幼儿自豪识别发展特点及其相关影响因素的研究
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摘要
自豪是一种重要的社会适应性情绪，对个体行为有重要的影响。幼儿期是儿童自豪识别能力发展的重要阶段。本研究在系统综述以往与幼儿自豪识别相关的理论和实证研究的基础上，对幼儿自豪识别的测评工具、发展特点、神经机制及其相关影响因素进行了系列研究。
研究1：幼儿自豪识别测评工具的编制。选取352名幼儿教师作为识别幼儿自豪的非言语行为表达的评定被试，选取156名幼儿母亲作为确定评分者信度的被试，对与幼儿自豪非言语行为表达相关的2套图片进行识别。旨在确定幼儿自豪非言语行为表达的动作成分和动作单元，以此为基础编制编码系统，并发展幼儿自豪识别图片系统。对“幼儿自豪的非言语行为表达编码系统”和“幼儿自豪识别图片系统”的信度和效度进行检验。
研究2：幼儿自豪识别发展特点的研究。采用自编的“幼儿自豪识别图片系统”，对204名3-6岁幼儿自豪识别的发展趋势和性别特点进行了测试，并将幼儿自豪识别的发展趋势与高兴和吃惊进行了对比。
研究3：幼儿自豪识别的事件相关电位研究。选取21名能够完全识别自豪和高兴的4-6岁幼儿为被试，实验中向被试随机呈现4类刺激图片（熟悉小朋友的自豪、熟悉小朋友的高兴、陌生小朋友的自豪和陌生小朋友的高兴）。被试需要完成的任务是对自豪和高兴进行判断，不需要对个人熟悉性进行判断。通过比较幼儿在识别4类刺激图片时的ERP成分（P1、N170、Nc和LPC），揭示幼儿自豪识别过程的脑机制特征。
研究4：幼儿自豪识别与心理理论和抑制控制的关系。在排除语言理解干扰的基础上，通过中介效应检验，重点考察4-6岁幼儿的心理理论和抑制控制对其自豪识别的影响，旨在对幼儿自豪识别能力的发展有更清晰的认识。
在对上述4项研究的结果进行分析与讨论的基础上，本研究综合讨论了幼儿自豪识别的测评工具、发展特点、脑电特征和相关影响因素等问题，并得到了以下结论：
1.幼儿自豪的非言语行为表达包括4个方面7个动作成分，即I微笑和大笑的面部表情，II舒展的身体姿势，III头稍微后倾的头部动作，IV双手叉腰、高举和在胸前握拳的手臂动作。
2.幼儿自豪的非言语行为表达包括12个动作单元，其中，幼儿典型的自豪非言语行为表达的动作单元为微笑、头稍微后倾、舒展的身体姿势和双手叉腰。
3.自编的“幼儿自豪的非言语行为表达编码系统”和“幼儿自豪识别的图片系统”都具有良好的信度和效度指标，可以作为测评幼儿自豪识别发展的测评工具。
4.四岁以后，幼儿开始能够识别自豪；幼儿自豪识别的发展趋势同高兴和吃惊一样，从3岁到6岁一直在提高，5岁到6岁是幼儿自豪识别发展的关键期。男孩和女孩自豪识别的发展水平差异不显著。
5.四种刺激条件下P1的平均波幅和潜伏期差异不显著；在枕颞叶的N170反应了个人熟悉性，陌生小朋友的情绪刺激引发的N170波幅显著大于熟悉小朋友；在中央区的Nc成分上，熟悉小朋友的自豪刺激引发的Nc波幅显著大于熟悉小朋友的高兴；在前额叶的LPC成分上，自豪刺激引发的LPC波幅显著大于高兴。
6.幼儿自豪识别的加工过程分为早期、中期和晚期3个阶段。对个人熟悉性的无意识加工发生在早期；对熟悉对象情绪识别的加工发生在中期；对自豪识别的有意识加工发生在晚期。
7.心理理论对幼儿自豪识别存在直接的预测效力，而抑制控制则是以心理理论为中介变量间接地作用于幼儿自豪识别。
Pride is a psychologically important and evolutionarily adaptive emotion. It has animportant effect on individual’s behavior. Early childhood is a key period for development ofpride recognition. Based on the comprehensively theoretical and empirical studies of prideamong children, the purpose of the study is to investigate the development characteristics ofchildren’s pride recognition, brain mechanism and the influence of some related factors.
Study1: Development of the asssessment tools for children’s pride. In order to develop anonverbal behavior expression coding system for children’s pride and the pictures system ofchildren’s emotion expression,352kindergarten teachers and156children’s mothers wereselected to recognize the2sets of pictures of behavioral movement about children’s pride.The behavioral components and behavioral units were determined in the present research.
Study2: The developmental characteristics of early children’s pride recognition. Theexperiment using the picture system of children pirde recognition explored the developmentaltendency and gender characteristics of children’s pride recognition in children of3-6-year-old(N=204), and distinguished it from expression of happiness and surprise.
Study3: Neural correlates of pride recognition: An event-related potential study. In theexperiment, Dense-array EEG was collected from214-6-year-old children who coulddistinguish pride and happiness. They were presented with pictures of their peers’ andstrangers’ pride and happiness. They were instructed to distinguish pride and happiness, andnot to respond to the familiar and unfamiliar. In order to investigate the patterns of corticalactivation of pride recognition, we tested a range of ERP components at a number oftime-points and scalp location.
Study4: The relationships among children pride recognition, theory of mind andinhibitory control. In order to comprehend the development of children’s pride recognitionmore clearly, we controlled the influence of general language ability, and investigate theinfluence of children’s theory of mind and inhibitory control on pride recognition.
Based on the above analysis results on the development of children’s pride recognition,the study mainly discussed the nonverbal behavior expression of children’s pride and itsdevelopment characteristic, brain mechanism, and the related influence on pride recognition.The main conclusions were drawn as follow:
1. The nonverbal behavior expression of children’s pride includes7behavioralcomponents which are the facial expression of a smile and laugh, expanded posture, head tilted slightly back, and the arm actions such as arms akimbo, arms raised above the head andarms raised in front of the chest with hands in fists.
2. The nonverbal behavior expression of children’s pride includes12behavioral units.The prototypical pride includes a smile, expanded posture, head tilted slightly back, and thearms akimbo with hands on hips.
3. The reliability and validity tests on the nonverbal behavior expression coding systemfor children’s pride and the pictures system of children’s pride recognition show their indexesare good.
4. Children can recognize the nonverbal expression of pride at above-chance by age of4years. Pride recognition, like happiness and surprise, improves from3to6years. And the agefrom5to6years are the critical periods of the occurrence and development of priderecognition. There isn’t significant gender difference of children’s pride recognition.
5. There was no significant amplitude or lantency effect for the P1. The N170wassensitive to personal familitarity, with larger amplitudes following stanger children thanfamiliar children. The Nc was sensitive to the familiar children’s emotion, with largeramplitudes follwing familiar chidren’s pride than their happiness. The frontal LPC wassensitive to emotional expression, with larger amplitudes following pride than happiness.
6. The processing of children’s pride recognition may involve3diiferent stages: early,middle and later. Early ERPs are most sensitive to the personal familiarity of emotional faceautomatically, mid-latency ERPs are sensitive to the familiarity of emotion, and the laterERPs suggest greater extend processing of emotion expression.
7. Children’s pride recognition could be significantly predicted by their theory of mind,and theory of mind fully mediated the relationship between inhibitory control and priderecognition.
研究1：幼儿自豪识别测评工具的编制。选取352名幼儿教师作为识别幼儿自豪的非言语行为表达的评定被试，选取156名幼儿母亲作为确定评分者信度的被试，对与幼儿自豪非言语行为表达相关的2套图片进行识别。旨在确定幼儿自豪非言语行为表达的动作成分和动作单元，以此为基础编制编码系统，并发展幼儿自豪识别图片系统。对“幼儿自豪的非言语行为表达编码系统”和“幼儿自豪识别图片系统”的信度和效度进行检验。
研究2：幼儿自豪识别发展特点的研究。采用自编的“幼儿自豪识别图片系统”，对204名3-6岁幼儿自豪识别的发展趋势和性别特点进行了测试，并将幼儿自豪识别的发展趋势与高兴和吃惊进行了对比。
研究3：幼儿自豪识别的事件相关电位研究。选取21名能够完全识别自豪和高兴的4-6岁幼儿为被试，实验中向被试随机呈现4类刺激图片（熟悉小朋友的自豪、熟悉小朋友的高兴、陌生小朋友的自豪和陌生小朋友的高兴）。被试需要完成的任务是对自豪和高兴进行判断，不需要对个人熟悉性进行判断。通过比较幼儿在识别4类刺激图片时的ERP成分（P1、N170、Nc和LPC），揭示幼儿自豪识别过程的脑机制特征。
研究4：幼儿自豪识别与心理理论和抑制控制的关系。在排除语言理解干扰的基础上，通过中介效应检验，重点考察4-6岁幼儿的心理理论和抑制控制对其自豪识别的影响，旨在对幼儿自豪识别能力的发展有更清晰的认识。
在对上述4项研究的结果进行分析与讨论的基础上，本研究综合讨论了幼儿自豪识别的测评工具、发展特点、脑电特征和相关影响因素等问题，并得到了以下结论：
1.幼儿自豪的非言语行为表达包括4个方面7个动作成分，即I微笑和大笑的面部表情，II舒展的身体姿势，III头稍微后倾的头部动作，IV双手叉腰、高举和在胸前握拳的手臂动作。
2.幼儿自豪的非言语行为表达包括12个动作单元，其中，幼儿典型的自豪非言语行为表达的动作单元为微笑、头稍微后倾、舒展的身体姿势和双手叉腰。
3.自编的“幼儿自豪的非言语行为表达编码系统”和“幼儿自豪识别的图片系统”都具有良好的信度和效度指标，可以作为测评幼儿自豪识别发展的测评工具。
4.四岁以后，幼儿开始能够识别自豪；幼儿自豪识别的发展趋势同高兴和吃惊一样，从3岁到6岁一直在提高，5岁到6岁是幼儿自豪识别发展的关键期。男孩和女孩自豪识别的发展水平差异不显著。
5.四种刺激条件下P1的平均波幅和潜伏期差异不显著；在枕颞叶的N170反应了个人熟悉性，陌生小朋友的情绪刺激引发的N170波幅显著大于熟悉小朋友；在中央区的Nc成分上，熟悉小朋友的自豪刺激引发的Nc波幅显著大于熟悉小朋友的高兴；在前额叶的LPC成分上，自豪刺激引发的LPC波幅显著大于高兴。
6.幼儿自豪识别的加工过程分为早期、中期和晚期3个阶段。对个人熟悉性的无意识加工发生在早期；对熟悉对象情绪识别的加工发生在中期；对自豪识别的有意识加工发生在晚期。
7.心理理论对幼儿自豪识别存在直接的预测效力，而抑制控制则是以心理理论为中介变量间接地作用于幼儿自豪识别。
Pride is a psychologically important and evolutionarily adaptive emotion. It has animportant effect on individual’s behavior. Early childhood is a key period for development ofpride recognition. Based on the comprehensively theoretical and empirical studies of prideamong children, the purpose of the study is to investigate the development characteristics ofchildren’s pride recognition, brain mechanism and the influence of some related factors.
Study1: Development of the asssessment tools for children’s pride. In order to develop anonverbal behavior expression coding system for children’s pride and the pictures system ofchildren’s emotion expression,352kindergarten teachers and156children’s mothers wereselected to recognize the2sets of pictures of behavioral movement about children’s pride.The behavioral components and behavioral units were determined in the present research.
Study2: The developmental characteristics of early children’s pride recognition. Theexperiment using the picture system of children pirde recognition explored the developmentaltendency and gender characteristics of children’s pride recognition in children of3-6-year-old(N=204), and distinguished it from expression of happiness and surprise.
Study3: Neural correlates of pride recognition: An event-related potential study. In theexperiment, Dense-array EEG was collected from214-6-year-old children who coulddistinguish pride and happiness. They were presented with pictures of their peers’ andstrangers’ pride and happiness. They were instructed to distinguish pride and happiness, andnot to respond to the familiar and unfamiliar. In order to investigate the patterns of corticalactivation of pride recognition, we tested a range of ERP components at a number oftime-points and scalp location.
Study4: The relationships among children pride recognition, theory of mind andinhibitory control. In order to comprehend the development of children’s pride recognitionmore clearly, we controlled the influence of general language ability, and investigate theinfluence of children’s theory of mind and inhibitory control on pride recognition.
Based on the above analysis results on the development of children’s pride recognition,the study mainly discussed the nonverbal behavior expression of children’s pride and itsdevelopment characteristic, brain mechanism, and the related influence on pride recognition.The main conclusions were drawn as follow:
1. The nonverbal behavior expression of children’s pride includes7behavioralcomponents which are the facial expression of a smile and laugh, expanded posture, head tilted slightly back, and the arm actions such as arms akimbo, arms raised above the head andarms raised in front of the chest with hands in fists.
2. The nonverbal behavior expression of children’s pride includes12behavioral units.The prototypical pride includes a smile, expanded posture, head tilted slightly back, and thearms akimbo with hands on hips.
3. The reliability and validity tests on the nonverbal behavior expression coding systemfor children’s pride and the pictures system of children’s pride recognition show their indexesare good.
4. Children can recognize the nonverbal expression of pride at above-chance by age of4years. Pride recognition, like happiness and surprise, improves from3to6years. And the agefrom5to6years are the critical periods of the occurrence and development of priderecognition. There isn’t significant gender difference of children’s pride recognition.
5. There was no significant amplitude or lantency effect for the P1. The N170wassensitive to personal familitarity, with larger amplitudes following stanger children thanfamiliar children. The Nc was sensitive to the familiar children’s emotion, with largeramplitudes follwing familiar chidren’s pride than their happiness. The frontal LPC wassensitive to emotional expression, with larger amplitudes following pride than happiness.
6. The processing of children’s pride recognition may involve3diiferent stages: early,middle and later. Early ERPs are most sensitive to the personal familiarity of emotional faceautomatically, mid-latency ERPs are sensitive to the familiarity of emotion, and the laterERPs suggest greater extend processing of emotion expression.
7. Children’s pride recognition could be significantly predicted by their theory of mind,and theory of mind fully mediated the relationship between inhibitory control and priderecognition.
引文
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