星载高度计、散射计海面回波模拟器方案设计
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摘要
星载高度计、散射计是两种重要的有源微波遥感器,其地面系统级测试和定标,则是设备研制过程中必不可少的环节。海面回波模拟器是地面检验星载高度计、散射计性能的关键设备,它能够为相应设备的地面测试和定标提供模拟的海面回波,实现系统在轨条件下回波的仿真,从而为设备的在轨正常工作起到关键的保障作用。
本文首先介绍了星载高度计、散射计的技术发展概况,分析了星载高度计、散射计系统工作原理和海面散射回波模型;其次,详细阐述了海面回波模拟器工作原理,系统总结和分析了国内外各种类型海面回波模拟器的性能及其相关技术。
在此基础上,针对我国星载高度计、散射计系统,本文提出了一种新型的全信号海面回波模拟器设计方案。该方案采用模块化结构设计思想,具有较强的通用性,可适用于多种体制的星载高度计、散射计;该方案采用脉冲重建技术、全去斜坡技术、高速数字信号处理技术,全数字合成海面回波波谱,既可实现点目标模拟,又可实现海面回波模拟。针对该设计方案,本文首先建立了收发通道数学仿真模型;其次,在利用我国星载高度计回波数据深入研究海面回波信号统计特性的基础上,提出了一种模拟海面回波信号的数字合成方法;其后,利用Matlab 工具进行了系统仿真,仿真结果有力地证明了本方案的可行性和有效性。
最后,本文进行了运控与数字回波合成单元的设计,并进行了设计验证。通过进行捕获跟踪定时实验、点目标模拟实验和海面回波模拟实验,全面验证了海面回波模拟器的系统功能和技术性能。
The spaceborne Altimeter and Scatterometer (abr. Alt&Scat) are two kinds of very important active microwave remote sensing instruments and have been playing an important role in ocean remote sensing. The ground test and calibration for Alt&Scat is the necessary procedure during the development of the devices, and ocean Return Signal Simulator (RSS) is the key instrument for it. The RSS can provide the simulated ocean return signal for the devices, and realize the simulation on condition of system-on-orbit, which can effectively ensure their normal operation on orbit.
The main contents in this dissertation are as follows:
To begin with, the Alt&Scat’s development history is briefly introduced; the operational principles of the devices and the backscattering model of the ocean return signal are studied in brief. Secondly, the operational principles of the RSS are described in detail; the performance and relevant technique of various kinds of RSS are summarized and analyzed systematically.
Based on the above, a new style full signal ocean RSS scheme is designed for Chinese Alt&Scat. A modularized structural designing idea is adopted in the scheme, which results in the high universality of the scheme and the wide application. By employing pulse regeneration technique, full-deramp technique, high-speed DSP technique and all-digital ocean return signal spectrum synthesizing technique, the RSS can fulfill the return signal simulation of both the point target and the sea-surface. Aimed at the scheme, the mathematical simulation model of the signal receiving and transmitting channel is established firstly. Secondly, based on the deep study on the statistical characteristic of the ocean return signal in use of the scientific data received from the Chinese spaceborne Altimeter, a digital synthesis method of ocean return signal simulation is presented. Thirdly, with the tool of Matlab software, the system simulation is conducted, which proves the feasibility and effectivity of the RSS scheme.
Finally, the Control & Digital Return Signal Synthesis Unit is designed in this dissertation, and the design verification is conducted. By means of the experiments of the capture&tracking timing, point target response and sea-surface return signal simulation, the system function and technical performance of the ocean RSS are verified all-sidedly.
本文首先介绍了星载高度计、散射计的技术发展概况,分析了星载高度计、散射计系统工作原理和海面散射回波模型;其次,详细阐述了海面回波模拟器工作原理,系统总结和分析了国内外各种类型海面回波模拟器的性能及其相关技术。
在此基础上,针对我国星载高度计、散射计系统,本文提出了一种新型的全信号海面回波模拟器设计方案。该方案采用模块化结构设计思想,具有较强的通用性,可适用于多种体制的星载高度计、散射计;该方案采用脉冲重建技术、全去斜坡技术、高速数字信号处理技术,全数字合成海面回波波谱,既可实现点目标模拟,又可实现海面回波模拟。针对该设计方案,本文首先建立了收发通道数学仿真模型;其次,在利用我国星载高度计回波数据深入研究海面回波信号统计特性的基础上,提出了一种模拟海面回波信号的数字合成方法;其后,利用Matlab 工具进行了系统仿真,仿真结果有力地证明了本方案的可行性和有效性。
最后,本文进行了运控与数字回波合成单元的设计,并进行了设计验证。通过进行捕获跟踪定时实验、点目标模拟实验和海面回波模拟实验,全面验证了海面回波模拟器的系统功能和技术性能。
The spaceborne Altimeter and Scatterometer (abr. Alt&Scat) are two kinds of very important active microwave remote sensing instruments and have been playing an important role in ocean remote sensing. The ground test and calibration for Alt&Scat is the necessary procedure during the development of the devices, and ocean Return Signal Simulator (RSS) is the key instrument for it. The RSS can provide the simulated ocean return signal for the devices, and realize the simulation on condition of system-on-orbit, which can effectively ensure their normal operation on orbit.
The main contents in this dissertation are as follows:
To begin with, the Alt&Scat’s development history is briefly introduced; the operational principles of the devices and the backscattering model of the ocean return signal are studied in brief. Secondly, the operational principles of the RSS are described in detail; the performance and relevant technique of various kinds of RSS are summarized and analyzed systematically.
Based on the above, a new style full signal ocean RSS scheme is designed for Chinese Alt&Scat. A modularized structural designing idea is adopted in the scheme, which results in the high universality of the scheme and the wide application. By employing pulse regeneration technique, full-deramp technique, high-speed DSP technique and all-digital ocean return signal spectrum synthesizing technique, the RSS can fulfill the return signal simulation of both the point target and the sea-surface. Aimed at the scheme, the mathematical simulation model of the signal receiving and transmitting channel is established firstly. Secondly, based on the deep study on the statistical characteristic of the ocean return signal in use of the scientific data received from the Chinese spaceborne Altimeter, a digital synthesis method of ocean return signal simulation is presented. Thirdly, with the tool of Matlab software, the system simulation is conducted, which proves the feasibility and effectivity of the RSS scheme.
Finally, the Control & Digital Return Signal Synthesis Unit is designed in this dissertation, and the design verification is conducted. By means of the experiments of the capture&tracking timing, point target response and sea-surface return signal simulation, the system function and technical performance of the ocean RSS are verified all-sidedly.
引文
[1] 姜景山. 微波遥感信息科技发展若干问题的讨论[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 2005,2: 1~5.
[2] 姜景山,王文魁,都亨. 空间科学与应用[M]. 北京:科学出版社,2001:237~306.
[3] F.T. Ulaby, R.K. Moore, A.K. Fung. Microwave Remote Sensing[M], Volume 1-2, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1982.
[4] 王广运,王海瑛,许国昌. 卫星测高原理[M]. 北京:科学出版社,1995:21~85.
[5] J.T. McGoogan, L.S. Miller, G.S. Brown, and G.S. Hayne, the S-193 Radar Altimeter Experiment[J], Proc. IEEE, vol. 62, pp. 793~803, June 1974.
[6] 郭伟, 张晓辉. 回波模拟器在雷达高度计地面测试和定标中的应用[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 2005,2: 178~181.
[7] 中国国防科学技术报告,高度计、散射计地面定标方案[R]. 中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心, 2004,6: 1~7.
[8] 郭伟, 姜景山, 刘和光. 海面回波模拟器方案设计[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 2000,6: 86~89.
[9] 岳海霞, 杨汝良. 星载合成孔径雷达回波信号模拟源研究[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 2004,8: 253~257.
[10] 宫峰勋. SAR 扫描区域目标模型分析[J]. 中国民航学院学报, 2001,12: 45~46,52.
[11] 黄智刚, 柳重堪, 万国龙, 等. 一种基于PCI 总线的可编程雷达信号模拟器实现[J]. 北京航空航天大学学报, 2003,1: 5~8.
[12] 黄立胜, 王贞松, 郑天垚. 基于FFT 的快速SAR 分布目标回波模拟算法[J]. 遥感学报,2004,3: 128~136.
[13] 王睿, 杨汝良. 一种面向雷达工作流程的星载合成孔径雷达回波模拟[J]. 遥感技术与应用,2003,10:327~331.
[14] 万锋, 赵宇鹏, 杨汝良. 基于椭圆轨道的星载SAR 面目标原始数据模拟[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 2003,4: 103~108.
[15] 万锋, 岳海霞, 杨汝良. 星载SAR 分布目标原始数据模拟研究[J]. 电子与信息学报, 2004,8: 1250~1255.
[16] 王琦, 王岩飞. 真实数据背景下的SAR 运动目标回波信号模拟及应用[J]. 电子与信息学报,2003,10: 13020~1307.
[17] L.S. Miller and G.S. Brown, Engineering Studies Related to the GEOS-C Radar Altimeter, NASA CR-137462, Applied Science Associates, Apex, NC, May 1974.
[18] W.F. Townsend, An Assessment of the Performance Achieved by the Seasat-I Radar Altimeter[J], IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, vol.OE-5, No.2, April 1980.
[19] P.C. Marth and J.G. Wall, the GEOSAT Radar Altimeter[R], Johns Hopkins A.P.L. Tech. Digest, 8, pp.176~181, 1987.
[20] 吴克勤. 美国海军航天遥感技术述评[J]. 中国航天, 2003,5: 20~23.
[21] A.R. Zieger, D.W.Hancock, G.S. Hayne, and C.L. Purdy, NASA Radar Altimeter for the TOPEX/POSEIDON Project[J]. IEEE Proc., 79(6): 810~826, June 1991.
[22] 海专. Jason-1 海洋地形卫星掠影[J]. 国际太空, 2002,7: 14~17.
[23] C.R. Francis. ERS-1 Radar Altimeter: Performance, Calibration and Data Validation[C]. Proceedings of IGARSS’86 Symposium, pp181~184, August 1986.
[24] 宁峰. 西欧ERS-2 遥感卫星[J]. 航天返回与遥感, 1997,3: 14~16.
[25] A. Testi, et al. RA-2 Radar Altimeter: Instrument Operation Concept and System Performance, the International Astronautical Federation. 1995.
[26] 张德海,郑震藩,姜景山. “神舟”四号中的微波遥感[J]. 物理,2004,033(001):49~53.
[27] 张德海,姜景山, 郑震藩,等. 神舟4 号主载荷——多模态微波遥感器[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 2005,2: 74~80.
[28] Grantham W.L, Bracalente E.M, Jones W.L, et al. the SeaSat-A Satellite Scatterometer[J]. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 1977,2(2): 200~206.
[29] Tsai W.T, Spencer M.Wu.C, Winn C, et al. SeaWinds on QuickSCAT: Sensor Description and Mission Overview, Proceedings of IGARSS’1994[C]. Piscataway: IEEE Press, 1994,2: 1021~1023.
[30] Freilich M.H, Long D.G, Spencer M.W. SeaWinds: A Scanning Scatterometer for ADEOS-II Science Overview, Proceedings of IGARSS’1994[C]. Piscataway: IEEE Press, 1994,2: 960~963.
[31] R.K. Moore and C.S. Willians, Jr., Radar Terrain at Near Vertical Incidence[J]. Proc, IRE, vol. 45, pp.228~238, Feb.1957.
[32] D.E. Barrick, Remote Sensing of Sea State by Radar[J]. Remote Sensing of the Troposphere, edited by V.E. Derr, pp.12-34~12-41, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
[33] Brown G.S. The Average Impulse Response of a Rough Surface and Its Applications[J]. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagate, 1977,25(1):67~74.
[34] 许可. 高分辨率星载雷达高度计系统研究[D]. 北京:中国科学院研究生院,中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心, 2001,6: 1~35.
[35] 张云华, 姜景山, 张祥坤, 等. 神舟4 号多模态微波遥感器散射计分系统[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 2005,2: 58~63.
[2] 姜景山,王文魁,都亨. 空间科学与应用[M]. 北京:科学出版社,2001:237~306.
[3] F.T. Ulaby, R.K. Moore, A.K. Fung. Microwave Remote Sensing[M], Volume 1-2, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1982.
[4] 王广运,王海瑛,许国昌. 卫星测高原理[M]. 北京:科学出版社,1995:21~85.
[5] J.T. McGoogan, L.S. Miller, G.S. Brown, and G.S. Hayne, the S-193 Radar Altimeter Experiment[J], Proc. IEEE, vol. 62, pp. 793~803, June 1974.
[6] 郭伟, 张晓辉. 回波模拟器在雷达高度计地面测试和定标中的应用[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 2005,2: 178~181.
[7] 中国国防科学技术报告,高度计、散射计地面定标方案[R]. 中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心, 2004,6: 1~7.
[8] 郭伟, 姜景山, 刘和光. 海面回波模拟器方案设计[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 2000,6: 86~89.
[9] 岳海霞, 杨汝良. 星载合成孔径雷达回波信号模拟源研究[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 2004,8: 253~257.
[10] 宫峰勋. SAR 扫描区域目标模型分析[J]. 中国民航学院学报, 2001,12: 45~46,52.
[11] 黄智刚, 柳重堪, 万国龙, 等. 一种基于PCI 总线的可编程雷达信号模拟器实现[J]. 北京航空航天大学学报, 2003,1: 5~8.
[12] 黄立胜, 王贞松, 郑天垚. 基于FFT 的快速SAR 分布目标回波模拟算法[J]. 遥感学报,2004,3: 128~136.
[13] 王睿, 杨汝良. 一种面向雷达工作流程的星载合成孔径雷达回波模拟[J]. 遥感技术与应用,2003,10:327~331.
[14] 万锋, 赵宇鹏, 杨汝良. 基于椭圆轨道的星载SAR 面目标原始数据模拟[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 2003,4: 103~108.
[15] 万锋, 岳海霞, 杨汝良. 星载SAR 分布目标原始数据模拟研究[J]. 电子与信息学报, 2004,8: 1250~1255.
[16] 王琦, 王岩飞. 真实数据背景下的SAR 运动目标回波信号模拟及应用[J]. 电子与信息学报,2003,10: 13020~1307.
[17] L.S. Miller and G.S. Brown, Engineering Studies Related to the GEOS-C Radar Altimeter, NASA CR-137462, Applied Science Associates, Apex, NC, May 1974.
[18] W.F. Townsend, An Assessment of the Performance Achieved by the Seasat-I Radar Altimeter[J], IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, vol.OE-5, No.2, April 1980.
[19] P.C. Marth and J.G. Wall, the GEOSAT Radar Altimeter[R], Johns Hopkins A.P.L. Tech. Digest, 8, pp.176~181, 1987.
[20] 吴克勤. 美国海军航天遥感技术述评[J]. 中国航天, 2003,5: 20~23.
[21] A.R. Zieger, D.W.Hancock, G.S. Hayne, and C.L. Purdy, NASA Radar Altimeter for the TOPEX/POSEIDON Project[J]. IEEE Proc., 79(6): 810~826, June 1991.
[22] 海专. Jason-1 海洋地形卫星掠影[J]. 国际太空, 2002,7: 14~17.
[23] C.R. Francis. ERS-1 Radar Altimeter: Performance, Calibration and Data Validation[C]. Proceedings of IGARSS’86 Symposium, pp181~184, August 1986.
[24] 宁峰. 西欧ERS-2 遥感卫星[J]. 航天返回与遥感, 1997,3: 14~16.
[25] A. Testi, et al. RA-2 Radar Altimeter: Instrument Operation Concept and System Performance, the International Astronautical Federation. 1995.
[26] 张德海,郑震藩,姜景山. “神舟”四号中的微波遥感[J]. 物理,2004,033(001):49~53.
[27] 张德海,姜景山, 郑震藩,等. 神舟4 号主载荷——多模态微波遥感器[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 2005,2: 74~80.
[28] Grantham W.L, Bracalente E.M, Jones W.L, et al. the SeaSat-A Satellite Scatterometer[J]. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 1977,2(2): 200~206.
[29] Tsai W.T, Spencer M.Wu.C, Winn C, et al. SeaWinds on QuickSCAT: Sensor Description and Mission Overview, Proceedings of IGARSS’1994[C]. Piscataway: IEEE Press, 1994,2: 1021~1023.
[30] Freilich M.H, Long D.G, Spencer M.W. SeaWinds: A Scanning Scatterometer for ADEOS-II Science Overview, Proceedings of IGARSS’1994[C]. Piscataway: IEEE Press, 1994,2: 960~963.
[31] R.K. Moore and C.S. Willians, Jr., Radar Terrain at Near Vertical Incidence[J]. Proc, IRE, vol. 45, pp.228~238, Feb.1957.
[32] D.E. Barrick, Remote Sensing of Sea State by Radar[J]. Remote Sensing of the Troposphere, edited by V.E. Derr, pp.12-34~12-41, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
[33] Brown G.S. The Average Impulse Response of a Rough Surface and Its Applications[J]. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagate, 1977,25(1):67~74.
[34] 许可. 高分辨率星载雷达高度计系统研究[D]. 北京:中国科学院研究生院,中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心, 2001,6: 1~35.
[35] 张云华, 姜景山, 张祥坤, 等. 神舟4 号多模态微波遥感器散射计分系统[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 2005,2: 58~63.