，李艺．数字化实验室的建设．实验室研究与探索，2003，22(1)：9～12
[5] 庞文尧，丁金婷．远程实验技术发展现状．科技通报，2004，20(4)：311～315
[6] 周群，雷勇，刘连宇．虚拟仪器设计思想及应用．四川联合大学学报，1998，2(2)：73～81
[7] 教育部．面向21世纪教育振兴行动计划．1998，12
[8] 丁兴富．远程教育学．北京：北京师范大学出版社，2001．97～100
[9] 陈至立．以“三个代表”重要思想为指导开创电大教育新局面——纪念邓小平同志批准创办电大25周年．中国远程教育，2003，5：2～3
[10] 丁新，汪洪宝．人人享有优质教育：远程教育新的使命与挑战——亚洲开放大学协会(AAOU)第八届年会解读和述评．中国远程教育，2004，12
[11] 熊澄庆．中国现代远程教育发展战略研究．北京：高等教育出版社，2004．359～362
[12] 瞿曌．网上虚拟实验教学的必要性及可行性．高教论坛，2004，2：79～81
[13] 单美贤．虚拟实验系统在教学中的应用探析：[硕士学位论文]．南京：南京师范大学，2002
[14] Rebeccak.Scheckler. Virtual labs: a substitute for traditional labs? Int.J.Dec.Biol,2003.231～236
[15] 张剑平．现代教育技术——理论与应用．北京：高等教育出版社，2003．178～180
[16] 张建伟．知识的建构．教育理论与实践，1999，7：48～53
[17] Printch,P.R. Understanding self-regulated learning, In P.R.Pintrich(ED.), Understanding self-regulated learing, 1995.3～12
[18] 何克抗．建构主义——革新传统教学的理论基础．电化教育研究，1997，3：3～9
[19] 林阳，祝智庭．教育信息环境优化．远程教育杂志，2004，1：3～9
[20] Collins, Allan. The Role for Computer Technology in Restructuring Schools, Phi Delta K appan, 1991.28～36
[21] Scardamalia, M,Bereiter, C, Lamon, M. The CSILE project: Trying to bring the classroom into world 3. In Kate McGilly (Ed.), Classroom lessons: Integrating cognitive theory and classroom practice. Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books/MIT Press. 1994.201～228
[22] Melissa N. Matusevich. School Reform: What Role can Technology Play in a Constructivist Setting? http://pixel.cs.vt.edu/edu/fis/techcons.html,1995
[23] 许敖敖．处理好理论教学与实验教学关系——提高学生素质，培养学生创新能力．实验技术与管理，2001，18(6)：1～3
[24] 余效诚．关于网络教学与传统教学的关系．天津工业大学学报，2002，21(3)：22～25
[25] 胡志凌．网络实验教学研究：[硕士学位论文]．武汉：华中师范大学，2002
[26] 祝智庭．教育信息化与教育改革．教育技术通讯，2001，5
[27] Margaret Mannix. The Virtues of Virtual Lab. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3797/is_200009/ai_n8908999, 2000
[28] 和学新．教学策略的概念、结构及其运用[J]．教育研究，2000，12：54～58
[29] 陈明选．论建构主义的知识观与网络教学策略．中国医学教育技术，2004，18(5)：277～279
[30] 何克抗，郑永柏，谢幼如．教学系统设计．北京：北京师范大学出版社，2002．160～190
[31] 徐坚．C／S与B／S结构的分析与比较．曲靖师范学院学报，2005，24(3)：67～99
[32] 杜玉玲，文西芹．基于B／S模式的远程虚拟实验室的开发．现代教育技术，2004，2：57～59
[33] 汪兴谦，牛燕明，邓谆谆．VRML与Java编程实例讲解．北京：中国水利水电出版社，2002．68～70
[34] 王奕军．基于三层结构网上实验教学系统设计与相关技术分析．微机发展，2002，3：17～19
[35] 黄文丽，卢碧红，杨志刚，等．VRML语言入门与应用．北京：中国铁道出版社，2003．6～14
[36] Andrea L.Ames,David R.Nadeau,John L.Moreland.VRML资源手册，宗志方，季晖，谭江天．北京：电子工业出版社，1998．14～18
[37] Mike Wray, Rycharde Hawkes. Distributed virtual environments and VRML: an event-based architecture. Computer Network and ISDN Systems, 1998,30.43～51
[38] M.N.Amutabi,M.O.Oketch.Experimenting in distance education: the African Virtual University(AVU) and the paradox of the World Bank in Kena, International Journal of Educational Development, 2003,(23).57～73
[39] Adrian Scott. The Marriage of Java and VRML. http://www.vrmlsite.com/sep96/spotlight/javavrml/javavrml.html, 1996
[40] 胡新根．VRML与Java的通信机理实现可视化的研究．计算机辅助工程，2005，14(1)：5～8
[41] MardnC. External Authoring Interface Reference. http://www.graphcomp.corn/info/specs/eai.html, 1997
[42] Camillan Huang. Changing learning with new interactive and media-rich instruction environments: virtual labs case study report. Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, 2003, 27.157～164
[43] 王青峰．利用VRML创建基于网络的材料学科虚拟基础实验平台：[硕士学位论文]．河南：郑州大学，2005
[44] ANGELINO, Henri. Distance Education, Virtual University and Virtual Laboratory: What opportunities for Nil in the Future? NII Journal, 2002,4.37～48
[45] Ji Hua, Aura Ganz. A New Model for Remote Laboratory Education Based on Next Generation Interactive Technologies-A Generic Laboratory Plug-in using MS ConferenceXP Learning Infrastructure. Proceeding of ASEE New England Regional Conference,2003
[46] Eileen Scanlon, Chetz Colwell, Martyn Cooper, et al. Remote experiments, re-versioning and re-thinking science learning. Computer & Education, 2004,43.153～163