云南某市暗娼人群HIV/STIs感染的重复横断面研究
|
摘要
暗娼作为HIV/STIs感染及传播的重要高危人群和桥梁人群之一,长期以来其HIV/STIs感染状况备受人们关注。为全面、综合掌握暗娼HIV/STIs感染现状,追踪该人群中艾滋病病毒的传播来源、途径,分析HIV/STIs流行的传播规律和变化特征,为预测其发展趋势和相关部门制定暗娼HIV/STIs综合防治策略提供科学依据,本研究于2006年3月至2008年4在云南省某市,采用重复横断面调查与队列研究相结合的方法,应用方便样本,每隔6个月连续检测暗娼HIV、STIs(包括HSV-2、沙眼衣原体、淋球菌感染、梅毒以及阴道毛滴虫)感染状况,在获得暗娼五次HIV/STIs感染率基础上,分析了暗娼HIV/STIs变化趋势,并探讨了影响暗娼HIV/STIs感染的相关危险因素;通过在重复横断面调查中组建队列,获得了队列人群中HIV/STIs发病率资料,以及暗娼HIV/STIs相关高危行为变化情况;通过检测研究中发现的HIV-1阳性血标本,获得了暗娼HIV-1基因亚型分布特征。
本研究中暗娼HIV/STIs总体感染率高,不安全性行为、吸毒是暗娼感染、传播HIV/STIs的主要高危因素和促进因素。暗娼付费商业性伴数、从事性服务年数、过去一年从事商业性服务场所数、暗娼档次、商业性行为中安全套、过去五年拔牙、补牙、洗牙经历、纹身、饮酒、毒品使用等是暗娼感染HIV/STIs的影响因素。CRF_08BC、CRF_07BC和C亚型是暗娼人群中主要的HIV-1流行毒株。采取积极多种有效措施减少暗娼高危行为,控制HIV/STIs在该人群中的传播流行是降低我国人群HIV/STIs感染率,保护人群健康的重要内容。本次研究的创新点主要包括:在研究设计上,采用横断面调查与纵向研究设计相结合;在纵向研究基础上实现队列的组建,完成对特殊人群的前瞻式队列研究。在统计方法上采用Logistic回归与GEE模型分析相结合的方法,从不同角度分析暗娼HIV/STIs感染影响因素。采用流行病学调查与HIV-1基因亚型检测相结合,探讨暗娼HIV流行现状。
Multi-angle and deeper purposes of analysis were performed to exlore the prevlaencs of HIV/STIs among female sex workers (FSWs) in one city of Yunnan province in China. According to the data analysis of field epidemiology and lab testing results, unsafe sex and illicit drug use were two main risk and stimulative factors to HIV/STIs infection and transmission among FSWs. The superposition of these two behaviors can not only speed up HIV/STIs spreading in FSWs and drug users, but also enhance the‘bridge’effects of HIV/STIs spreading from high risk populations to general populations. Effective and positive measurements should be taken to reduce high risk behaviors in FSWs. Controlling HIV/STIs transmissions in FSWs was main content to decrease the prevalent rates of HIV/STIs in general population and to protect people’s health.
Objectives: To explore HIV/STIs infections among FSWs and to find out its transmission rules and trends; to explore HIV/STIs related factors among FSWs, so as to provide scientific evidence for HIV/STIs prevention and intervention strategies; to test HIV-1 gene subtype among FSWs, so as to track HIV-1 transmission route and predict its pandemic trend.
Methods: Serial cross-sectional studies and cohort study were performed in one city of Yunnan province during March, 2006 to April, 2008. Convenience sampling was used to collect FSWs’informations on demographic, sexual behaviors, drug use behaviors, other related risk behaviors, HIV/STIs related knowledge, and health seek behaviors every six months. At the same time, HIV and STIs (including HSV-2, Chlamydia trachomatis, gonorrheae, syphilis and trichmonad) were tested. After obtaining HIV/STIs infection rates in each cross-sectional study, we analysed variation trends of infection rate of every disease, and explored related risk factors of HIV/STIs infection among FSWs. HIV/STIs incidence rates and variation trends of related risk behaviors were analyed using data in cohort study which was performed during the repeated cross-sectional studies.HIV-1 gene subtypes were tested which were performed in reference laboratory in National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. SPSS12.0 and SAS9.2 softwares were used to analyze data. Unconditional univeriate logistic regression and multivariate logistic regression were performed to analyze HIV/STIs, HIV related risk factors separately. Variables with p-value≤0.20 in the univeriate logistic regression analysis were put in the model of multivariate logistic regression analysis. Meanwhile, interactions between each variable in the model were analyzed. Forward stepwise was used to select parameters with p<0.05 to enter and p>0.10 to exclude. OR and 95% confidence interval were calculated for each parameters in the final model. Test of goodness of fit was performed to test model fitness. GEE model was performed to analyze HIV/STIs and HIV related risk factors separately in the longitudinal data. Variables with p-value≤0.20 in the univeriate GEE analysis were put in the model of multivariate GEE analysis. Meanwhile, interactions between each variable in the model were also analyzed. Two sides probabilities of p<0.05 were used as significant levels. Two sides probabilities of 0.05 < p <0.10 were used as marginal significant levels.
Results:
1. In the five cross-sectional studies, the median age (±Quartile) of FSWs was 24.0±8.5 years old, 25.0±9.0 years old, 25.0±11.0 years old, 25.0±10.0 years old, and 28.0±13.0 years old, respectively. Most of FSWs were Han ethinicity, accounting for 66.9%, 69.5%, 70.9%, 71.5%, and 73.8% in the studies, respectively; followed by Yi ethinicity, Hui ethinicity, Hani ethinicity, and et al. Many FSWs had low education levels. In the studies, there were 52.2%, 50.0%, 55.7%, 52.1%, and 49.6% FSWs completed middle school, respectively; followed by primary shool/ illiterate, senior high shool and above. Many FSWs were single with percentage of 50.2%, 44.9%, 48.1%, 41.7%, and 36.5%, respectively; followed by cohabited and married. Most of FSWs lived in the rented rooms at present, accounting for 66.5%, 68.2%, 68.8%, 60.5%, and 66.8%, respectively. A lot of FSWs came from other cities which were not Kaiyuan city, accounting for 77.9%, 79.5%, 75.5%, 72.0%, and 69.2%, respectively.
2. HIV infection rates among FSWs in the five cross-secitonal studies were 10.3%, 11.9%, 13.0%, 12.4%, and 11.2%, respectively. The infection rates of STIs were as follows: syphilis: 7.5%, 8.4%, 8.8%, 6.7%, and 4.8%, respectively; trichmonad: 10.6%, 9.0%, 8.2%, 6.1%, and 2.1%; gonorrheae: 8.3%, 5.9%, 5.6%, 6.6%, and 8.3%; Chlamydia trachomatis: 25.9%, 20.0%, 18.1%, 22.5%, and17.4%; HSV-2: 68.1%, 68.5%, 71.1%, 67.0%, and 63.5%; STIs (excluding HIV, if one of the tested diseases result was positive, then the result of STIs infeciton was positive ): 79.1%, 76.0%, 78.6%, 74.9, and 73.3%. The trends of infection among syphilis, trichmonad, Chlamydia trachomatis, and STIs were significantly decreasing. Two new infected HIV occurred during two years study, with cumulative incidence rate of 3.39%. Three new infected HSV-2 occurred during two years study, with cumulative incidence rate of 20%.
3. Behaviors of unsafe sex and illicit drug use were two main risk and stimulative factors to HIV/STIs infection and transmission among FSWs. In the five corss-sectional studies, FSWs who did not use condoms consistently in the commercial sex behaviors in the last week accounted for about 15.9%, 12.8%, 13.8%, 13.6%, and 13.3% , respectively. FSWs who never use condoms with regular sexual partners accounted for 47.3%, 44.1%, 46.7%, 41.1%, and 38.7%, respectively. FSWs who used drugs illicitly accounted for 16.3%, 18.9%, 21.3%, 23.6%, and 18.1%, respectively.
4. Number of clients, duration of sex work, number of work locations in the last year, price level of FSWs, condom using in the commercial sex, having experiences of extracting/ filling/ washing tooth in the last five years, tattoo, drink, drug using were influence factors for HIV/STIs infection among FSWs. 5. CRF_08BC、CRF_07BC and C were main HIV-1 gene subtypes among FSWs. CRF_BC subtype accounted for moset, with percentage of 79.5% (including CRF_07BC and CRF_08BC); followed by C subtype 10.7%, CRF01_AE subtype 0.9%.
Conclusions: The prevalence of HIV/STIs were high among FSWs. Unsafe sex and illicit drug use were two main risk and stimulative factors to HIV/STIs infection and transmission among FSWs. Number of clients, duration of sex work, number of work locations in the last year, price level of FSWs, condom using in the commercial sex, having experiences of extracting/ filling/ washing tooth in the last five years, tattoo, drink, drug using were influence factors for HIV/STIs infection among FSWs. CRF_08BC、CRF_07BC and C were main HIV-1 gene subtypes among FSWs. Controlling HIV/STIs transmissions in FSWs was main content to decrease the prevalent rates of HIV/STIs in general population and to protect people’s health. The innovations of this study were as follows: in the design, corss-sectional study and longitudinal study were combined to build a cohort among FSWs, so as to implement prospective cohort study in special populations; in the method of analysis, traditional logistic regression and GEE model were used to analyze HIV/STIs related influence factors among FSWs in different aspects, separately; epidemic survey and HIV-1 gene subtype testing were used together to explore HIV pandemic situations among FSWs.
本研究中暗娼HIV/STIs总体感染率高,不安全性行为、吸毒是暗娼感染、传播HIV/STIs的主要高危因素和促进因素。暗娼付费商业性伴数、从事性服务年数、过去一年从事商业性服务场所数、暗娼档次、商业性行为中安全套、过去五年拔牙、补牙、洗牙经历、纹身、饮酒、毒品使用等是暗娼感染HIV/STIs的影响因素。CRF_08BC、CRF_07BC和C亚型是暗娼人群中主要的HIV-1流行毒株。采取积极多种有效措施减少暗娼高危行为,控制HIV/STIs在该人群中的传播流行是降低我国人群HIV/STIs感染率,保护人群健康的重要内容。本次研究的创新点主要包括:在研究设计上,采用横断面调查与纵向研究设计相结合;在纵向研究基础上实现队列的组建,完成对特殊人群的前瞻式队列研究。在统计方法上采用Logistic回归与GEE模型分析相结合的方法,从不同角度分析暗娼HIV/STIs感染影响因素。采用流行病学调查与HIV-1基因亚型检测相结合,探讨暗娼HIV流行现状。
Multi-angle and deeper purposes of analysis were performed to exlore the prevlaencs of HIV/STIs among female sex workers (FSWs) in one city of Yunnan province in China. According to the data analysis of field epidemiology and lab testing results, unsafe sex and illicit drug use were two main risk and stimulative factors to HIV/STIs infection and transmission among FSWs. The superposition of these two behaviors can not only speed up HIV/STIs spreading in FSWs and drug users, but also enhance the‘bridge’effects of HIV/STIs spreading from high risk populations to general populations. Effective and positive measurements should be taken to reduce high risk behaviors in FSWs. Controlling HIV/STIs transmissions in FSWs was main content to decrease the prevalent rates of HIV/STIs in general population and to protect people’s health.
Objectives: To explore HIV/STIs infections among FSWs and to find out its transmission rules and trends; to explore HIV/STIs related factors among FSWs, so as to provide scientific evidence for HIV/STIs prevention and intervention strategies; to test HIV-1 gene subtype among FSWs, so as to track HIV-1 transmission route and predict its pandemic trend.
Methods: Serial cross-sectional studies and cohort study were performed in one city of Yunnan province during March, 2006 to April, 2008. Convenience sampling was used to collect FSWs’informations on demographic, sexual behaviors, drug use behaviors, other related risk behaviors, HIV/STIs related knowledge, and health seek behaviors every six months. At the same time, HIV and STIs (including HSV-2, Chlamydia trachomatis, gonorrheae, syphilis and trichmonad) were tested. After obtaining HIV/STIs infection rates in each cross-sectional study, we analysed variation trends of infection rate of every disease, and explored related risk factors of HIV/STIs infection among FSWs. HIV/STIs incidence rates and variation trends of related risk behaviors were analyed using data in cohort study which was performed during the repeated cross-sectional studies.HIV-1 gene subtypes were tested which were performed in reference laboratory in National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. SPSS12.0 and SAS9.2 softwares were used to analyze data. Unconditional univeriate logistic regression and multivariate logistic regression were performed to analyze HIV/STIs, HIV related risk factors separately. Variables with p-value≤0.20 in the univeriate logistic regression analysis were put in the model of multivariate logistic regression analysis. Meanwhile, interactions between each variable in the model were analyzed. Forward stepwise was used to select parameters with p<0.05 to enter and p>0.10 to exclude. OR and 95% confidence interval were calculated for each parameters in the final model. Test of goodness of fit was performed to test model fitness. GEE model was performed to analyze HIV/STIs and HIV related risk factors separately in the longitudinal data. Variables with p-value≤0.20 in the univeriate GEE analysis were put in the model of multivariate GEE analysis. Meanwhile, interactions between each variable in the model were also analyzed. Two sides probabilities of p<0.05 were used as significant levels. Two sides probabilities of 0.05 < p <0.10 were used as marginal significant levels.
Results:
1. In the five cross-sectional studies, the median age (±Quartile) of FSWs was 24.0±8.5 years old, 25.0±9.0 years old, 25.0±11.0 years old, 25.0±10.0 years old, and 28.0±13.0 years old, respectively. Most of FSWs were Han ethinicity, accounting for 66.9%, 69.5%, 70.9%, 71.5%, and 73.8% in the studies, respectively; followed by Yi ethinicity, Hui ethinicity, Hani ethinicity, and et al. Many FSWs had low education levels. In the studies, there were 52.2%, 50.0%, 55.7%, 52.1%, and 49.6% FSWs completed middle school, respectively; followed by primary shool/ illiterate, senior high shool and above. Many FSWs were single with percentage of 50.2%, 44.9%, 48.1%, 41.7%, and 36.5%, respectively; followed by cohabited and married. Most of FSWs lived in the rented rooms at present, accounting for 66.5%, 68.2%, 68.8%, 60.5%, and 66.8%, respectively. A lot of FSWs came from other cities which were not Kaiyuan city, accounting for 77.9%, 79.5%, 75.5%, 72.0%, and 69.2%, respectively.
2. HIV infection rates among FSWs in the five cross-secitonal studies were 10.3%, 11.9%, 13.0%, 12.4%, and 11.2%, respectively. The infection rates of STIs were as follows: syphilis: 7.5%, 8.4%, 8.8%, 6.7%, and 4.8%, respectively; trichmonad: 10.6%, 9.0%, 8.2%, 6.1%, and 2.1%; gonorrheae: 8.3%, 5.9%, 5.6%, 6.6%, and 8.3%; Chlamydia trachomatis: 25.9%, 20.0%, 18.1%, 22.5%, and17.4%; HSV-2: 68.1%, 68.5%, 71.1%, 67.0%, and 63.5%; STIs (excluding HIV, if one of the tested diseases result was positive, then the result of STIs infeciton was positive ): 79.1%, 76.0%, 78.6%, 74.9, and 73.3%. The trends of infection among syphilis, trichmonad, Chlamydia trachomatis, and STIs were significantly decreasing. Two new infected HIV occurred during two years study, with cumulative incidence rate of 3.39%. Three new infected HSV-2 occurred during two years study, with cumulative incidence rate of 20%.
3. Behaviors of unsafe sex and illicit drug use were two main risk and stimulative factors to HIV/STIs infection and transmission among FSWs. In the five corss-sectional studies, FSWs who did not use condoms consistently in the commercial sex behaviors in the last week accounted for about 15.9%, 12.8%, 13.8%, 13.6%, and 13.3% , respectively. FSWs who never use condoms with regular sexual partners accounted for 47.3%, 44.1%, 46.7%, 41.1%, and 38.7%, respectively. FSWs who used drugs illicitly accounted for 16.3%, 18.9%, 21.3%, 23.6%, and 18.1%, respectively.
4. Number of clients, duration of sex work, number of work locations in the last year, price level of FSWs, condom using in the commercial sex, having experiences of extracting/ filling/ washing tooth in the last five years, tattoo, drink, drug using were influence factors for HIV/STIs infection among FSWs. 5. CRF_08BC、CRF_07BC and C were main HIV-1 gene subtypes among FSWs. CRF_BC subtype accounted for moset, with percentage of 79.5% (including CRF_07BC and CRF_08BC); followed by C subtype 10.7%, CRF01_AE subtype 0.9%.
Conclusions: The prevalence of HIV/STIs were high among FSWs. Unsafe sex and illicit drug use were two main risk and stimulative factors to HIV/STIs infection and transmission among FSWs. Number of clients, duration of sex work, number of work locations in the last year, price level of FSWs, condom using in the commercial sex, having experiences of extracting/ filling/ washing tooth in the last five years, tattoo, drink, drug using were influence factors for HIV/STIs infection among FSWs. CRF_08BC、CRF_07BC and C were main HIV-1 gene subtypes among FSWs. Controlling HIV/STIs transmissions in FSWs was main content to decrease the prevalent rates of HIV/STIs in general population and to protect people’s health. The innovations of this study were as follows: in the design, corss-sectional study and longitudinal study were combined to build a cohort among FSWs, so as to implement prospective cohort study in special populations; in the method of analysis, traditional logistic regression and GEE model were used to analyze HIV/STIs related influence factors among FSWs in different aspects, separately; epidemic survey and HIV-1 gene subtype testing were used together to explore HIV pandemic situations among FSWs.
引文
[1] Rietmeijer CA. Risk reduction counseling for prevention of sexually transmitted infections: how it works and how to make it work [J]. Sex Transmitted Infection, 2007, 83(1): 2-9.
[2] World Bank. World Development report1993: Investing in Health [R]. Washington: World Bank, 1993.
[3] Vanable PA, Carey MP, Carey KB, et al. Differences in HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior among psychiatric outpatients with and without a history of a sexually transmitted infection [J]. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 2007, 33(1-2): 79-94.
[4] Mayaud P, Mabey D. Approaches to the control of sexually transmitted infections in developing countries: old problems and modern challenges [J]. Sex Transmitted Infection, 2004, 80(3): 174-182.
[5] Fleming DT, Wasserheit JN. From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: The contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection [J]. Sex Transmitted Infection, 1999, 75(3): 3-17.
[6] Gilson L, Mkanje R, Grosskurth H, et al. Cost-effectiveness of improved treatment services for sexually transmitted diseases in preventing HIV-1 infection in Mwanza Region, Tanzania [J]. Lancet, 1997, 350: 1805-1809.
[7] Schmid G.. Economic and programmatic aspects of congenital syphilis prevention [J]. Bull World Health Organ, 2004, 82: 402-409.
[8] Peeling RW, Holmes KK, Mabey D, et al. Rapid tests for sexually transmitted infections (STIs): the way forward [J]. Sex Transmitted Infection, 2006, 82 (Suppl5): v1-v6.
[9] Yin YP, Wu Z, Lin C, et al. Syndromic and laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted infection: a comparative study in China [J]. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 2008, 19(6): 381-384.
[10] World Health Organization. Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Infection: 2006–2015[EB/OC]. (2007-8-28) http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/stis/docs/stiskeymsgs.pdf
[11] Chesson HW, Gift TL, Pulver AL. The economic value of reductions in gonorrhea and syphilis incidence in the United States, 1990-2003 [J]. Preventive Medicine, 2006, 43(5): 411-415.
[12] Weinstock H,Berman S,Cates W JR. Sexually transmitted diseases in American youth: incidence and prevalence estimates [J]. Perspect Sex Reprod Health, 2004, 36(1): 6-10.
[13] Chesson HW, Blandford JM, Gift TL, et al. The estimated direct medical cost of sexually transmitted diseases among American youth, 2000 [J]. Perspect Sex Reprod Health, 2004, 36(1): 11-19.
[14] Hutchinson AB, Farnham PG, Dean HD, et al. The economic burden of HIV in the United States in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: evidence of continuing racial and ethnic differences [J]. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 2006, 43(4): 451-457.
[15] Terris-Presthol F, Vyas S, Kumaranayake L, et al. The costs of treating curable sexually transmitted infections in low-and middle-income countries:a systematic review [J]. Sex Transmitted Disease, 2006, 33(Suppl10): S153-S166.
[16] Chesson HW, Collins D, Koski K. Formulas for estimating the costs averted by sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention programs in the United States [J]. Cost effectiveness and resource allocation, 2008, 6: 10.
[17] Kahende, Jennifer W, Hoch, et al. HIV/AIDS and Economic Development: Evidence from Thirty-Nine Sub-Saharan Countries [J]. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 2008, 7(2): 151-173.
[18] Over M, Piot P. Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection and other sexually transmitted diseases in developing countries: public health importance and priorities for resource allocation [J]. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1996, 174(Supp2): S162- S175.
[19] UNAIDS and WHO, AIDS epidemic update 2009 [EB/OC]. http:// data. unaids.org /pub/Report/2009/JC1700_Epi_Update_2009_en.pdf.
[20] Cheluget B, Baltazar G, Orege P, et al. Evidence for population level declines in adult HIVprevalence in Kenya [J]. Sex Transmitted Infection, 2006, 82 (Suppl1): i121-i126.
[21] Carey MP, Vanable PA, Senn TE, et al. Evaluating a two-step approach to sexual risk reduction in a publicly-funded STI clinic: rationale, design, andbaseline data from the Health Improvement Project-Rochester (HIP-R) [J]. Contemporary clinical trials, 2008, 29(4): 569-586.
[22] Greer L, Wendel GD JR. Rapid diagnostic methods in sexually transmitted infections [J]. Infectious Disease Clinics of North Amercia, 2008, 22(4): 601-617.
[23] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS surveillance report, 2005 [R]. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2006.
[24] Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections. HIV in the United Kingdom: 2008 [R]. London: Health Protection Agency, 2008.
[25] Lattimore S, Yin Z, Logan L, et al. Situation of HIV infections and STIs in the United Kingdom in 2007 [J]. Euro Surveillance, 2008, 13(49):1-2.
[26] Tran TT, Le CL, Nguyen TL. Factors associated with inconsistent condom use among female sex workers in Nha Trang, Vietnam [J]. AsiaPPacific Journal of Public Health, 2008, 20(4): 370-378.
[27] Reza-Paul S, Beattie T, Syed HU, et al. Declines in risk behaviour and sexually transmitted infection prevalence following a community-led HIV preventive intervention among female sex workers in Mysore, India [J]. AIDS, 2008, 22 (Suppl5): S91-S100.
[28] National AIDS Control Organization, National Institute of Medical Statistics. Technical report: India HIV estimates 2006 [R]. New Delhi, National AIDS Control Organization, National Institute of Medical Statistics, 2007.
[29] Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The status of HIV/AIDS infection of Korea, Guidelines for HIV/AIDS Control [R]. KCDC, 2006.
[30] Kee MK, Lee JH, Chu C, et al. Characteristics of HIV seroprevalence of visitors to public health centers under the national HIV surveillance system in Korea: cross sectional study [J]. BMC Public Health, 2009, 9: 123.
[31] World Health Organization. Global Prevalence and Incidence of Selected Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections: Overviews and Estimates [R]. Geneva: WHO, 2001.
[32] Peeling RW, Mabey D, Herring A, et al. Why do we need quality-assured diagnostic tests for sexually transmitted infections? [J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2006, 4 (Suppl12): S7-S 19.
[33] World Health Organization. Global prevalence and incidence of selectedcurable sexually transmitted infections: overview and estimates [R]. Geneva, WHO, 2001.
[34] Mcnabb SJ, Jajosky RA, Hall-Baker PA, et al. Summary of notifiable diseases United States, 2005 [J]. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2007, 54 (53): 1-96.
[35] Cates W JR. Estimates of the incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the united states. American social health association panel [J]. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1999, 26 (Suppl4): S2- S 7.
[36] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases surveillance, 2005 [R]. Atlanta, US Department of Health and Human Services, 2006.
[37] Thomas R., William T. The hidden epidemic: Confronting sexually transmitted diseases [M]. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1997.
[38] World Health Organization. Global prevalence and incidence of curable sexually transmitted infections [R]. Geneva, WHO, 2001.
[39] Bunnell RE, Dahlberg L, Rolfs R, et al. High prevalence and incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in urban adolescent females despite moderate risk behaviour [J]. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1999, 180(5): 1624-1631.
[40] Burstein GR, Gaydos CA, Diener-West M, et al. Incident Chlamydia trachomatis infections among inner-city adolescent females [J]. JAMA, 1998, 280(6): 521-526.
[41] Kilmarx PH, Black CM, Limpakarnjanarat K, et al. Rapid assessment of sexually transmitted diseases in a sentinel population in Thailand: prevalence of chlamydia infection, gonorrhoea, and syphilis among pregnant women, 1996 [J]. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 1998, 74(3): 189-193.
[42] Paul VK, Singh M, Gupta U, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis infection among pregnant women: prevalence and prenatal importance [J]. National Medical Journal of India, 1999, 12(1): 11-14.
[43] Passey M, Mgone CS, Lupiwa S, et al. Community based study of sexually transmitted diseases in rural women in the highlands of Papua New Guinea: prevalence and risk factors [J]. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 1998, 74(2): 120-127.
[44] Thomson J, Lin M, Halliday L et al. Australia's notifiable diseases status, 1998.Annual report of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System [J]. Communicable Diseases Intelligence, 1999, 23(11): 277-305.
[45] Jónsdóttir K, Geirsson RT, Steingrímsson O, et al. Reduced prevalence of cervical Chlamydia infection among women requesting termination [J]. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 1997, 76(5): 438-441.
[46] Munk C, MorréSA, Kjaer SK, et al. PCR detected chlamydia trachomatis infections from the uterine cervix of young women from the general population: prevalence and risk determinants [J]. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1999, 26(6): 325-328.
[47] Kiekwood K, Horn K, Glasier A, et al. Non-invasive screening of teenagers for Chlamydia trachomatis in a family planning setting [J]. British Journal of Family Planning, 1999, 25(1): 11-12.
[48] DEAK J, NAGE E, VEREB I, et al. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a low-risk population in Hungary [J]. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1997, 24(9): 538-542.
[49] Vav De Hoek JA, Mulder-Folkerts DK, Coutinho RA, et al. Opportunistic screening for genital infections with Chlamydia trachomatis among the sexually active population of Amsterdam. [J]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 1999, 143(12): 668-672.
[50] Malkin JE, Prazuck T, Bogard M, et al. Screening of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection in a young Parisian population [J]. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 1999, 75(3): 188-189.
[51] Bavastrelli M, Midulla M, Rossi D, et al. Sexually active adolescents and yound adults: a high risk group for Chlamydia trachomatis infection [J]. Journal of Travel Medicine, 1998, 5(2): 57-60.
[52] Gaete MV, Prado VE, Altamirano PD, et al. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoea in Chilean asymptomatic adolescent males determined by urine sample [J]. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 1999, 75(1): 67-68.
[53] Sim?es J.A., GIRALDO P.C., Faúndes A. Prevalence of cervicovaginal infections during gestation and accuracy of clinical diagnosis [J]. Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1998, 6(3): 129-133.
[54] Behets FM, Ward E, Fox L, et al. Sexually transmitted diseases are common inwomen attending Jamaican family planning clincis and appropriate detecetion tools are lacking [J]. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 1998, 74(Suppl1): S123-S127.
[55] Wessel HF, Herrmann B, Depret A, et al. Genital infections among antenatal care attendees in Cape Verde [J]. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 1998, 2(1): 32-40.
[56] Stuem AW, Wilkinson D, Ndovela N et al. Pregnant women as a reservoir of undetected sexually transmitted diseases in rural South Africa: implications for disease control [J]. Journal of Public Health, 1998, 88(8): 1243-1245.
[57] Bourgeois A, Henzel D, Dibanga G, et al. Prospective evaluation of a flow chart using a risk assessment for the diagnosis of STDs in primary healthcare centres in Libreville, Gabon [J]. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 1998, 74(Suppl1): S128-S132.
[58] Blankhart D, Muller O, Gresenguet G, et al. Sexually transmitted infections in young pregnant women in Bangui, Central African Republic [J]. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 1999, 10(9): 609-614.
[59] Mayaud P, Ka-Gina G, Cornelissen J, et al. Validation of a WHO algorithm with risk assessment for the clinical management of vaginal discharge in Mwanza, Tanzania [J]. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 1998, 74(Suppl1): S77-S84.
[60] De Schryver A, Meheus A. Epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases: the global picture [J]. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1990, 68(5): 639-654.
[61] Anonymous. The incidence of gonorrhoea in England and Wales is rising [J]. Communicable Disease Report, 1997, 7(25): 217, 220.
[62] BERGLUND T, FREDLUND H, RAMSTEDT K. Reemergence of gonorrhea in Sweden [J]. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1999, 26(7): 390-391.
[63] Fox KK, Whittington WL, Levine WC, et al. Gonorrhea in the United States, 1981-1996: Demographic and Geographic trends [J]. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1998, 25(7): 386-393.
[64] World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific. Status and trends of STI, HIV and AIDS at the end of the millennium, Western Pacific Region 1999 [M]. Geneva, WHO, 1999.
[65] Alary M, Baganizii E, Guedeme A, et al. Evaluation of clinical algorithms for the diagnosis of gonococcal and chlamydial infections among men with urethral discharge and dysuria an women with vaginal discharge in Benin [J]. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 1998, 74(Supp1): S44-S49.
[66] Costello DC, WANGELL AM, Hoffman IF, et al. Validation of the WHO diagnositic algorithm and development of an alternative scoring system for the management of women presenting with vaginal discharge in Malawi [J]. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 1998, 74(Supp1): S50-S58.
[67] Garcia-Lechuz JM, Rivera M, Catalan P, et al. Differences in curable STDs between HIV and non-HIV population in Spain. [J]. Aids Patient Care and STDs, 1999, 13(3): 175-177.
[68] Anonymous. Congenital syphilis, United States, 1998 [J]. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1999, 48(340): 757-761.
[69] World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific. Status and trends of STI, HIV and AIDS at the end of the millennium, Western Pacific Region 1999 [M]. Geneva, WHO, 1999.
[70] Meda N, Sangare L, Lankoande S, et al. The HIV epidemic in Burkina Faso: current status and the knowledge level of the population about AIDS, 1994-95 [J]. Revued’Epidemiologie et de SantéPublique, 1998, 46(1): 14-23.
[71] Mbopi Keou FX, Mbu R, Mauclere P, et al. Antenatal HIV prevalence in Yaounde, Cameroon [J]. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 1998, 9(7): 400-402.
[72] Laga M, Mankoa A, Kivuvu M, et al. Nonulcerative sexaually transmitted diseases as risk factors for HIV-1 transmission in women: results from a cohort study [J]. AIDS, 1993, 7: 95-102.
[73] Cothc MF, Pastorek JG, Negent RP, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis associated with low birth weight and pre-term delivery [J]. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1997, 24: 353-360.
[74] SUTTON MY, STERNBERG M, NSUAMI M, et al. Trichomoniasis in pregnant human immunodeficiency virus-infected and human immunodeficiency virus- uninfected congolese women: prevalence, risk factors, and association with low birth weight [J]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1999, 181(3): 656-662.
[75] Emilia MJ, Valdir MP, Adele SB, et al. Prevalence of Chlamydia and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in pregnant women in six Brazilian cities [J]. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet, 2008, 30(12): 614-619.
[76] Levett PN, Taruvinga M, Maheswaran K, et al. Genital tract infections in sexually active women in Barbados [J]. West Indian Medical Journal, 1995, 44(4): 128-129.
[77] ESPINOZA E, EGGER M, HERRMANN B, et al. STD in Nicaragua: population rate estimates and health seeking behaviour[C]. IX International Conference on AIDS (ICAIDS), Jun 6-11; 9: 667. Nicaragua, 1993.
[78] Franjola R, A?azco R, Puente R, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnant women and newborn infants [J]. Revista Medica Chile, 1989, 117(2): 142-145.
[79] Hobbs MM, Kazembe P, Reed AW, et al. Trichomonas vaginaleis as a cause of urethritis in Malawian men [J]. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1999, 26(7): 381-387.
[80] El Seoud SF, Abbas MM, Habib FS. Study of trichomoniasis among Egyptian male patients [J]. Journal of the Egyptian society of Parasitology, 1998, 28(1): 263-270.
[81] Vandepitte J, Lyerla R, Dallabetta G, et al. Estimates of the number of female sex workers in different regions of the world [J]. Sex Transm Infect, 2006, 82(Suppl III): iii18-iii25.
[82] Bautista CT, Sanchez JL, Montano SM, et al. Seroprevalence of and risk factors for HIV-1 infection among female commercial sex workers in South America [J]. Sex Transmitted Infections, 2006, 82(4): 311-316.
[83] Ruxrungtham K, Brownn T, Phanuphak P HIV/AIDS in Asia [J]. The Lancet, 2004, 364(9428): 69-82.
[84] Saphonn V, Sopheab H, Sun LP, et al. Current HIV/AIDS/STI epidemic: intervention programs in Cambodia, 1993–2003 [J]. AIDS Education and Prevention, 2004, 16 (Suppl3A): 64-77.
[85] Sopheab H, Fylkesnes K, O. Vun MC, et al. HIV-related risk behaviors in Cambodia and effects of mobility [J]. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 2006, 41(1): 81-86.
[86] Sopheab H, Fylkesnes K., LIM Y., et al. Community action for preventing HIVin Cambodia: evaluation of a 3-year project [J]. Health Policy Plan, 2008, 23(4): 277-287.
[87] Mateo R JR, Sarol Jn JR, Poblete R. HIV/AIDS in the Philippines [J]. AIDS Education and Prevention, 2004, 16(Suppl3A): 43-52.
[88] Ei-Bassel N, Witte SS, Wada T, et al. Correlates of partner violence among female street-based sex workers: substance abuse, history of childhood abuse, and HIV risks [J]. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 2001, 15(1): 41-51.
[89] Jeal N, Salisbury C. A health needs assessment of street-based prostitutes: Cross sectional survey [J]. Journal of Public Health (Oxford), 2004), 26(2): 147-151.
[90] Jones DL, Irwin KL, Inciardi J, et al. The high-risk sexual practices of crack-smoking sex workers recruited from the streets of three American cities. The Multicenter Crack Cocaine and HIV Infection Study Team [J]. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1998, 25(4): 187-193.
[91] Mallory C, Stern PN. Awakening as a change process among women at risk for HIV who engage in survival sex [J]. Qualitative Health Research, 2000, 10(5): 581-594.
[92] Valera RJ, Sawyer RG, Schiraldi GR. Perceived health needs of innercity street prostitutes: a preliminary study [J]. American Journal of Health Behavior, 2001, 25(1): 50-59.
[93] Harawa NT, Bingham TA. Exploring HIV prevention utilization among female sex workers and male-to-female transgenders [J]. AIDS Education and Prevention, 2009, 21(4): 356-371.
[94] Patterson TL, Semple SJ, Staines H, et al. Prevalence and correlates of HIV infection among female sex workers in two Mexico-U.S border cities [J]. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2008, 197(5): 728-732.
[95] Strathdee SA, Mausbach B, Lozada R, et al. Predictors of Sexual Risk Reduction Among Mexican Female Sex Workers Enrolled in a Behavioral Intervention Study [J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2009, 51(suppl1): S42-S46.
[96] Strathdee SA, Philbin MM, Semple SJ, et al. Correlates of injection drug use among female sex workers in two Mexico-U.S. border cities [J]. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2008, 92(1-3): 132-140.
[97] Okies S. Fighting HIV-lessons from Brazil [J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 2006, 354(19): 1977-1981.
[98] UNAIDS. Brazil: Epidemiological Fact Sheets on HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections [R]. Geneva, UNAIDS, 2004.
[99] Kerrigan D, Telles P, Torres H, et al. Community development and HIV/STI-related vulnerability among female sex workers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [J]. Health Education Research, 2008, 23(1): 137-145.
[100] Cwikel JG, Lazer T, Press F, et al. Sexually transmissible infections among female sex workers: an international review with an emphasis on hard-to-access populations [J]. Sexual Health, 2008, 5(1): 9-16.
[101]国务院防治艾滋病工作委员会办公室,联合国艾滋病中国专题组.中国艾滋病防治联合评估报告(2007) [R].北京, 2007.
[102] Tucker JD, Henderson GE, Wang TF, et al. Surplus men, sex work, and the spread of HIV in China [J]. AIDS, 2005, 19(6): 539-547.
[103] Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, World Health Organization. 2005 Update on the HIV/AIDS Epidemic and Repsonse in China, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS [R]. Beijing, World Health Organization, 2006.
[104] Piper JM. Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Women [J]. Infectious Disease Clinics of North Amercia, 2008, 22(4): 619-635.
[105] KING W, NU'MAN J, FULLER TR, et al. The Diffusion of a Community-Level HIV Intervention for Women: Lessons Learned and Best Practices [J]. Journal of women's health, 2008, 17(7): 1055-1066.
[106] Pinkerton SD, Holtgrave DR, Difranceisco WJ, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a community-level HIV risk reduction intervention [J]. American Journal of Public Health, 1998, 88(8): 1239-1242.
[107] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, AIDS Community Demonstration Project Research Group. The CDC AIDS community demonstration projects: A multi-site community-level intervention to promote HIV risk reduction [J]. American Journal of Public Health, 1999, 89: 336.
[108] Cohen DA, Scribner R. An STD/HIV Prevention Intervention Framework [J]. Aids Patient Care and STDs, 2000, 14(1): 37-45.
[109] Seed J, Allen S, Mertens T, et al. Male circumcision, sexually transmitteddisease, and risk of HIV [J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol, 1995, 8(1): 83-90.
[110] Moses S, Plummer FA, Bradley JE, et al. The association between lack of male circumcision and risk for HIV infection: A review of the epidemiological data [J]. Sex Transmitted Diseases, 1994, 21(4): 201-210.
[111] Hunter DJ, Maggwa BN, Mati JK, et al. Sexual behavior, sexually transmitted diseases, male circumcision, and risk of HIV infection among women in Nairobi, Kenya [J]. AIDS, 1994(1): 93-99.
[112] Ottev Mw JR Zaidi AA, Peterman TA, et al. High rate of HIV seroconversion among patients attending urban sexually transmitted disease clinics [J]. AIDS, 1994, 8(4): 549-553.
[113] Scully C. The HIV global pandemic: the development and emerging implication [J]. Oral Diseases, 1997, 3(Suppl1): S1-S6.
[114] O'brien SJ, Nelson GW, Winkler CA, et al. Polygenic and multifactorial disease gene association in man: Lessons from AIDS [J]. Annual Reveiw of Genetics, 2000, 34: 563-591.
[115] Kanki PJ, Hamel DJ, Sankale JL, et al. Human Immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes differ in diseased progression [J]. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1999, 179(1): 68:73.
[116] Thomson MM, Delgado E, Herrero I, et al. Diversity of mosaic structures and common ancestry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 BF intersubtype recombinant viruses from Argentina revealed by analysis of near full-length genome sequences [J]. Journal of General Virology, 2002, 83(Pt1): 107-119.
[117] Thomson MM, Sierra M, Tanuria, et al. Analysis of near full-length genome sequences of HIV type 1 BF intersubtype recombinant viruses from Brazil reveals their independent origins and their lack of relationship to CRF12_BF [J]. AIDS Research of Human Retroviruses, 2004, 20(10): 1126-1133.
[118] Delgado E, Thomson MM, Villahermosa ML, et al. Identification of a newly characterized HIV-1 BG intersubtype circulating recombinant form in Galicia, Spain, which exhibits a pseudotype-like virion structure [J]. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2002, 29(5): 536-543.
[119] Lee JH, Herzog TA, Meade CD, et al. The use of GEE for analyzing longitudinal binomial data: A primer using data from a tobacco intervention [J].Addictive Behaviors, 2007, 32(1): 187-193.
[120] Ghebremichael M, Larsen U, Paintsil E. Association of age at first sex with HIV-1, HSV-2, and other sexual transmitted infections among women in northern Tanzania [J]. Sex Transmitted Diseases, 2009, 36(9): 570-576.
[121] Sawyer SP, Metz ME. The Attitudes Toward Prostitution Scale: Preliminary Report on Its Development and Use [J]. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 2009, 53(3): 334-347.
[122] Kontula A. The Sex Worker and Her Pleasure [J]. Current Sociology, 2008, 56(4): 605-620.
[123] Hongmei Yang, Xiaoming Li, Bonita Stanton, et al. Heterosexual Transmission of HIV in China: A Systematic Review of Behavioral Studies in the Past Two Decades [J]. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2005, 32(5): 270-280.
[124] Mindel A, Sawleshwarkar S. Condoms for sexually transmissible infection prevention: politics versus science [J]. Sexual Health, 2008, 5(1): 1-8.
[125] Davis KR, Weller SC. The effectiveness of condoms in reducing heterosexual transmission of HIV [J]. Family Planning Perspect, 1999, 31(6): 272-279.
[126] Xu JJ, Wang N, Lu L, et al. HIV and STIs in clients and female sex workers in mining regions of Gejiu City, China [J]. Sex Transmitted Diseases, 2008, 35(6): 558-565.
[127]张岩,吴尊友,刘伟.北海市桑拿、发廊嫖客安全套使用及其影响因素调查[J].预防医学论坛, 2006, 12(1): 32-33.
[128] Lau JT, Wan SP, Yu XN, et al. Changes in condom use behaviours among clients of female sex workers in China [J]. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2009, 859)5: 376-382.
[129] Zhao R, Wangb, Fang X et al. Condom use and self-efficacy among female sex workers with steady partners in China [J]. AIDS Care, 2008, 20(7): 782-790.
[130] Nikki J, Chris S. A health needs assessment of street-based prostitutes: cross sectional survey [J]. Journal of Public Health, 2004, 26(2): 147-151.
[131]张旭彬,柔克明,吴尊友.从社会视角看城市街头暗娼艾滋病高危行为[J].实用预防医学, 2006, 13(4): 1060-1061.
[132] Pyett PM, Warr DJ. Vulnerability on the streets: female sex workers and HIV risk [J]. AIDS Care, 9(5): 539-547.
[133] Nemoto T, Iwamoto M, Colby D, et al. HIV-related risk behaviors among female sex workers in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam [J]. AIDS Education and Prevention, 2008, 20(5): 435-453.
[134] Frezieres RG, Walsh TL, Nelson AL, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of a polyurethane condom: results from a randomized, controlled clinical trial [J]. Family Planning Perspective, 1999, 31(2): 81-87.
[135] Macaluso M, Kelaghan J, Artz L, et al. Mechanical failure of the latex condom in a cohort of women at high STD risk [J]. Sex Transmitted Diseases, 1999, 26(8): 450-458.
[136] Trussel J,Warner DL,Hatcher R. Condom performance during vaginal intercourse: comparison of Trojan-Enz and Tactylon condoms [J]. Contraception, 1992, 45(1): 11-19.
[137] Lu F, Jia Y, Sun X et al. Prevalence of HIV infection and predictors for syphilis infection among female sex workers in southern China [J]. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 2009, 40(2): 263-272.
[138] Enkhbold S, Ugsdelger S, Morita S, et al. HIV/AIDS related knowledge and risk behaviors among female sex workers in two major cities of Mongolia [J]. Nagoya Journal of Medicine Science, 2007, 69(3-4): 157-165.
[139] Lau JT, Zhang J, Zhang L, et al. Comparing prevalence of condom use among 15,379 female sex workers injecting or not injecting drugs in China [J]. Sex Transmitted Diseases, 2007, 34(11): 908-916.
[140] Morris M, Kretzschmar M. Concurrent partnerships and transmission dynamics in networks [J]. Social Networks, 1995(3-4), 17: 299-318.
[141] Morris M, Kretzschmar M. Concurrent partnerships and the spread of HIV [J]. AIDS, 1997, 11(5): 641-648.
[142] Garnett GP, Johnson AM. Coining a new term in epidemiology: Concurrency and HIV [J]. AIDS, 1997, 11(5): 681-693.
[143] Chen L. Genering China's strategy against HIV/AIDS: findings from a resesrch project in Guangdong province [J]. Feminist Economics, 2008, 14(4): 183-211.
[144]刘春,黄民主,李登清,等.女性吸毒者吸毒特点与HBV,HCV重叠感染关系的研究[J].中华现代中西医杂志, 2004, 2(10): 871-872.
[145]国务院防治艾滋病工作委员会办公室,联合国艾滋病中国专题组.中国艾滋病防治联合评估报告[R].北京, 2007.
[146] Todd CS, Khakimov MM, Alibayeva G, et al. Prevalence and correlates of human immunodeficiency virus infection among female sex workers in Tashkent, Uzbekistan [J]. Sex Transmitted Diseases, 2006, 33(8): 496-501.
[147] Azim T, Chowdhury EI, Reza M, et al. Vulnerability to HIV infection among sex worker and non-sex worker female injecting drug users in Dhaka, Bangladesh: evidence from the baseline survey of a cohort study [J]. Harm Reduction Journal., 2006, 3: 33.
[148] Breen C, Roxburgh A, Degenhardt L. Gender differences among regular injecting drug users in Sydney, Australia, 1996-2003 [J]. Drug and Alcohol Review, 2005, 24(4): 353-358.
[149] Estebanez PE, Russell NK, Aguilar MD, et al. Women, drugs and HIV/AIDS: results of a multicentre European study [J]. International Journal of Epidemiology, 2000, 29(4): 734-743.
[150] Macrae R, Aalto E. Gendered power dynamics and HIV risk in drug-using sexual relationships [J]. AIDS Care., 2000, 12(4): 505-515.
[151] Lakon CM, Ennett ST, Norton EC. Mechanisms through which drugs, sex partner and friendship network characteristics relate to risky needle use among high risk youth and young adults [J]. Social Science and Medicine, 2006, 63(9): 2489-2499.
[152] Metsch LR,Perevra M, Purcell DW, et al. Correlates of lending needles/syringes among HIV-seropositive injection drug users [J]. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2007, 46(Suppl2): S72-S79.
[153] Kral A, Bluthenthal R, Erringer E, et al. Risk factors among IDUs who give injections to or receive injections from other drug users [J]. Addiction, 1999, 94(5): 675-683.
[154] SHEARD L,TOMPKINS C.Contradictions and Misperceptions: An Exploration of Injecting Practice, Cleanliness, Risk, and Partnership in the Lives of Women Drug Users [J]. Qualitative Health Research, 2008, 18(11): 1536-1547.
[155] Maria EE. Scars, harm and pain, about being injected among drug using Latina women [J]. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2002, 1(1): 47-69
[156] Darke S, Zador D. Fatal heroin 'overdose': a review [J]. Addiction, 1996, 91(12):1765-1772.
[157] Margaret SM. Drug use, prison, and the social construction of femininity [J]. Women's Studies International Forum, 1999, 22(3): 349-358.
[158] Mcbride AJ, Pates RM, Arnold K et al. Needle fixation, the drug users' perspective, a qualitative study [J]. Addiction, 2001, 96(7): 1049-1058.
[159] Tompkins C, Ghoneim S, Wright N, et al. Needle fear among women injecting drug users: A qualitative study [J]. Journal of Substance Use, 2007, 12(4): 281-291.
[160] Annang L, Grimley DM, Hook Ew 3rd. Vaginal douche practices among black women at risk: exploring douching prevalence, reasons for douching, and sexually transmitted disease infection [J]. Sex Transm Dis, 2006, 33(4): 215-219.
[161] Caliskan D, Subasi N, Sarisen O. Vaginal douching and associated factors among married women attending a family planning clinic or a gynecology clinic [J]. European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Reproductive Biology, 2006, 127(2): 244-251.
[162] Martino JL, Vermund SH. Vaginal douching: evidence for risks or benefits to women's health [J]. Epidemiologic Review, 2002, 2002(24): 109-124.
[163] Amaral R, Giraldo PC, Gon?alves AK, et al. Evaluation of hygienic douching on the vaginal microflora of female sex workers [J]. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 2007, 18(11): 770-773.
[164] Klebanoff MA, Andrews WW, Yu KF, et al. A pilot study of vaginal flora changes with randomization to cessation of douching [J]. Sex Transmitted Diseases, 2006, 33(10): 610-613.
[165] Gupta K, Hillier SL, Hooton TM, et al. Effects of contraceptive method on the vaginal microbial flora: a prospective evaluation [J]. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2000, 181(2): 595-601.
[166] Ministry of Health in People's Republic of China, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. 2005 update on the HIV/AIDS Epidemic and Responses in China [R]. Beijing, 2006.
[167] Ding Y, Detels R, Zhao Z, et al. HIV infection and sexually transmitted diseases in female commercial sex workers in China [J]. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2005, 38(3): 314-319.
[168]田利光,马泽恩,阮玉华,等.吸毒严重地区的暗娼HIV和梅毒新发感染及队列保持研究[J].中华流行病学杂志, 2006, 27(11): 939-942.
[169]张曼,芮宝玲,薛茜,等.乌鲁木齐市暗娼艾滋病、梅毒监测分析[J].中国预防医学杂志, 2006, 7(3): 216-217.
[170] HIV/AIDS: China's titanic peril, 2001 update of the AIDS situation and needs assessment report [R]. Geneva,UNAIDS, 2002.
[171] Tran TN, Detels R, Long HT, et al. HIV infection and risk characteristics among female sex workers in Hanoi, Vietnam [J]. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2005, 39(5): 581-586.
[172] Kim O, Kim SS, Park MS, et al. Seroprevalence of sexually transmitted viruses in Korean populations including HIV positive individuals [J]. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 2003, 14(1): 46-49.
[173] O'farrell N, Thuong NV, Nghia KV, et al. HSV-2 antibodies in female sex workers in Vietnam [J]. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 2006, 17(11): 755-758.
[174] Corey L, Handsfield HH. Genital herpes and public health: addressing a global problem [J].JAMA, 2000, 283(6): 791-794.
[175] Foss AM, Vickerman PT, Chalabi Z, et al. Dynamic Modeling of Herpes Simplex Virus Type-2 (HSV-2) Transmission: Issues in Structural Uncertainty [J]. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 2009, 71(3): 720-749.
[176] Cowan FM, Johnson AM, Ashley R, et al. Antibody to herpes simplex virus type 2 as serological marker of sexual lifestyle in populations [J]. BMJ, 1994, 309(6965): 1325-1329.
[177] Conde-Glez CJ, Juárez-Figueroa L, Uribe-Salas F, et al. Analysis of herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 infection in women with high risk sexual behaviour in Mexico [J]. International Journal of Epidemiology, 1999, 28(3): 571-576.
[178] Lu F, Jia Y, Sun X, et al. Prevalence of HIV Infection and Predictors for Syphilis Infection among Female Sex Workers in Southern China [J]. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 2009, 40(2): 263-272.
[179]吴音,张君,华桂兰,等.暗娼阴道滴虫病调查及干预性研究[J].中国性病艾滋病防治, 2001, 7(6): 366-367.
[180]彭石潜,洪福昌,李永双,等.110例暗娼生殖道沙眼衣原体感染情况调查[J].现代预防医学, 2004, 31(3): 413-414.
[181] Nguyen TV, Van Khuu N, Thi Le TT, et al. Sexually transmitted infections and risk factors for gonorrhea and chlamydia in female sex workers in Soc Trang, Vietnam [J]. Sex Transmitted Diseases, 2008, 35(11): 935-940.
[182] Tan HH, Wong ML, Chan RK. An epidemiological and knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices study of sexually transmitted infections in older men [J]. Singapore Medical Journal, 2006, 47(10): 886-891.
[183] Paone D, Cooperh, Alperen J, et al. HIV risk behaviours of current sex workers attending syringe exchange: the experiences of women in five US cities [J]. AIDS Care, 1999, 11(3): 269-280.
[184]赵余.牙病患者艾滋病传播知识的调查[J].现代实用医学, 2004, 16(9): 554.
[185]刘治清,倪红梅,马晓蓉,等.艾滋病在口腔诊疗工作中的预防[J].口腔医学纵横, 1999, 15(4): 261.
[186] Irigoyen M, Zepeda M, López-Cámara V. Factors associated with Mexico city dentists willingness to treat AIDS/HIV positive patients [J]. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontics, 1998, 86(2): 169-174.
[187] Kalichman SC, Simbayi LC, Vermaak R, et al. Randomized Trial of a Community-based Alcohol-related HIV Risk-reduction Intervention for Men and Women in Cape Town South Africa [J]. Annals of Behavior Medicine., 2008, 36(3): 270-279.
[188] O'farrell N, Thuong NV, Nghia KV, et al. HSV-2 antibodies in female sex workers in Vietnam [J]. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 2006, 17(11): 755-758.
[189] COREY L, WALD A, CELUM CL, et al. The effects of herpes simplex virus-2 on HIV-1 acquisition and transmission: a review of two overlapping epidemics [J]. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2004, 35(5): 435-445.
[190] Zhang Y, Lu L, Ba L, et al. Dominance of HIV-1 Subtype CRF01_AE in Sexually Acquired Cases Leads to a New Epidemic in Yunnan Province of China [J]. PLoS Medicine, 2006, 3(11): 2065-2077.
[191]滕智平,朱托夫,段一娟,等.我国云南瑞丽市区HIV感染者HIV分子流行病学分析[J].中国性病艾滋病防治, 1995, 1(1): 1-5.
[192]梁跃波,李亚平,候中生,等.云南边境地区HIV-1型和HIV-2型混合感染的流行病学分析[J].中国国境卫生检疫杂志, 2007, 30(6): 331-333.
[193] Nerurkar VR, Wu Z, Dashwood WM, et al. Complete nef gene sequence of HIV type 1 subtype B’from professional plasma donors in the People’s Republic of China [J]. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1998, 14(5): 461-464.
[194] Cassol S, Weniger BG, Bau PG, et al. Detection of HIV type 1 env subtypes A, B, C, and E in Asia using dried blood spots: A new surveillance tool for molecular epidemiology [J]. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1996, 12(15): 1435-1441.
[195]邵一鸣,管永军,赵全壁,等.1995年云南瑞丽HIV-l毒株的基因变异分析[J].病毒学报, 1996, 12(1): 9-17.
[196] Beyrer C, Razak MH, Lisam K, et al Overland heroin trafficking routes and HIV-1 spread in south and south—east Asia [J]. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 2000, 14(1): 75-83.
[197]李关汉,陈志伟,陈铮,等.中国部分地区HIV-1流行株基因型分布与母婴传播[J].中华流行病学杂志, 2004, 25(12): 1013-1018.
[198]李华,刑辉,吴健,等.广东国际旅行人员HIV-1基因亚型分析[J].中国国境卫生检疫杂志, 2007, 30(1): 4-8.
[199]邵一鸣,苏玲,刑辉,等.全国范围艾滋病毒分子流行病学研究[J].医学研究通讯, 2000, 29(11): 19-20.
[200] Yang R, Kusagawa S, Zhang C, et al. Identification and characterization of a new class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 recombinants comprised of two circulating recombinant forms, CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC, in China [J]. Journal of Virology, 2003, 77(1): 685-695.
[201] Xiao Y, Kristensen S, Sun J, et al. Expansion of HIV/AIDS in China: Lessons from Yunnan Province [J]. Social Science and Medicine, 2007, 64(3): 665-675.
[202] Mcclutchan FE, Carr JK, Murphy D, et al. Precise mapping of recombination breakpoints suggests a common parent of two BC recombinant HIV type 1 strains circulating in China [J]. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 2002, 18(15): 1135-1140.
[203] Qiu Z, Xing H, Wwi M, et al. Characterization of five nearly full-length genomes of early HIV Type 1 strains in Ruili City: Implications for the genesisof CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC circulating in China [J]. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 2005, 21(12): 1051-1056.
[204]冯铁建,赵广录,陈琳,等.深圳市HIV-1毒株的流行状况[J].中国医学科学院学报, 2006, 28(5): 637-641.
[205] Cheng H, Zhang J, Capizzi J, et al. HIV-1 subtype E in Yunnan , China [J]. Lancet, 1994, 344(8927): 953-954.
[206]潘晓红,姚亚萍,夏时畅,等.浙江省2003-2005年HIV-1感染者分子流行病学研究[J].中国艾滋病性病, 2007, 13(4): 308.
[2] World Bank. World Development report1993: Investing in Health [R]. Washington: World Bank, 1993.
[3] Vanable PA, Carey MP, Carey KB, et al. Differences in HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior among psychiatric outpatients with and without a history of a sexually transmitted infection [J]. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 2007, 33(1-2): 79-94.
[4] Mayaud P, Mabey D. Approaches to the control of sexually transmitted infections in developing countries: old problems and modern challenges [J]. Sex Transmitted Infection, 2004, 80(3): 174-182.
[5] Fleming DT, Wasserheit JN. From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: The contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection [J]. Sex Transmitted Infection, 1999, 75(3): 3-17.
[6] Gilson L, Mkanje R, Grosskurth H, et al. Cost-effectiveness of improved treatment services for sexually transmitted diseases in preventing HIV-1 infection in Mwanza Region, Tanzania [J]. Lancet, 1997, 350: 1805-1809.
[7] Schmid G.. Economic and programmatic aspects of congenital syphilis prevention [J]. Bull World Health Organ, 2004, 82: 402-409.
[8] Peeling RW, Holmes KK, Mabey D, et al. Rapid tests for sexually transmitted infections (STIs): the way forward [J]. Sex Transmitted Infection, 2006, 82 (Suppl5): v1-v6.
[9] Yin YP, Wu Z, Lin C, et al. Syndromic and laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted infection: a comparative study in China [J]. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 2008, 19(6): 381-384.
[10] World Health Organization. Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Infection: 2006–2015[EB/OC]. (2007-8-28) http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/stis/docs/stiskeymsgs.pdf
[11] Chesson HW, Gift TL, Pulver AL. The economic value of reductions in gonorrhea and syphilis incidence in the United States, 1990-2003 [J]. Preventive Medicine, 2006, 43(5): 411-415.
[12] Weinstock H,Berman S,Cates W JR. Sexually transmitted diseases in American youth: incidence and prevalence estimates [J]. Perspect Sex Reprod Health, 2004, 36(1): 6-10.
[13] Chesson HW, Blandford JM, Gift TL, et al. The estimated direct medical cost of sexually transmitted diseases among American youth, 2000 [J]. Perspect Sex Reprod Health, 2004, 36(1): 11-19.
[14] Hutchinson AB, Farnham PG, Dean HD, et al. The economic burden of HIV in the United States in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: evidence of continuing racial and ethnic differences [J]. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 2006, 43(4): 451-457.
[15] Terris-Presthol F, Vyas S, Kumaranayake L, et al. The costs of treating curable sexually transmitted infections in low-and middle-income countries:a systematic review [J]. Sex Transmitted Disease, 2006, 33(Suppl10): S153-S166.
[16] Chesson HW, Collins D, Koski K. Formulas for estimating the costs averted by sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention programs in the United States [J]. Cost effectiveness and resource allocation, 2008, 6: 10.
[17] Kahende, Jennifer W, Hoch, et al. HIV/AIDS and Economic Development: Evidence from Thirty-Nine Sub-Saharan Countries [J]. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 2008, 7(2): 151-173.
[18] Over M, Piot P. Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection and other sexually transmitted diseases in developing countries: public health importance and priorities for resource allocation [J]. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1996, 174(Supp2): S162- S175.
[19] UNAIDS and WHO, AIDS epidemic update 2009 [EB/OC]. http:// data. unaids.org /pub/Report/2009/JC1700_Epi_Update_2009_en.pdf.
[20] Cheluget B, Baltazar G, Orege P, et al. Evidence for population level declines in adult HIVprevalence in Kenya [J]. Sex Transmitted Infection, 2006, 82 (Suppl1): i121-i126.
[21] Carey MP, Vanable PA, Senn TE, et al. Evaluating a two-step approach to sexual risk reduction in a publicly-funded STI clinic: rationale, design, andbaseline data from the Health Improvement Project-Rochester (HIP-R) [J]. Contemporary clinical trials, 2008, 29(4): 569-586.
[22] Greer L, Wendel GD JR. Rapid diagnostic methods in sexually transmitted infections [J]. Infectious Disease Clinics of North Amercia, 2008, 22(4): 601-617.
[23] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS surveillance report, 2005 [R]. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2006.
[24] Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections. HIV in the United Kingdom: 2008 [R]. London: Health Protection Agency, 2008.
[25] Lattimore S, Yin Z, Logan L, et al. Situation of HIV infections and STIs in the United Kingdom in 2007 [J]. Euro Surveillance, 2008, 13(49):1-2.
[26] Tran TT, Le CL, Nguyen TL. Factors associated with inconsistent condom use among female sex workers in Nha Trang, Vietnam [J]. AsiaPPacific Journal of Public Health, 2008, 20(4): 370-378.
[27] Reza-Paul S, Beattie T, Syed HU, et al. Declines in risk behaviour and sexually transmitted infection prevalence following a community-led HIV preventive intervention among female sex workers in Mysore, India [J]. AIDS, 2008, 22 (Suppl5): S91-S100.
[28] National AIDS Control Organization, National Institute of Medical Statistics. Technical report: India HIV estimates 2006 [R]. New Delhi, National AIDS Control Organization, National Institute of Medical Statistics, 2007.
[29] Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The status of HIV/AIDS infection of Korea, Guidelines for HIV/AIDS Control [R]. KCDC, 2006.
[30] Kee MK, Lee JH, Chu C, et al. Characteristics of HIV seroprevalence of visitors to public health centers under the national HIV surveillance system in Korea: cross sectional study [J]. BMC Public Health, 2009, 9: 123.
[31] World Health Organization. Global Prevalence and Incidence of Selected Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections: Overviews and Estimates [R]. Geneva: WHO, 2001.
[32] Peeling RW, Mabey D, Herring A, et al. Why do we need quality-assured diagnostic tests for sexually transmitted infections? [J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2006, 4 (Suppl12): S7-S 19.
[33] World Health Organization. Global prevalence and incidence of selectedcurable sexually transmitted infections: overview and estimates [R]. Geneva, WHO, 2001.
[34] Mcnabb SJ, Jajosky RA, Hall-Baker PA, et al. Summary of notifiable diseases United States, 2005 [J]. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2007, 54 (53): 1-96.
[35] Cates W JR. Estimates of the incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the united states. American social health association panel [J]. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1999, 26 (Suppl4): S2- S 7.
[36] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases surveillance, 2005 [R]. Atlanta, US Department of Health and Human Services, 2006.
[37] Thomas R., William T. The hidden epidemic: Confronting sexually transmitted diseases [M]. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1997.
[38] World Health Organization. Global prevalence and incidence of curable sexually transmitted infections [R]. Geneva, WHO, 2001.
[39] Bunnell RE, Dahlberg L, Rolfs R, et al. High prevalence and incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in urban adolescent females despite moderate risk behaviour [J]. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1999, 180(5): 1624-1631.
[40] Burstein GR, Gaydos CA, Diener-West M, et al. Incident Chlamydia trachomatis infections among inner-city adolescent females [J]. JAMA, 1998, 280(6): 521-526.
[41] Kilmarx PH, Black CM, Limpakarnjanarat K, et al. Rapid assessment of sexually transmitted diseases in a sentinel population in Thailand: prevalence of chlamydia infection, gonorrhoea, and syphilis among pregnant women, 1996 [J]. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 1998, 74(3): 189-193.
[42] Paul VK, Singh M, Gupta U, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis infection among pregnant women: prevalence and prenatal importance [J]. National Medical Journal of India, 1999, 12(1): 11-14.
[43] Passey M, Mgone CS, Lupiwa S, et al. Community based study of sexually transmitted diseases in rural women in the highlands of Papua New Guinea: prevalence and risk factors [J]. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 1998, 74(2): 120-127.
[44] Thomson J, Lin M, Halliday L et al. Australia's notifiable diseases status, 1998.Annual report of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System [J]. Communicable Diseases Intelligence, 1999, 23(11): 277-305.
[45] Jónsdóttir K, Geirsson RT, Steingrímsson O, et al. Reduced prevalence of cervical Chlamydia infection among women requesting termination [J]. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 1997, 76(5): 438-441.
[46] Munk C, MorréSA, Kjaer SK, et al. PCR detected chlamydia trachomatis infections from the uterine cervix of young women from the general population: prevalence and risk determinants [J]. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1999, 26(6): 325-328.
[47] Kiekwood K, Horn K, Glasier A, et al. Non-invasive screening of teenagers for Chlamydia trachomatis in a family planning setting [J]. British Journal of Family Planning, 1999, 25(1): 11-12.
[48] DEAK J, NAGE E, VEREB I, et al. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a low-risk population in Hungary [J]. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1997, 24(9): 538-542.
[49] Vav De Hoek JA, Mulder-Folkerts DK, Coutinho RA, et al. Opportunistic screening for genital infections with Chlamydia trachomatis among the sexually active population of Amsterdam. [J]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 1999, 143(12): 668-672.
[50] Malkin JE, Prazuck T, Bogard M, et al. Screening of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection in a young Parisian population [J]. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 1999, 75(3): 188-189.
[51] Bavastrelli M, Midulla M, Rossi D, et al. Sexually active adolescents and yound adults: a high risk group for Chlamydia trachomatis infection [J]. Journal of Travel Medicine, 1998, 5(2): 57-60.
[52] Gaete MV, Prado VE, Altamirano PD, et al. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoea in Chilean asymptomatic adolescent males determined by urine sample [J]. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 1999, 75(1): 67-68.
[53] Sim?es J.A., GIRALDO P.C., Faúndes A. Prevalence of cervicovaginal infections during gestation and accuracy of clinical diagnosis [J]. Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1998, 6(3): 129-133.
[54] Behets FM, Ward E, Fox L, et al. Sexually transmitted diseases are common inwomen attending Jamaican family planning clincis and appropriate detecetion tools are lacking [J]. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 1998, 74(Suppl1): S123-S127.
[55] Wessel HF, Herrmann B, Depret A, et al. Genital infections among antenatal care attendees in Cape Verde [J]. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 1998, 2(1): 32-40.
[56] Stuem AW, Wilkinson D, Ndovela N et al. Pregnant women as a reservoir of undetected sexually transmitted diseases in rural South Africa: implications for disease control [J]. Journal of Public Health, 1998, 88(8): 1243-1245.
[57] Bourgeois A, Henzel D, Dibanga G, et al. Prospective evaluation of a flow chart using a risk assessment for the diagnosis of STDs in primary healthcare centres in Libreville, Gabon [J]. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 1998, 74(Suppl1): S128-S132.
[58] Blankhart D, Muller O, Gresenguet G, et al. Sexually transmitted infections in young pregnant women in Bangui, Central African Republic [J]. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 1999, 10(9): 609-614.
[59] Mayaud P, Ka-Gina G, Cornelissen J, et al. Validation of a WHO algorithm with risk assessment for the clinical management of vaginal discharge in Mwanza, Tanzania [J]. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 1998, 74(Suppl1): S77-S84.
[60] De Schryver A, Meheus A. Epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases: the global picture [J]. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1990, 68(5): 639-654.
[61] Anonymous. The incidence of gonorrhoea in England and Wales is rising [J]. Communicable Disease Report, 1997, 7(25): 217, 220.
[62] BERGLUND T, FREDLUND H, RAMSTEDT K. Reemergence of gonorrhea in Sweden [J]. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1999, 26(7): 390-391.
[63] Fox KK, Whittington WL, Levine WC, et al. Gonorrhea in the United States, 1981-1996: Demographic and Geographic trends [J]. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1998, 25(7): 386-393.
[64] World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific. Status and trends of STI, HIV and AIDS at the end of the millennium, Western Pacific Region 1999 [M]. Geneva, WHO, 1999.
[65] Alary M, Baganizii E, Guedeme A, et al. Evaluation of clinical algorithms for the diagnosis of gonococcal and chlamydial infections among men with urethral discharge and dysuria an women with vaginal discharge in Benin [J]. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 1998, 74(Supp1): S44-S49.
[66] Costello DC, WANGELL AM, Hoffman IF, et al. Validation of the WHO diagnositic algorithm and development of an alternative scoring system for the management of women presenting with vaginal discharge in Malawi [J]. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 1998, 74(Supp1): S50-S58.
[67] Garcia-Lechuz JM, Rivera M, Catalan P, et al. Differences in curable STDs between HIV and non-HIV population in Spain. [J]. Aids Patient Care and STDs, 1999, 13(3): 175-177.
[68] Anonymous. Congenital syphilis, United States, 1998 [J]. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1999, 48(340): 757-761.
[69] World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific. Status and trends of STI, HIV and AIDS at the end of the millennium, Western Pacific Region 1999 [M]. Geneva, WHO, 1999.
[70] Meda N, Sangare L, Lankoande S, et al. The HIV epidemic in Burkina Faso: current status and the knowledge level of the population about AIDS, 1994-95 [J]. Revued’Epidemiologie et de SantéPublique, 1998, 46(1): 14-23.
[71] Mbopi Keou FX, Mbu R, Mauclere P, et al. Antenatal HIV prevalence in Yaounde, Cameroon [J]. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 1998, 9(7): 400-402.
[72] Laga M, Mankoa A, Kivuvu M, et al. Nonulcerative sexaually transmitted diseases as risk factors for HIV-1 transmission in women: results from a cohort study [J]. AIDS, 1993, 7: 95-102.
[73] Cothc MF, Pastorek JG, Negent RP, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis associated with low birth weight and pre-term delivery [J]. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1997, 24: 353-360.
[74] SUTTON MY, STERNBERG M, NSUAMI M, et al. Trichomoniasis in pregnant human immunodeficiency virus-infected and human immunodeficiency virus- uninfected congolese women: prevalence, risk factors, and association with low birth weight [J]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1999, 181(3): 656-662.
[75] Emilia MJ, Valdir MP, Adele SB, et al. Prevalence of Chlamydia and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in pregnant women in six Brazilian cities [J]. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet, 2008, 30(12): 614-619.
[76] Levett PN, Taruvinga M, Maheswaran K, et al. Genital tract infections in sexually active women in Barbados [J]. West Indian Medical Journal, 1995, 44(4): 128-129.
[77] ESPINOZA E, EGGER M, HERRMANN B, et al. STD in Nicaragua: population rate estimates and health seeking behaviour[C]. IX International Conference on AIDS (ICAIDS), Jun 6-11; 9: 667. Nicaragua, 1993.
[78] Franjola R, A?azco R, Puente R, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnant women and newborn infants [J]. Revista Medica Chile, 1989, 117(2): 142-145.
[79] Hobbs MM, Kazembe P, Reed AW, et al. Trichomonas vaginaleis as a cause of urethritis in Malawian men [J]. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1999, 26(7): 381-387.
[80] El Seoud SF, Abbas MM, Habib FS. Study of trichomoniasis among Egyptian male patients [J]. Journal of the Egyptian society of Parasitology, 1998, 28(1): 263-270.
[81] Vandepitte J, Lyerla R, Dallabetta G, et al. Estimates of the number of female sex workers in different regions of the world [J]. Sex Transm Infect, 2006, 82(Suppl III): iii18-iii25.
[82] Bautista CT, Sanchez JL, Montano SM, et al. Seroprevalence of and risk factors for HIV-1 infection among female commercial sex workers in South America [J]. Sex Transmitted Infections, 2006, 82(4): 311-316.
[83] Ruxrungtham K, Brownn T, Phanuphak P HIV/AIDS in Asia [J]. The Lancet, 2004, 364(9428): 69-82.
[84] Saphonn V, Sopheab H, Sun LP, et al. Current HIV/AIDS/STI epidemic: intervention programs in Cambodia, 1993–2003 [J]. AIDS Education and Prevention, 2004, 16 (Suppl3A): 64-77.
[85] Sopheab H, Fylkesnes K, O. Vun MC, et al. HIV-related risk behaviors in Cambodia and effects of mobility [J]. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 2006, 41(1): 81-86.
[86] Sopheab H, Fylkesnes K., LIM Y., et al. Community action for preventing HIVin Cambodia: evaluation of a 3-year project [J]. Health Policy Plan, 2008, 23(4): 277-287.
[87] Mateo R JR, Sarol Jn JR, Poblete R. HIV/AIDS in the Philippines [J]. AIDS Education and Prevention, 2004, 16(Suppl3A): 43-52.
[88] Ei-Bassel N, Witte SS, Wada T, et al. Correlates of partner violence among female street-based sex workers: substance abuse, history of childhood abuse, and HIV risks [J]. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 2001, 15(1): 41-51.
[89] Jeal N, Salisbury C. A health needs assessment of street-based prostitutes: Cross sectional survey [J]. Journal of Public Health (Oxford), 2004), 26(2): 147-151.
[90] Jones DL, Irwin KL, Inciardi J, et al. The high-risk sexual practices of crack-smoking sex workers recruited from the streets of three American cities. The Multicenter Crack Cocaine and HIV Infection Study Team [J]. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1998, 25(4): 187-193.
[91] Mallory C, Stern PN. Awakening as a change process among women at risk for HIV who engage in survival sex [J]. Qualitative Health Research, 2000, 10(5): 581-594.
[92] Valera RJ, Sawyer RG, Schiraldi GR. Perceived health needs of innercity street prostitutes: a preliminary study [J]. American Journal of Health Behavior, 2001, 25(1): 50-59.
[93] Harawa NT, Bingham TA. Exploring HIV prevention utilization among female sex workers and male-to-female transgenders [J]. AIDS Education and Prevention, 2009, 21(4): 356-371.
[94] Patterson TL, Semple SJ, Staines H, et al. Prevalence and correlates of HIV infection among female sex workers in two Mexico-U.S border cities [J]. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2008, 197(5): 728-732.
[95] Strathdee SA, Mausbach B, Lozada R, et al. Predictors of Sexual Risk Reduction Among Mexican Female Sex Workers Enrolled in a Behavioral Intervention Study [J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2009, 51(suppl1): S42-S46.
[96] Strathdee SA, Philbin MM, Semple SJ, et al. Correlates of injection drug use among female sex workers in two Mexico-U.S. border cities [J]. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2008, 92(1-3): 132-140.
[97] Okies S. Fighting HIV-lessons from Brazil [J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 2006, 354(19): 1977-1981.
[98] UNAIDS. Brazil: Epidemiological Fact Sheets on HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections [R]. Geneva, UNAIDS, 2004.
[99] Kerrigan D, Telles P, Torres H, et al. Community development and HIV/STI-related vulnerability among female sex workers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [J]. Health Education Research, 2008, 23(1): 137-145.
[100] Cwikel JG, Lazer T, Press F, et al. Sexually transmissible infections among female sex workers: an international review with an emphasis on hard-to-access populations [J]. Sexual Health, 2008, 5(1): 9-16.
[101]国务院防治艾滋病工作委员会办公室,联合国艾滋病中国专题组.中国艾滋病防治联合评估报告(2007) [R].北京, 2007.
[102] Tucker JD, Henderson GE, Wang TF, et al. Surplus men, sex work, and the spread of HIV in China [J]. AIDS, 2005, 19(6): 539-547.
[103] Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, World Health Organization. 2005 Update on the HIV/AIDS Epidemic and Repsonse in China, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS [R]. Beijing, World Health Organization, 2006.
[104] Piper JM. Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Women [J]. Infectious Disease Clinics of North Amercia, 2008, 22(4): 619-635.
[105] KING W, NU'MAN J, FULLER TR, et al. The Diffusion of a Community-Level HIV Intervention for Women: Lessons Learned and Best Practices [J]. Journal of women's health, 2008, 17(7): 1055-1066.
[106] Pinkerton SD, Holtgrave DR, Difranceisco WJ, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a community-level HIV risk reduction intervention [J]. American Journal of Public Health, 1998, 88(8): 1239-1242.
[107] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, AIDS Community Demonstration Project Research Group. The CDC AIDS community demonstration projects: A multi-site community-level intervention to promote HIV risk reduction [J]. American Journal of Public Health, 1999, 89: 336.
[108] Cohen DA, Scribner R. An STD/HIV Prevention Intervention Framework [J]. Aids Patient Care and STDs, 2000, 14(1): 37-45.
[109] Seed J, Allen S, Mertens T, et al. Male circumcision, sexually transmitteddisease, and risk of HIV [J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol, 1995, 8(1): 83-90.
[110] Moses S, Plummer FA, Bradley JE, et al. The association between lack of male circumcision and risk for HIV infection: A review of the epidemiological data [J]. Sex Transmitted Diseases, 1994, 21(4): 201-210.
[111] Hunter DJ, Maggwa BN, Mati JK, et al. Sexual behavior, sexually transmitted diseases, male circumcision, and risk of HIV infection among women in Nairobi, Kenya [J]. AIDS, 1994(1): 93-99.
[112] Ottev Mw JR Zaidi AA, Peterman TA, et al. High rate of HIV seroconversion among patients attending urban sexually transmitted disease clinics [J]. AIDS, 1994, 8(4): 549-553.
[113] Scully C. The HIV global pandemic: the development and emerging implication [J]. Oral Diseases, 1997, 3(Suppl1): S1-S6.
[114] O'brien SJ, Nelson GW, Winkler CA, et al. Polygenic and multifactorial disease gene association in man: Lessons from AIDS [J]. Annual Reveiw of Genetics, 2000, 34: 563-591.
[115] Kanki PJ, Hamel DJ, Sankale JL, et al. Human Immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes differ in diseased progression [J]. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1999, 179(1): 68:73.
[116] Thomson MM, Delgado E, Herrero I, et al. Diversity of mosaic structures and common ancestry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 BF intersubtype recombinant viruses from Argentina revealed by analysis of near full-length genome sequences [J]. Journal of General Virology, 2002, 83(Pt1): 107-119.
[117] Thomson MM, Sierra M, Tanuria, et al. Analysis of near full-length genome sequences of HIV type 1 BF intersubtype recombinant viruses from Brazil reveals their independent origins and their lack of relationship to CRF12_BF [J]. AIDS Research of Human Retroviruses, 2004, 20(10): 1126-1133.
[118] Delgado E, Thomson MM, Villahermosa ML, et al. Identification of a newly characterized HIV-1 BG intersubtype circulating recombinant form in Galicia, Spain, which exhibits a pseudotype-like virion structure [J]. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2002, 29(5): 536-543.
[119] Lee JH, Herzog TA, Meade CD, et al. The use of GEE for analyzing longitudinal binomial data: A primer using data from a tobacco intervention [J].Addictive Behaviors, 2007, 32(1): 187-193.
[120] Ghebremichael M, Larsen U, Paintsil E. Association of age at first sex with HIV-1, HSV-2, and other sexual transmitted infections among women in northern Tanzania [J]. Sex Transmitted Diseases, 2009, 36(9): 570-576.
[121] Sawyer SP, Metz ME. The Attitudes Toward Prostitution Scale: Preliminary Report on Its Development and Use [J]. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 2009, 53(3): 334-347.
[122] Kontula A. The Sex Worker and Her Pleasure [J]. Current Sociology, 2008, 56(4): 605-620.
[123] Hongmei Yang, Xiaoming Li, Bonita Stanton, et al. Heterosexual Transmission of HIV in China: A Systematic Review of Behavioral Studies in the Past Two Decades [J]. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2005, 32(5): 270-280.
[124] Mindel A, Sawleshwarkar S. Condoms for sexually transmissible infection prevention: politics versus science [J]. Sexual Health, 2008, 5(1): 1-8.
[125] Davis KR, Weller SC. The effectiveness of condoms in reducing heterosexual transmission of HIV [J]. Family Planning Perspect, 1999, 31(6): 272-279.
[126] Xu JJ, Wang N, Lu L, et al. HIV and STIs in clients and female sex workers in mining regions of Gejiu City, China [J]. Sex Transmitted Diseases, 2008, 35(6): 558-565.
[127]张岩,吴尊友,刘伟.北海市桑拿、发廊嫖客安全套使用及其影响因素调查[J].预防医学论坛, 2006, 12(1): 32-33.
[128] Lau JT, Wan SP, Yu XN, et al. Changes in condom use behaviours among clients of female sex workers in China [J]. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2009, 859)5: 376-382.
[129] Zhao R, Wangb, Fang X et al. Condom use and self-efficacy among female sex workers with steady partners in China [J]. AIDS Care, 2008, 20(7): 782-790.
[130] Nikki J, Chris S. A health needs assessment of street-based prostitutes: cross sectional survey [J]. Journal of Public Health, 2004, 26(2): 147-151.
[131]张旭彬,柔克明,吴尊友.从社会视角看城市街头暗娼艾滋病高危行为[J].实用预防医学, 2006, 13(4): 1060-1061.
[132] Pyett PM, Warr DJ. Vulnerability on the streets: female sex workers and HIV risk [J]. AIDS Care, 9(5): 539-547.
[133] Nemoto T, Iwamoto M, Colby D, et al. HIV-related risk behaviors among female sex workers in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam [J]. AIDS Education and Prevention, 2008, 20(5): 435-453.
[134] Frezieres RG, Walsh TL, Nelson AL, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of a polyurethane condom: results from a randomized, controlled clinical trial [J]. Family Planning Perspective, 1999, 31(2): 81-87.
[135] Macaluso M, Kelaghan J, Artz L, et al. Mechanical failure of the latex condom in a cohort of women at high STD risk [J]. Sex Transmitted Diseases, 1999, 26(8): 450-458.
[136] Trussel J,Warner DL,Hatcher R. Condom performance during vaginal intercourse: comparison of Trojan-Enz and Tactylon condoms [J]. Contraception, 1992, 45(1): 11-19.
[137] Lu F, Jia Y, Sun X et al. Prevalence of HIV infection and predictors for syphilis infection among female sex workers in southern China [J]. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 2009, 40(2): 263-272.
[138] Enkhbold S, Ugsdelger S, Morita S, et al. HIV/AIDS related knowledge and risk behaviors among female sex workers in two major cities of Mongolia [J]. Nagoya Journal of Medicine Science, 2007, 69(3-4): 157-165.
[139] Lau JT, Zhang J, Zhang L, et al. Comparing prevalence of condom use among 15,379 female sex workers injecting or not injecting drugs in China [J]. Sex Transmitted Diseases, 2007, 34(11): 908-916.
[140] Morris M, Kretzschmar M. Concurrent partnerships and transmission dynamics in networks [J]. Social Networks, 1995(3-4), 17: 299-318.
[141] Morris M, Kretzschmar M. Concurrent partnerships and the spread of HIV [J]. AIDS, 1997, 11(5): 641-648.
[142] Garnett GP, Johnson AM. Coining a new term in epidemiology: Concurrency and HIV [J]. AIDS, 1997, 11(5): 681-693.
[143] Chen L. Genering China's strategy against HIV/AIDS: findings from a resesrch project in Guangdong province [J]. Feminist Economics, 2008, 14(4): 183-211.
[144]刘春,黄民主,李登清,等.女性吸毒者吸毒特点与HBV,HCV重叠感染关系的研究[J].中华现代中西医杂志, 2004, 2(10): 871-872.
[145]国务院防治艾滋病工作委员会办公室,联合国艾滋病中国专题组.中国艾滋病防治联合评估报告[R].北京, 2007.
[146] Todd CS, Khakimov MM, Alibayeva G, et al. Prevalence and correlates of human immunodeficiency virus infection among female sex workers in Tashkent, Uzbekistan [J]. Sex Transmitted Diseases, 2006, 33(8): 496-501.
[147] Azim T, Chowdhury EI, Reza M, et al. Vulnerability to HIV infection among sex worker and non-sex worker female injecting drug users in Dhaka, Bangladesh: evidence from the baseline survey of a cohort study [J]. Harm Reduction Journal., 2006, 3: 33.
[148] Breen C, Roxburgh A, Degenhardt L. Gender differences among regular injecting drug users in Sydney, Australia, 1996-2003 [J]. Drug and Alcohol Review, 2005, 24(4): 353-358.
[149] Estebanez PE, Russell NK, Aguilar MD, et al. Women, drugs and HIV/AIDS: results of a multicentre European study [J]. International Journal of Epidemiology, 2000, 29(4): 734-743.
[150] Macrae R, Aalto E. Gendered power dynamics and HIV risk in drug-using sexual relationships [J]. AIDS Care., 2000, 12(4): 505-515.
[151] Lakon CM, Ennett ST, Norton EC. Mechanisms through which drugs, sex partner and friendship network characteristics relate to risky needle use among high risk youth and young adults [J]. Social Science and Medicine, 2006, 63(9): 2489-2499.
[152] Metsch LR,Perevra M, Purcell DW, et al. Correlates of lending needles/syringes among HIV-seropositive injection drug users [J]. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2007, 46(Suppl2): S72-S79.
[153] Kral A, Bluthenthal R, Erringer E, et al. Risk factors among IDUs who give injections to or receive injections from other drug users [J]. Addiction, 1999, 94(5): 675-683.
[154] SHEARD L,TOMPKINS C.Contradictions and Misperceptions: An Exploration of Injecting Practice, Cleanliness, Risk, and Partnership in the Lives of Women Drug Users [J]. Qualitative Health Research, 2008, 18(11): 1536-1547.
[155] Maria EE. Scars, harm and pain, about being injected among drug using Latina women [J]. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2002, 1(1): 47-69
[156] Darke S, Zador D. Fatal heroin 'overdose': a review [J]. Addiction, 1996, 91(12):1765-1772.
[157] Margaret SM. Drug use, prison, and the social construction of femininity [J]. Women's Studies International Forum, 1999, 22(3): 349-358.
[158] Mcbride AJ, Pates RM, Arnold K et al. Needle fixation, the drug users' perspective, a qualitative study [J]. Addiction, 2001, 96(7): 1049-1058.
[159] Tompkins C, Ghoneim S, Wright N, et al. Needle fear among women injecting drug users: A qualitative study [J]. Journal of Substance Use, 2007, 12(4): 281-291.
[160] Annang L, Grimley DM, Hook Ew 3rd. Vaginal douche practices among black women at risk: exploring douching prevalence, reasons for douching, and sexually transmitted disease infection [J]. Sex Transm Dis, 2006, 33(4): 215-219.
[161] Caliskan D, Subasi N, Sarisen O. Vaginal douching and associated factors among married women attending a family planning clinic or a gynecology clinic [J]. European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Reproductive Biology, 2006, 127(2): 244-251.
[162] Martino JL, Vermund SH. Vaginal douching: evidence for risks or benefits to women's health [J]. Epidemiologic Review, 2002, 2002(24): 109-124.
[163] Amaral R, Giraldo PC, Gon?alves AK, et al. Evaluation of hygienic douching on the vaginal microflora of female sex workers [J]. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 2007, 18(11): 770-773.
[164] Klebanoff MA, Andrews WW, Yu KF, et al. A pilot study of vaginal flora changes with randomization to cessation of douching [J]. Sex Transmitted Diseases, 2006, 33(10): 610-613.
[165] Gupta K, Hillier SL, Hooton TM, et al. Effects of contraceptive method on the vaginal microbial flora: a prospective evaluation [J]. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2000, 181(2): 595-601.
[166] Ministry of Health in People's Republic of China, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. 2005 update on the HIV/AIDS Epidemic and Responses in China [R]. Beijing, 2006.
[167] Ding Y, Detels R, Zhao Z, et al. HIV infection and sexually transmitted diseases in female commercial sex workers in China [J]. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2005, 38(3): 314-319.
[168]田利光,马泽恩,阮玉华,等.吸毒严重地区的暗娼HIV和梅毒新发感染及队列保持研究[J].中华流行病学杂志, 2006, 27(11): 939-942.
[169]张曼,芮宝玲,薛茜,等.乌鲁木齐市暗娼艾滋病、梅毒监测分析[J].中国预防医学杂志, 2006, 7(3): 216-217.
[170] HIV/AIDS: China's titanic peril, 2001 update of the AIDS situation and needs assessment report [R]. Geneva,UNAIDS, 2002.
[171] Tran TN, Detels R, Long HT, et al. HIV infection and risk characteristics among female sex workers in Hanoi, Vietnam [J]. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2005, 39(5): 581-586.
[172] Kim O, Kim SS, Park MS, et al. Seroprevalence of sexually transmitted viruses in Korean populations including HIV positive individuals [J]. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 2003, 14(1): 46-49.
[173] O'farrell N, Thuong NV, Nghia KV, et al. HSV-2 antibodies in female sex workers in Vietnam [J]. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 2006, 17(11): 755-758.
[174] Corey L, Handsfield HH. Genital herpes and public health: addressing a global problem [J].JAMA, 2000, 283(6): 791-794.
[175] Foss AM, Vickerman PT, Chalabi Z, et al. Dynamic Modeling of Herpes Simplex Virus Type-2 (HSV-2) Transmission: Issues in Structural Uncertainty [J]. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 2009, 71(3): 720-749.
[176] Cowan FM, Johnson AM, Ashley R, et al. Antibody to herpes simplex virus type 2 as serological marker of sexual lifestyle in populations [J]. BMJ, 1994, 309(6965): 1325-1329.
[177] Conde-Glez CJ, Juárez-Figueroa L, Uribe-Salas F, et al. Analysis of herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 infection in women with high risk sexual behaviour in Mexico [J]. International Journal of Epidemiology, 1999, 28(3): 571-576.
[178] Lu F, Jia Y, Sun X, et al. Prevalence of HIV Infection and Predictors for Syphilis Infection among Female Sex Workers in Southern China [J]. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 2009, 40(2): 263-272.
[179]吴音,张君,华桂兰,等.暗娼阴道滴虫病调查及干预性研究[J].中国性病艾滋病防治, 2001, 7(6): 366-367.
[180]彭石潜,洪福昌,李永双,等.110例暗娼生殖道沙眼衣原体感染情况调查[J].现代预防医学, 2004, 31(3): 413-414.
[181] Nguyen TV, Van Khuu N, Thi Le TT, et al. Sexually transmitted infections and risk factors for gonorrhea and chlamydia in female sex workers in Soc Trang, Vietnam [J]. Sex Transmitted Diseases, 2008, 35(11): 935-940.
[182] Tan HH, Wong ML, Chan RK. An epidemiological and knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices study of sexually transmitted infections in older men [J]. Singapore Medical Journal, 2006, 47(10): 886-891.
[183] Paone D, Cooperh, Alperen J, et al. HIV risk behaviours of current sex workers attending syringe exchange: the experiences of women in five US cities [J]. AIDS Care, 1999, 11(3): 269-280.
[184]赵余.牙病患者艾滋病传播知识的调查[J].现代实用医学, 2004, 16(9): 554.
[185]刘治清,倪红梅,马晓蓉,等.艾滋病在口腔诊疗工作中的预防[J].口腔医学纵横, 1999, 15(4): 261.
[186] Irigoyen M, Zepeda M, López-Cámara V. Factors associated with Mexico city dentists willingness to treat AIDS/HIV positive patients [J]. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontics, 1998, 86(2): 169-174.
[187] Kalichman SC, Simbayi LC, Vermaak R, et al. Randomized Trial of a Community-based Alcohol-related HIV Risk-reduction Intervention for Men and Women in Cape Town South Africa [J]. Annals of Behavior Medicine., 2008, 36(3): 270-279.
[188] O'farrell N, Thuong NV, Nghia KV, et al. HSV-2 antibodies in female sex workers in Vietnam [J]. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 2006, 17(11): 755-758.
[189] COREY L, WALD A, CELUM CL, et al. The effects of herpes simplex virus-2 on HIV-1 acquisition and transmission: a review of two overlapping epidemics [J]. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2004, 35(5): 435-445.
[190] Zhang Y, Lu L, Ba L, et al. Dominance of HIV-1 Subtype CRF01_AE in Sexually Acquired Cases Leads to a New Epidemic in Yunnan Province of China [J]. PLoS Medicine, 2006, 3(11): 2065-2077.
[191]滕智平,朱托夫,段一娟,等.我国云南瑞丽市区HIV感染者HIV分子流行病学分析[J].中国性病艾滋病防治, 1995, 1(1): 1-5.
[192]梁跃波,李亚平,候中生,等.云南边境地区HIV-1型和HIV-2型混合感染的流行病学分析[J].中国国境卫生检疫杂志, 2007, 30(6): 331-333.
[193] Nerurkar VR, Wu Z, Dashwood WM, et al. Complete nef gene sequence of HIV type 1 subtype B’from professional plasma donors in the People’s Republic of China [J]. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1998, 14(5): 461-464.
[194] Cassol S, Weniger BG, Bau PG, et al. Detection of HIV type 1 env subtypes A, B, C, and E in Asia using dried blood spots: A new surveillance tool for molecular epidemiology [J]. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1996, 12(15): 1435-1441.
[195]邵一鸣,管永军,赵全壁,等.1995年云南瑞丽HIV-l毒株的基因变异分析[J].病毒学报, 1996, 12(1): 9-17.
[196] Beyrer C, Razak MH, Lisam K, et al Overland heroin trafficking routes and HIV-1 spread in south and south—east Asia [J]. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 2000, 14(1): 75-83.
[197]李关汉,陈志伟,陈铮,等.中国部分地区HIV-1流行株基因型分布与母婴传播[J].中华流行病学杂志, 2004, 25(12): 1013-1018.
[198]李华,刑辉,吴健,等.广东国际旅行人员HIV-1基因亚型分析[J].中国国境卫生检疫杂志, 2007, 30(1): 4-8.
[199]邵一鸣,苏玲,刑辉,等.全国范围艾滋病毒分子流行病学研究[J].医学研究通讯, 2000, 29(11): 19-20.
[200] Yang R, Kusagawa S, Zhang C, et al. Identification and characterization of a new class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 recombinants comprised of two circulating recombinant forms, CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC, in China [J]. Journal of Virology, 2003, 77(1): 685-695.
[201] Xiao Y, Kristensen S, Sun J, et al. Expansion of HIV/AIDS in China: Lessons from Yunnan Province [J]. Social Science and Medicine, 2007, 64(3): 665-675.
[202] Mcclutchan FE, Carr JK, Murphy D, et al. Precise mapping of recombination breakpoints suggests a common parent of two BC recombinant HIV type 1 strains circulating in China [J]. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 2002, 18(15): 1135-1140.
[203] Qiu Z, Xing H, Wwi M, et al. Characterization of five nearly full-length genomes of early HIV Type 1 strains in Ruili City: Implications for the genesisof CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC circulating in China [J]. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 2005, 21(12): 1051-1056.
[204]冯铁建,赵广录,陈琳,等.深圳市HIV-1毒株的流行状况[J].中国医学科学院学报, 2006, 28(5): 637-641.
[205] Cheng H, Zhang J, Capizzi J, et al. HIV-1 subtype E in Yunnan , China [J]. Lancet, 1994, 344(8927): 953-954.
[206]潘晓红,姚亚萍,夏时畅,等.浙江省2003-2005年HIV-1感染者分子流行病学研究[J].中国艾滋病性病, 2007, 13(4): 308.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |